Adj Prof Dr. Prem Kumar Shanmugam (original) (raw)
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Papers by Adj Prof Dr. Prem Kumar Shanmugam
Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy, 2017
Journal of alcoholism and drug dependence, 2017
Substance dependents are viewed as having a behaviour, which they have impaired control over. Thi... more Substance dependents are viewed as having a behaviour, which they have impaired control over. This behaviour leads to harmful consequences while causing severe medical, psychological and social harm [1]. The impulsive conducts gradually become a harmful pattern of abuse and the dependents find themselves unable to stop the behaviour on their own [2]. Theories can be described as a set of guiding principles, which an activity is based on for practice while being an idea to rationalize action. Theories are employed to guide facts and not so much for reaching goals [3].
This review presents a systematic evaluation of the literature of psychosocial treatment programm... more This review presents a systematic evaluation of the literature of psychosocial treatment programmes for substance abusers published from 1995 to 2010. It identifies the active ingredients of treatment and evaluation of outcomes. For the purpose of the study, two questions were posed: (i) Do psychosocial treatment programmes prevent relapses? (ii) Do psychosocial treatment programmes prevent relapses and reduce social anxiety? A systematic and comprehensive search was conducted by using Econ Lit with EBSCOHOST, ERIC, PsycARTICLES, PSYCCRITIQUES and PsycINFO. Initial findings revealed only three directly related articles for the last 10 years and extending the search to 1995 provided for a more concise pool of studies. Substance dependency is a specialized area of study and it was necessary to justify the search terminologies. To derive a comprehensive and substantive review, it was necessary to include and also exclude certain components from the search further. This review presents the findings and a summary of psychosocial treatment programmes based on the research questions posed.
Journal of Substance Use
Background: Malaysia has a history of taking a zero tolerance and persecutory mandated treatment ... more Background: Malaysia has a history of taking a zero tolerance and persecutory mandated treatment approach to substance use, but a progressive harm reduction policy due to HIV risk has introduced more person-centered understanding of substance use and the need for treatment engagement. Method: This discussion paper presents recent and current substance misuse service developments in Malaysia. It discusses the need for continued development of services toward person-centered and recovery focused approaches while reducing the continuing threat of HIV. Results: Treatment approaches in the C&Cs reveal effectiveness of treatment with reduced relapse rates and treatment satisfaction. Though the treatment approach and policy developments in Malaysia mirrors the Western development of addiction policy, it needs to be able to meet specific psychosociospiritual needs of the Malaysian population. Conclusion: A case is made here for the continuing development of service provision that takes a holistic approach, and a policy stance that enables a recovery-oriented philosophy to develop in Malaysia.
Journal of Substance Use, 2019
Background: Malaysia has a history of taking a zero tolerance and persecutory mandated treatment ... more Background: Malaysia has a history of taking a zero tolerance and persecutory mandated treatment approach to substance use, but a progressive harm reduction policy due to HIV risk has introduced more person-centered understanding of substance use and the need for treatment engagement. Method: This discussion paper presents recent and current substance misuse service developments in Malaysia. It discusses the need for continued development of services toward person-centered and recovery focused approaches while reducing the continuing threat of HIV. Results: Treatment approaches in the C&Cs reveal effectiveness of treatment with reduced relapse rates and treatment satisfaction. Though the treatment approach and policy developments in Malaysia mirrors the Western development of addiction policy, it needs to be able to meet specific psychosociospiritual needs of the Malaysian population. Conclusion: A case is made here for the continuing development of service provision that takes a holistic approach, and a policy stance that enables a recovery-oriented philosophy to develop in Malaysia.
Addiction is a multifaceted condition with various entry and exit points throughout its course in... more Addiction is a multifaceted condition with various entry and exit points throughout its course in an individual's life. In some adolescents, early onset can be followed by limited adolescent use or abuse and is more related to social risk factors especially in socialized adolescents. On the other hand, if the early onset use leads to addiction beyond adolescence, the chances are high there are interpersonal contributing factors and possibly a difficult or problematic adolescent stage. This paper discusses the various psychological factors influencing addictions during early years of life. The study is a mini review of past publications.
Many models have tried to define and explain the multifaceted condition of addiction. These model... more Many models have tried to define and explain the multifaceted condition of addiction. These models identify what mechanisms and changes assist in prevention and recovery from addiction. This paper looks at addictions from the perspective of the social model. It discusses the integral attributes of the social context, which affect and influence addictions, drawn from work by Miller and Carroll.
Addiction is a multifaceted condition with various entry and exit points throughout its course in... more Addiction is a multifaceted condition with various entry and exit points throughout its course in an individual's life. In some adolescents, early onset can be followed by limited adolescent use or abuse and is more related to social risk factors especially in socialized adolescents. On the other hand, if the early onset use leads to addiction beyond adolescence, the chances are high there are interpersonal contributing factors and possibly a difficult or problematic adolescent stage. This paper discusses the various psychological factors influencing addictions during early years of life. The study is a mini review of past publications.
The American Psychiatric Association describes addiction as a chronic relapsing disorder. There i... more The American Psychiatric Association describes addiction as a
chronic relapsing disorder. There is a 50% to 70% possiblity of relapses occuring with people suffering from addictions. Over the years numerous theories have mushroomed around the globe to decscribe and make sense of this disorder while multiple models of treatment have been suggested based
on these theories. A theory is applied to explain or predict the existence of a system whereas a model is a description or a representation of a system (West, 2006). In order for treatment of any illness to be optimised and outcomes enhanced, it is important to understand the rationale and logic for the theories.
This study is an evaluation of outcomes of an integrated psychosocial treatment programme - Facil... more This study is an evaluation of outcomes of an integrated psychosocial treatment programme - Facilitated In-house Recovery Education (FIRE). FIRE is conceptualized based on the psychological and social models influencing substance dependency. These models are driven by three theories mainly: Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977), Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 2002; l99l; 1987) and The Allostasis Theory (Koob, 2003). The main goal of treatment is
to assist substance abusers who have experienced incarceration achieve recovery from dependency with the aid of psycho-educational topic discussions and structured group counselling sessions. The research objectives ofthis evaluation are: to identify ifpsycho- education discussions and structured group counselling assist in creating awareness of the negative repercussions ofsubstance abuse and dependency, to examine the reduction of negative emotional states of depression, stress and anxiety among the participants after they attend FIRE.
Brochure by Adj Prof Dr. Prem Kumar Shanmugam
Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy, 2017
Journal of alcoholism and drug dependence, 2017
Substance dependents are viewed as having a behaviour, which they have impaired control over. Thi... more Substance dependents are viewed as having a behaviour, which they have impaired control over. This behaviour leads to harmful consequences while causing severe medical, psychological and social harm [1]. The impulsive conducts gradually become a harmful pattern of abuse and the dependents find themselves unable to stop the behaviour on their own [2]. Theories can be described as a set of guiding principles, which an activity is based on for practice while being an idea to rationalize action. Theories are employed to guide facts and not so much for reaching goals [3].
This review presents a systematic evaluation of the literature of psychosocial treatment programm... more This review presents a systematic evaluation of the literature of psychosocial treatment programmes for substance abusers published from 1995 to 2010. It identifies the active ingredients of treatment and evaluation of outcomes. For the purpose of the study, two questions were posed: (i) Do psychosocial treatment programmes prevent relapses? (ii) Do psychosocial treatment programmes prevent relapses and reduce social anxiety? A systematic and comprehensive search was conducted by using Econ Lit with EBSCOHOST, ERIC, PsycARTICLES, PSYCCRITIQUES and PsycINFO. Initial findings revealed only three directly related articles for the last 10 years and extending the search to 1995 provided for a more concise pool of studies. Substance dependency is a specialized area of study and it was necessary to justify the search terminologies. To derive a comprehensive and substantive review, it was necessary to include and also exclude certain components from the search further. This review presents the findings and a summary of psychosocial treatment programmes based on the research questions posed.
Journal of Substance Use
Background: Malaysia has a history of taking a zero tolerance and persecutory mandated treatment ... more Background: Malaysia has a history of taking a zero tolerance and persecutory mandated treatment approach to substance use, but a progressive harm reduction policy due to HIV risk has introduced more person-centered understanding of substance use and the need for treatment engagement. Method: This discussion paper presents recent and current substance misuse service developments in Malaysia. It discusses the need for continued development of services toward person-centered and recovery focused approaches while reducing the continuing threat of HIV. Results: Treatment approaches in the C&Cs reveal effectiveness of treatment with reduced relapse rates and treatment satisfaction. Though the treatment approach and policy developments in Malaysia mirrors the Western development of addiction policy, it needs to be able to meet specific psychosociospiritual needs of the Malaysian population. Conclusion: A case is made here for the continuing development of service provision that takes a holistic approach, and a policy stance that enables a recovery-oriented philosophy to develop in Malaysia.
Journal of Substance Use, 2019
Background: Malaysia has a history of taking a zero tolerance and persecutory mandated treatment ... more Background: Malaysia has a history of taking a zero tolerance and persecutory mandated treatment approach to substance use, but a progressive harm reduction policy due to HIV risk has introduced more person-centered understanding of substance use and the need for treatment engagement. Method: This discussion paper presents recent and current substance misuse service developments in Malaysia. It discusses the need for continued development of services toward person-centered and recovery focused approaches while reducing the continuing threat of HIV. Results: Treatment approaches in the C&Cs reveal effectiveness of treatment with reduced relapse rates and treatment satisfaction. Though the treatment approach and policy developments in Malaysia mirrors the Western development of addiction policy, it needs to be able to meet specific psychosociospiritual needs of the Malaysian population. Conclusion: A case is made here for the continuing development of service provision that takes a holistic approach, and a policy stance that enables a recovery-oriented philosophy to develop in Malaysia.
Addiction is a multifaceted condition with various entry and exit points throughout its course in... more Addiction is a multifaceted condition with various entry and exit points throughout its course in an individual's life. In some adolescents, early onset can be followed by limited adolescent use or abuse and is more related to social risk factors especially in socialized adolescents. On the other hand, if the early onset use leads to addiction beyond adolescence, the chances are high there are interpersonal contributing factors and possibly a difficult or problematic adolescent stage. This paper discusses the various psychological factors influencing addictions during early years of life. The study is a mini review of past publications.
Many models have tried to define and explain the multifaceted condition of addiction. These model... more Many models have tried to define and explain the multifaceted condition of addiction. These models identify what mechanisms and changes assist in prevention and recovery from addiction. This paper looks at addictions from the perspective of the social model. It discusses the integral attributes of the social context, which affect and influence addictions, drawn from work by Miller and Carroll.
Addiction is a multifaceted condition with various entry and exit points throughout its course in... more Addiction is a multifaceted condition with various entry and exit points throughout its course in an individual's life. In some adolescents, early onset can be followed by limited adolescent use or abuse and is more related to social risk factors especially in socialized adolescents. On the other hand, if the early onset use leads to addiction beyond adolescence, the chances are high there are interpersonal contributing factors and possibly a difficult or problematic adolescent stage. This paper discusses the various psychological factors influencing addictions during early years of life. The study is a mini review of past publications.
The American Psychiatric Association describes addiction as a chronic relapsing disorder. There i... more The American Psychiatric Association describes addiction as a
chronic relapsing disorder. There is a 50% to 70% possiblity of relapses occuring with people suffering from addictions. Over the years numerous theories have mushroomed around the globe to decscribe and make sense of this disorder while multiple models of treatment have been suggested based
on these theories. A theory is applied to explain or predict the existence of a system whereas a model is a description or a representation of a system (West, 2006). In order for treatment of any illness to be optimised and outcomes enhanced, it is important to understand the rationale and logic for the theories.
This study is an evaluation of outcomes of an integrated psychosocial treatment programme - Facil... more This study is an evaluation of outcomes of an integrated psychosocial treatment programme - Facilitated In-house Recovery Education (FIRE). FIRE is conceptualized based on the psychological and social models influencing substance dependency. These models are driven by three theories mainly: Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977), Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 2002; l99l; 1987) and The Allostasis Theory (Koob, 2003). The main goal of treatment is
to assist substance abusers who have experienced incarceration achieve recovery from dependency with the aid of psycho-educational topic discussions and structured group counselling sessions. The research objectives ofthis evaluation are: to identify ifpsycho- education discussions and structured group counselling assist in creating awareness of the negative repercussions ofsubstance abuse and dependency, to examine the reduction of negative emotional states of depression, stress and anxiety among the participants after they attend FIRE.