Pradip Behare - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Pradip Behare

Microbial Cell Factories, 2020

Probiotics have several health benefits by modulating gut microbiome; however, techno-functional ... more Probiotics have several health benefits by modulating gut microbiome; however, techno-functional limitations such as viability controls have hampered their full potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. Therefore, the focus is gradually shifting from viable probiotic bacteria towards non-viable paraprobiotics and/or probiotics derived biomolecules, so-called postbiotics. Paraprobiotics and postbiotics are the emerging concepts in the functional foods field because they impart an array of health-promoting properties. Although, these terms are not well defined, however, for time being these terms have been defined as here. The postbiotics are the complex mixture of metabolic products secreted by probiotics in cell-free supernatants such as enzymes, secreted proteins, short chain fatty acids, vitamins, secreted biosurfactants, amino acids, peptides, organic acids, etc. While, the paraprobiotics are the inactivated microbial cells of probiotics (intact or ruptured containing cell components such as peptidoglycans, teichoic acids, surface proteins, etc.) or crude cell extracts (i.e. with complex chemical composition)". However, in many instances postbiotics have been used for whole category of postbiotics and parabiotics. These elicit several advantages over probiotics like; (i) availability in their pure form, (ii) ease in production and storage, (iii) availability of production process for industrial-scale-up, (iv) specific mechanism of action, (v) better accessibility of Microbes Associated Molecular Pattern (MAMP) during recognition and interaction with Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) and (vi) more likely to trigger only the targeted responses by specific ligand-receptor interactions. The current review comprehensively summarizes and discussed various methodologies implied to extract, purify, and identification of paraprobiotic and postbiotic compounds and their potential health benefits.

Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research, 2015

Medical Epigenetics, 2013

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common epithelial neoplasia across the globe, with about 1.2 million... more Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common epithelial neoplasia across the globe, with about 1.2 million newly diagnosed cases and over 600,000 mortalities annually. The underlying causes are numerous including dietary ingredients, environmental factors and gut metabolome that affect colon cellular gene regulation and post-translational modifications of the proteome. Collectively, these alterations initiate epigenetic modifications leading to the inception of various metabolic diseases and malignancies. Epigenetics is at the core of modern medicine since it deals with complex processes that turn the expression of certain genes on and off, and it elucidates the mechanisms and connections between genotypes and the environment during various stages of life. However, the majority of the vertical molecular mechanisms with reference to epigenomics, epigenetic and metabolic ailments are still unidentified and need further research. This article summarizes the burgeoning role of probiotic metabolites and some prominent therapeutic dietary ingredients in the management of CRC.

... Titre du document / Document title. Biopolymer based antimicrobial edible films and coatings ... more ... Titre du document / Document title. Biopolymer based antimicrobial edible films and coatings for preservation of food quality. Auteur(s) / Author(s). BEHARE PV ; CHAUDHARY Kunal ;PRAJAPATI JB ; Revue / Journal Title. Indian food industry ISSN 0253-5025 CODEN IFIND3 ...

Journal of proteomics, Jan 25, 2015

Urine is a non-invasive source of biological fluid, which reflects the physiological status of th... more Urine is a non-invasive source of biological fluid, which reflects the physiological status of the mammals. We have profiled the cow urinary proteome and analyzed its functional significance. The urine collected from three healthy cows was concentrated by diafiltration (DF) followed by protein extraction using three methods, namely methanol, acetone, and ammonium sulphate (AS) precipitation and Proteo Spin urine concentration kit (PS). The quality of the protein was assessed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE). In-gel digestion method revealed more proteins (1191) in comparison to in-solution digestion method (541). Collectively, 938, 606 and 444 proteins were identified in LC-MS/MS after in-gel and in-solution tryptic digestion of proteins prepared by AS, PS and DF methods, respectively resulting in identification of a total of 1564 proteins. Gene ontology (GO) using Panther7.0 grouped the majority of the proteins into cytoplasmic (location), catalytic activity (function),...

This study examined the effects of probiotic dahi prepared by Lactobacillus plantarum Lp9 and dah... more This study examined the effects of probiotic dahi prepared by Lactobacillus plantarum Lp9 and dahi culture in buffalo milk on lowering cholesterol in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic basal diet. Male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups and fed with probiotic dahi, dahi, or buffalo milk for 120 days. Following the consumption of supplements (probiotic dahi, dahi or buffalo milk), the animals were fed a basal hypercholesterolemic diet. Plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides (TAGs) were decreased by 35% and 72% in rats fed with probiotic dahi group, while cholesterol levels increased by 70% and TAGs increased by 97% in buffalo milk and 59% in dahi fed groups. Supplementation of probiotic dahi further lowered plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) þ very-lowdensity lipoprotein (VLDL)- cholesterol by 59%, while it elevated plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol by 116%. As a result, atherogenic index, the ratio of HDL to LDL þ VLDL was markedly improved. Deposition of chol...

Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 2012

A reuterin (3-hydroxypropinaldehyde, 3-HPA)producing isolate from a human infant fecal sample was... more A reuterin (3-hydroxypropinaldehyde, 3-HPA)producing isolate from a human infant fecal sample was identified as Lactobacillus reuteri BPL-36 strain. The organism displayed a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The gene (gdh) encoding a glycerol dehydratase subunit was detected by PCR, thus confirming its reuterinproducing ability. Reuterin concentration of 89.63 mM/mL was obtained in the MRS-glycerol medium after 16 h of incubation at 37°C. The reuterin concentration required to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes was found to be 1.0, 2.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 10.0 AU/mL, respectively. Antimicrobial efficiency test using BPL-36 cell-free supernatant coincubated along with different test pathogens was done. Viability of all the tested pathogens decreased with increasing contact time with the cell-free supernatant. S. typhi was observed to be the most susceptible among the tested organisms, and the number of viable cells hugely declined as the contact with cell-free supernatant continued, resulting in a reduction of 6 log cycles (100 % inhibition) of the cells after 4 h of treatment. Production of biogenic amines and degradation of mucin by the reuterinproducing BPL-36 strain were not detected.

Medical Epigenetics, 2013

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common epithelial neoplasia across the globe, with about 1.2 million... more Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common epithelial neoplasia across the globe, with about 1.2 million newly diagnosed cases and over 600,000 mortalities annually. The underlying causes are numerous including dietary ingredients, environmental factors and gut metabolome that affect colon cellular gene regulation and post-translational modifications of the proteome. Collectively, these alterations initiate epigenetic modifications leading to the inception of various metabolic diseases and malignancies. Epigenetics is at the core of modern medicine since it deals with complex processes that turn the expression of certain genes on and off, and it elucidates the mechanisms and connections between genotypes and the environment during various stages of life. However, the majority of the vertical molecular mechanisms with reference to epigenomics, epigenetic and metabolic ailments are still unidentified and need further research. This article summarizes the burgeoning role of probiotic metabolites and some prominent therapeutic dietary ingredients in the management of CRC.

Journal of Dairy Science, 2010

Abstract The experiment was planned to study the effect of exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced in s... more Abstract The experiment was planned to study the effect of exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced in situ or added as bioingredients on technological properties of fat-free Dahi. EPS producing Lactococcus lactis strains B6 & KT24 previously isolated from fermented milk ...

Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli O157:H7 are common threat for huma... more Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli O157:H7 are common threat for human infection which comprises gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella spp., dysentery by Shigella flexneri, where as Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an enterohemorrhagic strain of the bacterium Escherichia coli and a cause of foodborne illness and leads to bloody diarrhea. The use of probiotics offers the potential to improve this situation. Here, we investigate the effects of oral treatment of rats with a defined mixed lactic acid bacteria culture on microbiological signs of pathogens infection. The mixture consisted of two strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA1 and Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota. Following probiotic administration for 6 days, animals were challenged orally with these pathogens; the health of the animals and the microbiological composition of their feces were monitored for 23 days post-infection. Animals treated with probiotic showed reduced incidence, severity, and duration of diarrhea. Mean fecal numbers of pathogens were significantly reduced in probiotic-treated animals at 15 days postinfection (P < 0.01). The administered probiotic bacteria improved both the clinical and microbiological outcome of pathogenic infection. These mixed strains offer significant benefit for use in the food industry and may have potential in human applications.

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2012

The cow and its milk have been held sacred in the world since the dawn of human civilization. Ind... more The cow and its milk have been held sacred in the world since the dawn of human civilization. Indian ancient Vedic texts describe the virtues of milk and dairy products, as is authenticated by modern scientific principles and proofs. Therefore, milk has been considered as one of the most natural and highly nutritive part of a daily balanced diet. Currently, the integration of advanced scientific knowledge with traditional information is gaining incredible momentum toward developing the concept of potential therapeutic foods. Furthermore, new advances toward understanding the therapeutic roles of milk and milk products have also given a new impetus for unraveling the age old secrets of milk. At present, the best-known examples of therapeutic foods are fermented milk products containing health promoting probiotic bacteria. In the present article, we have tried to review the various aspects of the therapeutic nature of milk and fermented dairy products in a highly up-dated manner, and offer an in-depth insight into the development of targeted therapeutic future foods as per the requirements of consumers.

FEMS Microbiology Letters, 2012

In the industrialized world, functional foods have become a part of an everyday diet and are demo... more In the industrialized world, functional foods have become a part of an everyday diet and are demonstrated to offer potential health benefits beyond the widely accepted nutritional effects. Currently, the most important and frequently used functional food compounds are probiotics and prebiotics, or they are collectively known as 'synbiotics'. Moreover, with an already healthy image, dairy products appear to be an excellent mean for inventing nutritious foods. Such probiotic dairy foods beneficially affect the host by improving survival and implantation of live microbial dietary supplements in the gastrointestinal flora, by selectively stimulating the growth or activating the catabolism of one or a limited number of health-promoting bacteria in the intestinal tract, and by improving the gastrointestinal tract's microbial balance. Hence, the paper reviews the current scenario of probiotics and their prospective potential applications for functional foods for better health and nutrition of the society.

British Journal of Nutrition, 2012

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of probiotic fe... more The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of probiotic fermented milk (FM) containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota, alone as well as in combination with chlorophyllin (CHL) as an antioxidant agent in male Wistar rats administered aflatoxin-B 1 (AFB 1 ). AFB 1 was injected intraperitoneally at the rate of 450 mg/kg body weight per animal twice a week for 6 weeks, maintaining an equal time interval between the two consecutive AFB 1 administrations. A total of 125 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to five groups, each group having twenty-five animals. Group I was offered FM containing L. rhamnosus GG and L. casei strain Shirota. Group II was administered AFB 1 and served as the control group; group III was administered FM-AFB 1 , in which besides administering AFB 1 , FM was also offered. Group IV was offered CHL and AFB 1 , and group V was offered both FM and CHL along with AFB 1 . The rats were euthanised at the 15th and 25th week of the experiment and examined for the biochemical and hepatopathological profile. A significant reduction in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) was observed in the FM-CHL-AFB 1 group compared with the AFB 1 control group. FM alone or in combination with CHL was found to show a significant (P,0·05) hepatoprotective effect by lowering the levels of TBARS and by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase, indicating that probiotic FM alone or in combination with CHL possesses a potent protective effect against AFB 1 -induced hepatic damage.

Microbial Cell Factories, 2020

Probiotics have several health benefits by modulating gut microbiome; however, techno-functional ... more Probiotics have several health benefits by modulating gut microbiome; however, techno-functional limitations such as viability controls have hampered their full potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. Therefore, the focus is gradually shifting from viable probiotic bacteria towards non-viable paraprobiotics and/or probiotics derived biomolecules, so-called postbiotics. Paraprobiotics and postbiotics are the emerging concepts in the functional foods field because they impart an array of health-promoting properties. Although, these terms are not well defined, however, for time being these terms have been defined as here. The postbiotics are the complex mixture of metabolic products secreted by probiotics in cell-free supernatants such as enzymes, secreted proteins, short chain fatty acids, vitamins, secreted biosurfactants, amino acids, peptides, organic acids, etc. While, the paraprobiotics are the inactivated microbial cells of probiotics (intact or ruptured containing cell components such as peptidoglycans, teichoic acids, surface proteins, etc.) or crude cell extracts (i.e. with complex chemical composition)". However, in many instances postbiotics have been used for whole category of postbiotics and parabiotics. These elicit several advantages over probiotics like; (i) availability in their pure form, (ii) ease in production and storage, (iii) availability of production process for industrial-scale-up, (iv) specific mechanism of action, (v) better accessibility of Microbes Associated Molecular Pattern (MAMP) during recognition and interaction with Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) and (vi) more likely to trigger only the targeted responses by specific ligand-receptor interactions. The current review comprehensively summarizes and discussed various methodologies implied to extract, purify, and identification of paraprobiotic and postbiotic compounds and their potential health benefits.

Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research, 2015

Medical Epigenetics, 2013

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common epithelial neoplasia across the globe, with about 1.2 million... more Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common epithelial neoplasia across the globe, with about 1.2 million newly diagnosed cases and over 600,000 mortalities annually. The underlying causes are numerous including dietary ingredients, environmental factors and gut metabolome that affect colon cellular gene regulation and post-translational modifications of the proteome. Collectively, these alterations initiate epigenetic modifications leading to the inception of various metabolic diseases and malignancies. Epigenetics is at the core of modern medicine since it deals with complex processes that turn the expression of certain genes on and off, and it elucidates the mechanisms and connections between genotypes and the environment during various stages of life. However, the majority of the vertical molecular mechanisms with reference to epigenomics, epigenetic and metabolic ailments are still unidentified and need further research. This article summarizes the burgeoning role of probiotic metabolites and some prominent therapeutic dietary ingredients in the management of CRC.

... Titre du document / Document title. Biopolymer based antimicrobial edible films and coatings ... more ... Titre du document / Document title. Biopolymer based antimicrobial edible films and coatings for preservation of food quality. Auteur(s) / Author(s). BEHARE PV ; CHAUDHARY Kunal ;PRAJAPATI JB ; Revue / Journal Title. Indian food industry ISSN 0253-5025 CODEN IFIND3 ...

Journal of proteomics, Jan 25, 2015

Urine is a non-invasive source of biological fluid, which reflects the physiological status of th... more Urine is a non-invasive source of biological fluid, which reflects the physiological status of the mammals. We have profiled the cow urinary proteome and analyzed its functional significance. The urine collected from three healthy cows was concentrated by diafiltration (DF) followed by protein extraction using three methods, namely methanol, acetone, and ammonium sulphate (AS) precipitation and Proteo Spin urine concentration kit (PS). The quality of the protein was assessed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE). In-gel digestion method revealed more proteins (1191) in comparison to in-solution digestion method (541). Collectively, 938, 606 and 444 proteins were identified in LC-MS/MS after in-gel and in-solution tryptic digestion of proteins prepared by AS, PS and DF methods, respectively resulting in identification of a total of 1564 proteins. Gene ontology (GO) using Panther7.0 grouped the majority of the proteins into cytoplasmic (location), catalytic activity (function),...

This study examined the effects of probiotic dahi prepared by Lactobacillus plantarum Lp9 and dah... more This study examined the effects of probiotic dahi prepared by Lactobacillus plantarum Lp9 and dahi culture in buffalo milk on lowering cholesterol in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic basal diet. Male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups and fed with probiotic dahi, dahi, or buffalo milk for 120 days. Following the consumption of supplements (probiotic dahi, dahi or buffalo milk), the animals were fed a basal hypercholesterolemic diet. Plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides (TAGs) were decreased by 35% and 72% in rats fed with probiotic dahi group, while cholesterol levels increased by 70% and TAGs increased by 97% in buffalo milk and 59% in dahi fed groups. Supplementation of probiotic dahi further lowered plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) þ very-lowdensity lipoprotein (VLDL)- cholesterol by 59%, while it elevated plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol by 116%. As a result, atherogenic index, the ratio of HDL to LDL þ VLDL was markedly improved. Deposition of chol...

Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 2012

A reuterin (3-hydroxypropinaldehyde, 3-HPA)producing isolate from a human infant fecal sample was... more A reuterin (3-hydroxypropinaldehyde, 3-HPA)producing isolate from a human infant fecal sample was identified as Lactobacillus reuteri BPL-36 strain. The organism displayed a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The gene (gdh) encoding a glycerol dehydratase subunit was detected by PCR, thus confirming its reuterinproducing ability. Reuterin concentration of 89.63 mM/mL was obtained in the MRS-glycerol medium after 16 h of incubation at 37°C. The reuterin concentration required to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes was found to be 1.0, 2.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 10.0 AU/mL, respectively. Antimicrobial efficiency test using BPL-36 cell-free supernatant coincubated along with different test pathogens was done. Viability of all the tested pathogens decreased with increasing contact time with the cell-free supernatant. S. typhi was observed to be the most susceptible among the tested organisms, and the number of viable cells hugely declined as the contact with cell-free supernatant continued, resulting in a reduction of 6 log cycles (100 % inhibition) of the cells after 4 h of treatment. Production of biogenic amines and degradation of mucin by the reuterinproducing BPL-36 strain were not detected.

Medical Epigenetics, 2013

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common epithelial neoplasia across the globe, with about 1.2 million... more Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common epithelial neoplasia across the globe, with about 1.2 million newly diagnosed cases and over 600,000 mortalities annually. The underlying causes are numerous including dietary ingredients, environmental factors and gut metabolome that affect colon cellular gene regulation and post-translational modifications of the proteome. Collectively, these alterations initiate epigenetic modifications leading to the inception of various metabolic diseases and malignancies. Epigenetics is at the core of modern medicine since it deals with complex processes that turn the expression of certain genes on and off, and it elucidates the mechanisms and connections between genotypes and the environment during various stages of life. However, the majority of the vertical molecular mechanisms with reference to epigenomics, epigenetic and metabolic ailments are still unidentified and need further research. This article summarizes the burgeoning role of probiotic metabolites and some prominent therapeutic dietary ingredients in the management of CRC.

Journal of Dairy Science, 2010

Abstract The experiment was planned to study the effect of exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced in s... more Abstract The experiment was planned to study the effect of exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced in situ or added as bioingredients on technological properties of fat-free Dahi. EPS producing Lactococcus lactis strains B6 &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; KT24 previously isolated from fermented milk ...

Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli O157:H7 are common threat for huma... more Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli O157:H7 are common threat for human infection which comprises gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella spp., dysentery by Shigella flexneri, where as Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an enterohemorrhagic strain of the bacterium Escherichia coli and a cause of foodborne illness and leads to bloody diarrhea. The use of probiotics offers the potential to improve this situation. Here, we investigate the effects of oral treatment of rats with a defined mixed lactic acid bacteria culture on microbiological signs of pathogens infection. The mixture consisted of two strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA1 and Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota. Following probiotic administration for 6 days, animals were challenged orally with these pathogens; the health of the animals and the microbiological composition of their feces were monitored for 23 days post-infection. Animals treated with probiotic showed reduced incidence, severity, and duration of diarrhea. Mean fecal numbers of pathogens were significantly reduced in probiotic-treated animals at 15 days postinfection (P < 0.01). The administered probiotic bacteria improved both the clinical and microbiological outcome of pathogenic infection. These mixed strains offer significant benefit for use in the food industry and may have potential in human applications.

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2012

The cow and its milk have been held sacred in the world since the dawn of human civilization. Ind... more The cow and its milk have been held sacred in the world since the dawn of human civilization. Indian ancient Vedic texts describe the virtues of milk and dairy products, as is authenticated by modern scientific principles and proofs. Therefore, milk has been considered as one of the most natural and highly nutritive part of a daily balanced diet. Currently, the integration of advanced scientific knowledge with traditional information is gaining incredible momentum toward developing the concept of potential therapeutic foods. Furthermore, new advances toward understanding the therapeutic roles of milk and milk products have also given a new impetus for unraveling the age old secrets of milk. At present, the best-known examples of therapeutic foods are fermented milk products containing health promoting probiotic bacteria. In the present article, we have tried to review the various aspects of the therapeutic nature of milk and fermented dairy products in a highly up-dated manner, and offer an in-depth insight into the development of targeted therapeutic future foods as per the requirements of consumers.

FEMS Microbiology Letters, 2012

In the industrialized world, functional foods have become a part of an everyday diet and are demo... more In the industrialized world, functional foods have become a part of an everyday diet and are demonstrated to offer potential health benefits beyond the widely accepted nutritional effects. Currently, the most important and frequently used functional food compounds are probiotics and prebiotics, or they are collectively known as 'synbiotics'. Moreover, with an already healthy image, dairy products appear to be an excellent mean for inventing nutritious foods. Such probiotic dairy foods beneficially affect the host by improving survival and implantation of live microbial dietary supplements in the gastrointestinal flora, by selectively stimulating the growth or activating the catabolism of one or a limited number of health-promoting bacteria in the intestinal tract, and by improving the gastrointestinal tract's microbial balance. Hence, the paper reviews the current scenario of probiotics and their prospective potential applications for functional foods for better health and nutrition of the society.

British Journal of Nutrition, 2012

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of probiotic fe... more The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of probiotic fermented milk (FM) containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota, alone as well as in combination with chlorophyllin (CHL) as an antioxidant agent in male Wistar rats administered aflatoxin-B 1 (AFB 1 ). AFB 1 was injected intraperitoneally at the rate of 450 mg/kg body weight per animal twice a week for 6 weeks, maintaining an equal time interval between the two consecutive AFB 1 administrations. A total of 125 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to five groups, each group having twenty-five animals. Group I was offered FM containing L. rhamnosus GG and L. casei strain Shirota. Group II was administered AFB 1 and served as the control group; group III was administered FM-AFB 1 , in which besides administering AFB 1 , FM was also offered. Group IV was offered CHL and AFB 1 , and group V was offered both FM and CHL along with AFB 1 . The rats were euthanised at the 15th and 25th week of the experiment and examined for the biochemical and hepatopathological profile. A significant reduction in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) was observed in the FM-CHL-AFB 1 group compared with the AFB 1 control group. FM alone or in combination with CHL was found to show a significant (P,0·05) hepatoprotective effect by lowering the levels of TBARS and by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase, indicating that probiotic FM alone or in combination with CHL possesses a potent protective effect against AFB 1 -induced hepatic damage.