Nicolas Probst - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Nicolas Probst
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Oct 16, 2001
ABSTRACT Plasma carbon black, a new material? For several years already, the Plasma process for c... more ABSTRACT Plasma carbon black, a new material? For several years already, the Plasma process for carbon black production has been promoted and considered as a threat to the furnace black production. After a brief introduction to the fundamental differences between a partial combustion process and plasma process, plasma blacks have been compared with partial combustion blacks. The plasma blacks have not been optimised but are more a selection of materials based on feedstock and operating conditions. Physico-chemical properties as well as SUM and high resolution TEM micrographs illustrate differences and similarities. Surface heterogeneity of those carbon blacks has been characterised by static gas adsorption. This way the more graphitic nature of the selection of plasma blacks could be demonstrated, explaining the specific behaviour of those blacks in rubber compounds. The specificity of the carbon blacks investigated is not only in the production technique, namely plasma torch, but also in the variety of the row materials used, demonstrating the flexibility of the process. Methane, ethylene, pyrolysis fuel oil and even a renewable vegetable oil have been used.
Kgk-kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe, 2012
Les caracteristiques principales du noir de carbone, la surface specifique et le degre d'aggl... more Les caracteristiques principales du noir de carbone, la surface specifique et le degre d'agglomeration sont consideres dans cette etude sous la forme de volume de structure et de surface absolue par unite de volume du melange caoutchouc naturel et styrene - butadiene. Il etait ainsi possible de mettre en evidence que la percolation electrique se produit lorsqu'un certain volume de structure est etabli, que le module elastique du melange est, a densite de reticulation constante, uniquement fonction du volume de structure, de meme que la constante dielectrique. L'hysterese mecanique et les proprietes dielectriques dependent par contre de l'extension de la surface du noir de carbone, dependance qui est fonction d'un parametre lie a la qualite de la surface ; le rapprochement est fait avec l'energie libre de surface. La densite apparente du noir de carbone dans le melange est mise en evidence comme source d'information sur l'interface polymere - charge
The residue is received by ablation of a carbon electrode by arc, laser or solar power, incomplet... more The residue is received by ablation of a carbon electrode by arc, laser or solar power, incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons, thermal plasma treatment of carbon powder and condensation of gas forming carbon in an inert or partial inert atmosphere. The carbon is soot, graphite, allotropic carbon or a mixture. The residue is used as hydroxylating agent, wetting agent, additive in rubber compounds, halogenating agent such as chlorine or bromine and oxidizing agent such as potassium permanganate. The residue is converted with ammonia, alkyl or aryl amines and ozone under formation of ozonide and is subjected under cycloaddition, Grignard reaction, electro-chemical reaction, Diels-Alder reaction and fullerene reaction. Donor acceptor Molecule complexes are formed. An independent claim is included for functionalized carbon-containing residue + Die vorliegende Erfindung stellt ein Verfahren zur Weiterverarbeitung des kohlenstoffhaltigen Ruckstandes aus der Fulleren- und Kohlenstoff-Nanost...
Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures, 2004
The highly flexible plasma system allows the independent flow control of plasma gas, carbonaceous... more The highly flexible plasma system allows the independent flow control of plasma gas, carbonaceous feedstock and metal catalyst. Further important control parameters include current intensity and product quenching rate yielding in an excellent control of the thermal history of the carbon products. Temperature profiles measured along the reactive flow of carbon particles are presented, mapping time–temperature relations for typical operating
Carbon, 2004
High-yield syntheses of peculiar carbon nanotubes and carbon 'necklace'-like morphologies have be... more High-yield syntheses of peculiar carbon nanotubes and carbon 'necklace'-like morphologies have been obtained using a sophisticated thermal plasma technology. This method is based on a thermal plasma, which vapourizes the carbonaceous precursor in the presence of metal catalyst. Electron microscopy analyses provide evidences for a 'stacked-cup' structure for the carbon nanotubes. Carbon nano-'necklaces' are constituted by the repetition of multi-wall carbon spheres, connected along one direction in a 'bell'-like structure, and containing frequently an encapsulated metal particle. Microscopic growth mechanisms are also proposed to interpret both syntheses. Due to their intriguing topology, these new carbon nanotubes and necklaces may find important applications in nano-technology.
Process for producing compounds containing carbon black or carbon converting a feedstock containi... more Process for producing compounds containing carbon black or carbon converting a feedstock containing carbon, comprising the following steps: u generating a plasma gas with electrical energy or guiding the plasma gas through a venturi, whose diameter tapers in the direction of plasma gas flow, or guiding the plasma gas into a reaction area, in which under the prevailing conditions of flow generated by aerodynamic and electromagnetic forces, no significant recirculation of feedstocks or products occurs to the plasma generating zone or injecting the feedstock into the plasma gas in the reaction area, or recover the reaction products of the reaction area yu separating compounds containing carbon black or carbon other reaction products.
Carbon Black, Science and Technology, 1993
... Conf. on Carbon", p. 211, 1959. 2. Holm, R.," Electrical Contacts&a... more ... Conf. on Carbon", p. 211, 1959. 2. Holm, R.," Electrical Contacts", Hugo Geben, Stockholm, 1946. 3. Blanchard, AF," Proc. Conf. Ind. ... Eng. Sci., 21, 809 (1981). 43. Parris, DR, Burton, LC andSiswanto, MG, Rubber Chem. Tech-nol., 60, 705 (1987). Page 308. 288 Probst 44. ...
For the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the plasma process is an original new approach. Her... more For the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the plasma process is an original new approach. Hereby, the carbon mass flow is no longer limited by a physical ablation rate (which is the limiting step in the production rate of the classical nanotube processes), but is freely adjustable. Moreover, the process is operated at atmospheric pressure and the NT rich soot is extracted continuously. The feasibility for producing a large variety of different nanostructures at high selectivity including Carbon MWNTs, SWNTs, nanofibers and necklaces nanostructures is well established. From the characteristics observed, it is concluded that the AC plasma technology shows a significant potential for the continuous production of bulk quantities of carbon-based nanotubes of controlled properties and novel nanostructures. In this paper, the plasma process for continuous nanotube synthesis, typical process conditions prevailing and products are presented.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Oct 16, 2001
ABSTRACT Plasma carbon black, a new material? For several years already, the Plasma process for c... more ABSTRACT Plasma carbon black, a new material? For several years already, the Plasma process for carbon black production has been promoted and considered as a threat to the furnace black production. After a brief introduction to the fundamental differences between a partial combustion process and plasma process, plasma blacks have been compared with partial combustion blacks. The plasma blacks have not been optimised but are more a selection of materials based on feedstock and operating conditions. Physico-chemical properties as well as SUM and high resolution TEM micrographs illustrate differences and similarities. Surface heterogeneity of those carbon blacks has been characterised by static gas adsorption. This way the more graphitic nature of the selection of plasma blacks could be demonstrated, explaining the specific behaviour of those blacks in rubber compounds. The specificity of the carbon blacks investigated is not only in the production technique, namely plasma torch, but also in the variety of the row materials used, demonstrating the flexibility of the process. Methane, ethylene, pyrolysis fuel oil and even a renewable vegetable oil have been used.
Kgk-kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe, 2012
Les caracteristiques principales du noir de carbone, la surface specifique et le degre d'aggl... more Les caracteristiques principales du noir de carbone, la surface specifique et le degre d'agglomeration sont consideres dans cette etude sous la forme de volume de structure et de surface absolue par unite de volume du melange caoutchouc naturel et styrene - butadiene. Il etait ainsi possible de mettre en evidence que la percolation electrique se produit lorsqu'un certain volume de structure est etabli, que le module elastique du melange est, a densite de reticulation constante, uniquement fonction du volume de structure, de meme que la constante dielectrique. L'hysterese mecanique et les proprietes dielectriques dependent par contre de l'extension de la surface du noir de carbone, dependance qui est fonction d'un parametre lie a la qualite de la surface ; le rapprochement est fait avec l'energie libre de surface. La densite apparente du noir de carbone dans le melange est mise en evidence comme source d'information sur l'interface polymere - charge
The residue is received by ablation of a carbon electrode by arc, laser or solar power, incomplet... more The residue is received by ablation of a carbon electrode by arc, laser or solar power, incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons, thermal plasma treatment of carbon powder and condensation of gas forming carbon in an inert or partial inert atmosphere. The carbon is soot, graphite, allotropic carbon or a mixture. The residue is used as hydroxylating agent, wetting agent, additive in rubber compounds, halogenating agent such as chlorine or bromine and oxidizing agent such as potassium permanganate. The residue is converted with ammonia, alkyl or aryl amines and ozone under formation of ozonide and is subjected under cycloaddition, Grignard reaction, electro-chemical reaction, Diels-Alder reaction and fullerene reaction. Donor acceptor Molecule complexes are formed. An independent claim is included for functionalized carbon-containing residue + Die vorliegende Erfindung stellt ein Verfahren zur Weiterverarbeitung des kohlenstoffhaltigen Ruckstandes aus der Fulleren- und Kohlenstoff-Nanost...
Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures, 2004
The highly flexible plasma system allows the independent flow control of plasma gas, carbonaceous... more The highly flexible plasma system allows the independent flow control of plasma gas, carbonaceous feedstock and metal catalyst. Further important control parameters include current intensity and product quenching rate yielding in an excellent control of the thermal history of the carbon products. Temperature profiles measured along the reactive flow of carbon particles are presented, mapping time–temperature relations for typical operating
Carbon, 2004
High-yield syntheses of peculiar carbon nanotubes and carbon 'necklace'-like morphologies have be... more High-yield syntheses of peculiar carbon nanotubes and carbon 'necklace'-like morphologies have been obtained using a sophisticated thermal plasma technology. This method is based on a thermal plasma, which vapourizes the carbonaceous precursor in the presence of metal catalyst. Electron microscopy analyses provide evidences for a 'stacked-cup' structure for the carbon nanotubes. Carbon nano-'necklaces' are constituted by the repetition of multi-wall carbon spheres, connected along one direction in a 'bell'-like structure, and containing frequently an encapsulated metal particle. Microscopic growth mechanisms are also proposed to interpret both syntheses. Due to their intriguing topology, these new carbon nanotubes and necklaces may find important applications in nano-technology.
Process for producing compounds containing carbon black or carbon converting a feedstock containi... more Process for producing compounds containing carbon black or carbon converting a feedstock containing carbon, comprising the following steps: u generating a plasma gas with electrical energy or guiding the plasma gas through a venturi, whose diameter tapers in the direction of plasma gas flow, or guiding the plasma gas into a reaction area, in which under the prevailing conditions of flow generated by aerodynamic and electromagnetic forces, no significant recirculation of feedstocks or products occurs to the plasma generating zone or injecting the feedstock into the plasma gas in the reaction area, or recover the reaction products of the reaction area yu separating compounds containing carbon black or carbon other reaction products.
Carbon Black, Science and Technology, 1993
... Conf. on Carbon", p. 211, 1959. 2. Holm, R.," Electrical Contacts&a... more ... Conf. on Carbon", p. 211, 1959. 2. Holm, R.," Electrical Contacts", Hugo Geben, Stockholm, 1946. 3. Blanchard, AF," Proc. Conf. Ind. ... Eng. Sci., 21, 809 (1981). 43. Parris, DR, Burton, LC andSiswanto, MG, Rubber Chem. Tech-nol., 60, 705 (1987). Page 308. 288 Probst 44. ...
For the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the plasma process is an original new approach. Her... more For the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the plasma process is an original new approach. Hereby, the carbon mass flow is no longer limited by a physical ablation rate (which is the limiting step in the production rate of the classical nanotube processes), but is freely adjustable. Moreover, the process is operated at atmospheric pressure and the NT rich soot is extracted continuously. The feasibility for producing a large variety of different nanostructures at high selectivity including Carbon MWNTs, SWNTs, nanofibers and necklaces nanostructures is well established. From the characteristics observed, it is concluded that the AC plasma technology shows a significant potential for the continuous production of bulk quantities of carbon-based nanotubes of controlled properties and novel nanostructures. In this paper, the plasma process for continuous nanotube synthesis, typical process conditions prevailing and products are presented.