Qamar Nisa - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Qamar Nisa

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, Nov 6, 2022

Marriage (nikāḥ) in Islamic law (sharia), is a legal and social contract between two individuals.... more Marriage (nikāḥ) in Islamic law (sharia), is a legal and social contract between two individuals. It is an act of Islam and is strongly recommended. In Islam Polygyny is permitted under some conditions, but polyandry is forbidden. Economic growth and mass media revolution brought a drastic change in Kashmiri society especially in the field of marriage and family life. Economic prosperity enables people to consume more goods and services and enjoy better standards of living. The traditional marriage system in modern times is disappearing slowly. In traditional marriage system, one requires the families of the future bride and groom to engage in ritual visits and exchange gifts. In general there are two types: civil marriage and religious marriage, and typically marriages employ a combination of both (religious marriages must often be licensed and recognized by the state, and conversely civil marriages, while not sanctioned under religious law, are nevertheless respected). In Kashmir, marriage are performed in various ways and under various religions such as Muslim, Hindu, Sikhs, Christians, etc. In modern times every family member is considered important and is supposed to play his/her role In this context the present research carried out in Kashmir is designed to study the traditional marriage in Kashmir and approach of Kashmiri youth towards marriage as well as family life. Four hundred unmarried educated youth belonged to the age group of 20-25 years studying in different academic institutions of Kashmir were selected randomly for the present study. The data was collected by questionnaire cum interview method and the results of the study revealed that majority of the respondents agreed with the statement marriage is essential for human life. Majority of the respondents opined that 20-25 year is the suitable age of marriage. In majority, arranged marriage was preferred by (57.5% male and 63.5% female) respondents, a good percentage of respondents (65.5% male and 57.5% female) were against dowry system and a little percentage of respondents believe that dowry helps in getting good match. Majority of respondents (53.5% male and 41.5% female) gave more importance to career than marriage which results in thousands of youth without marriage above the age of 45 years. The study further revealed that majority of the respondents showed positive approach towards family life, wanted to work more after marriage and majority of respondents had confidence that they could make balance between work and family life after marriage. Majority of the respondents during survey told that adjusting, sacrificing, loving and tolerance are the best qualities to lead a good family life. Finally, balanced diet to manage happy married healthy life and solutions to issue related marital life in traditional as well as in scientific system were discussed. It was suggested that for happy healthy married life one should live a pious life, stop stressing over life, follow health advisory, avoid fast foods, unnecessary fatty diet, deep fried foods. spicy, salty and Junk food.

Biosight journal, Jan 15, 2023

Introduction: Buffalo and cow milk have a great affinity for strong bones, healthy teeth and in v... more Introduction: Buffalo and cow milk have a great affinity for strong bones, healthy teeth and in various heart diseases. The study was carried out on Kundi buffalo to assess the outcomes of bypass fat on dry matter, milk output, milk contents, body mass gain, nutrient digestibility, and production costs. Methodology: 12 buffaloes of early third and fourth lactation were selected, divided into two groups (six each) for ninety days experiment. In the test animals, additional 300 mg bypass fat was given with balance ration containing 16% of crude proteins, while in control group only balance routine ration was provided. The data was statistically evaluated using a one-way analysis of variance in a completely randomized design (CRD), and differences were assessed using a t-test. Results: The results indicated that mean values in group-A regarding the dry matter intake (DMI) was significantly elevated (P<0.05) (14.29±1.42 kg) as compared to control group (13.65 ± 2.174 kg). At the end of experiment the mean of daily milk production (7.73±1.115 liters/day) was also reported higher (P<0.05) in group-A. The milk yield of Group-A was raised up to 15.39% than the control group. Though, the buffaloes under bypass fat treatment were not found significantly higher in weight gain, but the milk contents in context of solids not fat, fat and total solids presented as P<0.05 between the treatments. Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded from the conducted study that, bypass fat can be employed to produce milk both quantitatively and qualitatively at a reasonable cost.

Worlds Poultry Science Journal, Jun 1, 2017

The liver is the ‘central laboratory’ of a chicken&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;am... more The liver is the ‘central laboratory’ of a chicken&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s body, responsible for sorting and transforming digested compounds as well as dealing with waste products. It is essential that this organ is kept in an excellent condition in order to maintain a healthy bird. Viral hepatitis in poultry is a complex disease syndrome caused by several viruses belonging to different families, including fowl adenoviruses (FAdV), avian hepatitis E virus (HEV), duck hepatitis virus (DHV), and turkey hepatitis virus (THV). Although, these viruses target the liver primarily, they each possess unique clinical and biological features. Hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) is a highly infectious disease caused by FAdV serotype 4 (FAdV-4) affecting poultry, especially broilers, and is characterised by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac and hepatitis. Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) was recognised firstly in the US, and the disease has now been reported in many countries. FAdV, the causative agent of inclusion body hepatitis, is a Group I avian adenovirus in the genus Aviadenovirus. The affected birds have a pale, swollen, friable, and haemorrhagic liver with pathognomonic histological lesions including intranuclear inclusion bodies in the nuclei of the hepatocytes. Avian HEV naturally infects chickens and is associated with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome, although the majority of the infected birds are subclinical. THV is a picornavirus that is likely the causative agent of turkey viral hepatitis. Currently there are more questions than answers about THV, and pathogenesis and clinical impact remains largely unknown. Future research into viral hepatic diseases of poultry is warranted to develop effective vaccines, specific diagnostic assays, and identify suitable cell culture systems for virus propagation. This review covers the common and unique features of major hepatitis causing viruses, with emphasis on FAdV, HEV and THV in an effort to identify the knowledge gaps and aid prevention and control of poultry viral hepatitis.

Biomacromolecules, Apr 26, 2022

Being nondegradable, vinyl polymers have limited biomedical applicability. Unfortunately, backbon... more Being nondegradable, vinyl polymers have limited biomedical applicability. Unfortunately, backbone esters incorporated through conventional radical ring-opening methods do not undergo appreciable abiotic hydrolysis under physiologically relevant conditions. Here, PEG acrylate and di(ethylene glycol) acrylamide-based copolymers containing backbone thioesters were prepared through the radical ring-opening copolymerization of the thionolactone dibenzo[c,e]oxepin-5(7H)-thione. The thioesters degraded fully in the presence of 10 mM cysteine at pH 7.4, with the mechanism presumed to involve an irreversible S−N switch. Degradations with N-acetylcysteine and glutathione were reversible through the thiol−thioester exchange polycondensation of R−SC(O)−polymer−SH fragments with full degradation relying on an increased thiolate/thioester ratio. Treatment with 10 mM glutathione at pH 7.2 (mimicking intracellular conditions) triggered an insoluble−soluble switch of a temperature-responsive copolymer at 37°C and the release of encapsulated Nile Red (as a drug model) from core-degradable diblock copolymer micelles. Copolymers and their cysteinolytic degradation products were found to be noncytotoxic, making thioester backbone-functional polymers promising for drug delivery applications.

Poultry Science, Jul 1, 2016

The main objective of this study was to determine the possible effects of thymoquinone (TQ) and c... more The main objective of this study was to determine the possible effects of thymoquinone (TQ) and curcumin (Cur) on immune-response and pathogenesis of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) in turkeys. The experiment was performed on 75 non-vaccinated mixed-sex turkey poults, divided into 5 experimental groups (A, B, C, D, and E) of 15 birds each. Group A was kept as non-infected and a non-treated negative control (ctrl group) while group B was kept as infected and non-treated positive control (H9N2 group). Turkeys in groups A and B received normal commercial feed while turkeys in groups C and D received TQ, and Cur respectively, and group E concurrently received TQ and Cur from d one through the entire experiment period. All groups were challenged intra-nasally with H9N2 AIV (A/chicken/Pakistan/10RS3039-284-48/2010) at the fourth wk of age except group A. Infected turkeys showed clinical signs of different severity, showing the most prominent disease signs in turkeys in group B. All infected turkeys showed positive results for virus shedding; however, the pattern of virus shedding was different, and with turkeys in group B showing more pronounced virus secretion than the turkeys in the other groups receiving different levels of TQ and Cur. Moreover, significantly higher antibody titer against H9N2 AIV in turkeys shows the immunomodulatory nature of TQ and Cur. Similarly, increased cytokine gene expression suggests antiviral behavior of TQ and Cur especially in combination, leading to suppressed pathogenesis of H9N2 viruses. However, reduced virus shedding and enhanced immune responses were more pronounced in those turkeys receiving TQ and Cur concurrently. This study showed that supplements of TQ and Cur in combination would significantly enhance immune responsiveness and suppress pathogenicity of influenza viruses in turkeys.

We report the preparation of degradable polymer networks by conventional free radical copolymeriz... more We report the preparation of degradable polymer networks by conventional free radical copolymerization of n-butyl acrylate with a crosslinker and dibenzo[c,e]oxepane-5thione (DOT) as a strand-cleaving comonomer. Addition of only 4 mol% of DOT imparts the synthesized networks with full degradability by aminolysis, whereas gels with less DOT (2 mol%) cannot be degraded, in excellent agreement with the recently proposed reverse gelpoint model. Importantly, even though DOT significantly slows down the polymerization and delays gelation, it has a minimal effect on physical properties of the networks such as shear storage modulus, equilibrium swelling ratio, glass transition temperature or thermal stability.

ACS applied polymer materials, Jun 19, 2020

Radical ring-opening polymerization is a clever strategy to incorporate cleavable linkages into o... more Radical ring-opening polymerization is a clever strategy to incorporate cleavable linkages into otherwise non-degradable vinyl polymers. But conventional systems suffer from slow copolymerization, harsh non-selective degradation conditions, and limited application potential because the degradation products (often oligomers or polymers themselves) have properties like the intact species. This work presents fast selective degradation accompanied by a drastic change in a key property, aqueous solubility. The thionolactone dibenzo[c,e]oxepane-5-thione was found to copolymerise radically with a range of primary, secondary, and tertiary neutral and zwitterionic acrylamides with rapid incorporation of degradable biphenyl thiocarboxylate repeat units. Intact copolymers displayed temperature-responsive (LCST or UCST-type) aqueous solubility behaviour, tuneable through the molar composition and (exploiting the non-azeotropic copolymerization behaviour) comonomer sequence. Various conditions led to selective and complete degradation of the backbone thioesters through hydrolysis, aminolysis, transthioesterification (including under physiological conditions), and oxidative hydrolysis which drastically increased aqueous solubility. Polymers containing as little as 8 mol-% of thioester repeat units underwent a temperature-independent insoluble-soluble transition upon degradation with cysteine or potassium persulfate. Insoluble polymers were used to block syringe filters which allowed flow of degradant solutions only, relevant relevant to lab-on-a-chip, sensing, and embolic biomedical applications.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Oct 5, 2022

This paper presents the importance of Artificial intelligence (AI) in the computing education, wh... more This paper presents the importance of Artificial intelligence (AI) in the computing education, which has become an important and powerful aspect of human lives. It is still a field in its beginnings, but as time progresses, we will observe how AI evolves and explores its untapped potential. The rapid development regarding scrutiny of learning outcomes for higher education, establishment and implementation of international standards shows the need of the technology. Many higher education institutes of the world are adopting information and communication technology (ICT) to enhance the Course Learning Outcomes (CLO) of the students based on the revised Bloom Taxonomy that assists the institutions to analyze the outcomes of students in planning the course and techniques to improve and enhance the performance of students. This research paper analysis the importance of blooms in integration of computing technologies and smart learning environment and provides the encouraging results when analyzed by using supervised machine learning methods during the COVID-19 pandemic situation. In this research, we have designed an ICT based framework to achieve the learning outcomes of the students in computing subjects. It is worth mentioning that the proposed educational model reports the promising results of a bout of 83% accuracy. The accuracy of the model is also verified from self-assessment reports of the students.

We report the preparation of degradable polymer networks by conventional free radical copolymeriz... more We report the preparation of degradable polymer networks by conventional free radical copolymerization of n-butyl acrylate with a crosslinker and dibenzo[c,e]oxepane-5-thione (DOT) as a strand-cleaving comonomer. Addition of only 4 mol% of DOT imparts the synthesized networks with full degradability by aminolysis, whereas gels with less DOT (2 mol%) cannot be degraded, in excellent agreement with the recently proposed reverse gel-point model. Importantly, even though DOT significantly slows down the polymerization and delays gelation, it has a minimal effect on physical properties of the networks such as shear storage modulus, equilibrium swelling ratio, glass transition temperature or thermal stability.

Transplantation Proceedings, 2007

One hundred and fifty-four patients received allogeneic stem cell transplantations from HLA-match... more One hundred and fifty-four patients received allogeneic stem cell transplantations from HLA-matched siblings for various hematological disorders from July 2001 to September 2006. Indications for transplantation included aplastic anemia (n ϭ 66), ␤-thalassemia major (n ϭ 40), CML (n ϭ 33), acute leukemia (n ϭ 8), and miscellaneous disorders (n ϭ 7). One hundred and twenty patients were males and 34 were females. Median patient age was 14 years (range, 1 1 ⁄4-54 years). All patients achieved successful engraftment. Median time to engraftment (ANC Ͼ 0.5 ϫ 10 9 /L) was 14 days. Posttransplant complications encountered in our patients included acute graft versus host disease (GvHD) (grade II-IV) 28.5%, chronic GvHD 15.5%, hemorrhagic cystitis 9.7%, VOD liver 5.1%, acute renal failure 3.2%, bacterial infections 51.2%, fungal infections 15.0%, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection 4%, herpes zoster 4%, tuberculosis 2.6%, Pneumocystis jirovicii infection 0.6%, malaria 0.6% patients, graft rejection 5.2% patients, and relapse in 4% patients. Certain unexpected and rare posttransplant complications were also observed in our patients. These included Hickman catheter embolization, Guillain-Barré (GB) syndrome, deep vein thrombosis, hemorrhagic pericarditis with clots leading to cardiac tamponade, idiopathic polycythemia, dengue fever, and cyclosporine-induced neurotoxicity. Mortality was observed in 27.2% patients. Major causes of mortality were GvHD, VOD, disease relapse, intracranial hemorrhage, acute renal failure, pseudomonas septicemia, tuberculosis, disseminated aspergillosis, and CMV infection. At 5 years, overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 72.5% and 70.7%, respectively. H EMATOPOIETIC stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an effective treatment option for congenital or acquired hematological disorders, as well as for chemosensitive, radiosensitive, or immunosensitive malignancies. As per the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) activity survey 2005 report, the main indications for HSCT in order of frequency included leukemias, lymphomas, solid tumors, and nonmalignant hematological disorders. 1,2 The developing world is inhabited by 80% of the global population. The health expenditure in this region is between 0.8% to 4.0% GNP. In our country (Pakistan), per capita income is US 500,andhealthexpenditureisonly0.9500, and health expenditure is only 0.9% of GNP. The cost of Stem cell transplantation (SCT) in the Western world ranges between 500,andhealthexpenditureisonly0.9100,000 to $150,000, an amount out of reach for the majority of our population. Considering the difficulties in availing this facility, there was a need to establish a transplant center in our country. Hence, three transplant centers (one in the public and two in the private sectors) have started to meet these needs. 3 With this background, we present our initial experience between July 2001 and September 2006 of HSCT for various hematological disorders. PATIENT SELECTION AND METHODS Patients with malignant and nonmalignant hematological disorders having HLA-matched sibling donors were selected for transplantation. The age limit for ␤-thalassemia major, Gaucher's disease, and Fanconi's anemia was 14 years. For aplastic anemia, the age limit was 40 years, whereas for MDS, acute leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, and lymphomas, it was 55 years.

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, Nov 6, 2022

Marriage (nikāḥ) in Islamic law (sharia), is a legal and social contract between two individuals.... more Marriage (nikāḥ) in Islamic law (sharia), is a legal and social contract between two individuals. It is an act of Islam and is strongly recommended. In Islam Polygyny is permitted under some conditions, but polyandry is forbidden. Economic growth and mass media revolution brought a drastic change in Kashmiri society especially in the field of marriage and family life. Economic prosperity enables people to consume more goods and services and enjoy better standards of living. The traditional marriage system in modern times is disappearing slowly. In traditional marriage system, one requires the families of the future bride and groom to engage in ritual visits and exchange gifts. In general there are two types: civil marriage and religious marriage, and typically marriages employ a combination of both (religious marriages must often be licensed and recognized by the state, and conversely civil marriages, while not sanctioned under religious law, are nevertheless respected). In Kashmir, marriage are performed in various ways and under various religions such as Muslim, Hindu, Sikhs, Christians, etc. In modern times every family member is considered important and is supposed to play his/her role In this context the present research carried out in Kashmir is designed to study the traditional marriage in Kashmir and approach of Kashmiri youth towards marriage as well as family life. Four hundred unmarried educated youth belonged to the age group of 20-25 years studying in different academic institutions of Kashmir were selected randomly for the present study. The data was collected by questionnaire cum interview method and the results of the study revealed that majority of the respondents agreed with the statement marriage is essential for human life. Majority of the respondents opined that 20-25 year is the suitable age of marriage. In majority, arranged marriage was preferred by (57.5% male and 63.5% female) respondents, a good percentage of respondents (65.5% male and 57.5% female) were against dowry system and a little percentage of respondents believe that dowry helps in getting good match. Majority of respondents (53.5% male and 41.5% female) gave more importance to career than marriage which results in thousands of youth without marriage above the age of 45 years. The study further revealed that majority of the respondents showed positive approach towards family life, wanted to work more after marriage and majority of respondents had confidence that they could make balance between work and family life after marriage. Majority of the respondents during survey told that adjusting, sacrificing, loving and tolerance are the best qualities to lead a good family life. Finally, balanced diet to manage happy married healthy life and solutions to issue related marital life in traditional as well as in scientific system were discussed. It was suggested that for happy healthy married life one should live a pious life, stop stressing over life, follow health advisory, avoid fast foods, unnecessary fatty diet, deep fried foods. spicy, salty and Junk food.

Biosight journal, Jan 15, 2023

Introduction: Buffalo and cow milk have a great affinity for strong bones, healthy teeth and in v... more Introduction: Buffalo and cow milk have a great affinity for strong bones, healthy teeth and in various heart diseases. The study was carried out on Kundi buffalo to assess the outcomes of bypass fat on dry matter, milk output, milk contents, body mass gain, nutrient digestibility, and production costs. Methodology: 12 buffaloes of early third and fourth lactation were selected, divided into two groups (six each) for ninety days experiment. In the test animals, additional 300 mg bypass fat was given with balance ration containing 16% of crude proteins, while in control group only balance routine ration was provided. The data was statistically evaluated using a one-way analysis of variance in a completely randomized design (CRD), and differences were assessed using a t-test. Results: The results indicated that mean values in group-A regarding the dry matter intake (DMI) was significantly elevated (P<0.05) (14.29±1.42 kg) as compared to control group (13.65 ± 2.174 kg). At the end of experiment the mean of daily milk production (7.73±1.115 liters/day) was also reported higher (P<0.05) in group-A. The milk yield of Group-A was raised up to 15.39% than the control group. Though, the buffaloes under bypass fat treatment were not found significantly higher in weight gain, but the milk contents in context of solids not fat, fat and total solids presented as P<0.05 between the treatments. Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded from the conducted study that, bypass fat can be employed to produce milk both quantitatively and qualitatively at a reasonable cost.

Worlds Poultry Science Journal, Jun 1, 2017

The liver is the ‘central laboratory’ of a chicken&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;am... more The liver is the ‘central laboratory’ of a chicken&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s body, responsible for sorting and transforming digested compounds as well as dealing with waste products. It is essential that this organ is kept in an excellent condition in order to maintain a healthy bird. Viral hepatitis in poultry is a complex disease syndrome caused by several viruses belonging to different families, including fowl adenoviruses (FAdV), avian hepatitis E virus (HEV), duck hepatitis virus (DHV), and turkey hepatitis virus (THV). Although, these viruses target the liver primarily, they each possess unique clinical and biological features. Hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) is a highly infectious disease caused by FAdV serotype 4 (FAdV-4) affecting poultry, especially broilers, and is characterised by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac and hepatitis. Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) was recognised firstly in the US, and the disease has now been reported in many countries. FAdV, the causative agent of inclusion body hepatitis, is a Group I avian adenovirus in the genus Aviadenovirus. The affected birds have a pale, swollen, friable, and haemorrhagic liver with pathognomonic histological lesions including intranuclear inclusion bodies in the nuclei of the hepatocytes. Avian HEV naturally infects chickens and is associated with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome, although the majority of the infected birds are subclinical. THV is a picornavirus that is likely the causative agent of turkey viral hepatitis. Currently there are more questions than answers about THV, and pathogenesis and clinical impact remains largely unknown. Future research into viral hepatic diseases of poultry is warranted to develop effective vaccines, specific diagnostic assays, and identify suitable cell culture systems for virus propagation. This review covers the common and unique features of major hepatitis causing viruses, with emphasis on FAdV, HEV and THV in an effort to identify the knowledge gaps and aid prevention and control of poultry viral hepatitis.

Biomacromolecules, Apr 26, 2022

Being nondegradable, vinyl polymers have limited biomedical applicability. Unfortunately, backbon... more Being nondegradable, vinyl polymers have limited biomedical applicability. Unfortunately, backbone esters incorporated through conventional radical ring-opening methods do not undergo appreciable abiotic hydrolysis under physiologically relevant conditions. Here, PEG acrylate and di(ethylene glycol) acrylamide-based copolymers containing backbone thioesters were prepared through the radical ring-opening copolymerization of the thionolactone dibenzo[c,e]oxepin-5(7H)-thione. The thioesters degraded fully in the presence of 10 mM cysteine at pH 7.4, with the mechanism presumed to involve an irreversible S−N switch. Degradations with N-acetylcysteine and glutathione were reversible through the thiol−thioester exchange polycondensation of R−SC(O)−polymer−SH fragments with full degradation relying on an increased thiolate/thioester ratio. Treatment with 10 mM glutathione at pH 7.2 (mimicking intracellular conditions) triggered an insoluble−soluble switch of a temperature-responsive copolymer at 37°C and the release of encapsulated Nile Red (as a drug model) from core-degradable diblock copolymer micelles. Copolymers and their cysteinolytic degradation products were found to be noncytotoxic, making thioester backbone-functional polymers promising for drug delivery applications.

Poultry Science, Jul 1, 2016

The main objective of this study was to determine the possible effects of thymoquinone (TQ) and c... more The main objective of this study was to determine the possible effects of thymoquinone (TQ) and curcumin (Cur) on immune-response and pathogenesis of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) in turkeys. The experiment was performed on 75 non-vaccinated mixed-sex turkey poults, divided into 5 experimental groups (A, B, C, D, and E) of 15 birds each. Group A was kept as non-infected and a non-treated negative control (ctrl group) while group B was kept as infected and non-treated positive control (H9N2 group). Turkeys in groups A and B received normal commercial feed while turkeys in groups C and D received TQ, and Cur respectively, and group E concurrently received TQ and Cur from d one through the entire experiment period. All groups were challenged intra-nasally with H9N2 AIV (A/chicken/Pakistan/10RS3039-284-48/2010) at the fourth wk of age except group A. Infected turkeys showed clinical signs of different severity, showing the most prominent disease signs in turkeys in group B. All infected turkeys showed positive results for virus shedding; however, the pattern of virus shedding was different, and with turkeys in group B showing more pronounced virus secretion than the turkeys in the other groups receiving different levels of TQ and Cur. Moreover, significantly higher antibody titer against H9N2 AIV in turkeys shows the immunomodulatory nature of TQ and Cur. Similarly, increased cytokine gene expression suggests antiviral behavior of TQ and Cur especially in combination, leading to suppressed pathogenesis of H9N2 viruses. However, reduced virus shedding and enhanced immune responses were more pronounced in those turkeys receiving TQ and Cur concurrently. This study showed that supplements of TQ and Cur in combination would significantly enhance immune responsiveness and suppress pathogenicity of influenza viruses in turkeys.

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, Nov 6, 2022

Marriage (nikāḥ) in Islamic law (sharia), is a legal and social contract between two individuals.... more Marriage (nikāḥ) in Islamic law (sharia), is a legal and social contract between two individuals. It is an act of Islam and is strongly recommended. In Islam Polygyny is permitted under some conditions, but polyandry is forbidden. Economic growth and mass media revolution brought a drastic change in Kashmiri society especially in the field of marriage and family life. Economic prosperity enables people to consume more goods and services and enjoy better standards of living. The traditional marriage system in modern times is disappearing slowly. In traditional marriage system, one requires the families of the future bride and groom to engage in ritual visits and exchange gifts. In general there are two types: civil marriage and religious marriage, and typically marriages employ a combination of both (religious marriages must often be licensed and recognized by the state, and conversely civil marriages, while not sanctioned under religious law, are nevertheless respected). In Kashmir, marriage are performed in various ways and under various religions such as Muslim, Hindu, Sikhs, Christians, etc. In modern times every family member is considered important and is supposed to play his/her role In this context the present research carried out in Kashmir is designed to study the traditional marriage in Kashmir and approach of Kashmiri youth towards marriage as well as family life. Four hundred unmarried educated youth belonged to the age group of 20-25 years studying in different academic institutions of Kashmir were selected randomly for the present study. The data was collected by questionnaire cum interview method and the results of the study revealed that majority of the respondents agreed with the statement marriage is essential for human life. Majority of the respondents opined that 20-25 year is the suitable age of marriage. In majority, arranged marriage was preferred by (57.5% male and 63.5% female) respondents, a good percentage of respondents (65.5% male and 57.5% female) were against dowry system and a little percentage of respondents believe that dowry helps in getting good match. Majority of respondents (53.5% male and 41.5% female) gave more importance to career than marriage which results in thousands of youth without marriage above the age of 45 years. The study further revealed that majority of the respondents showed positive approach towards family life, wanted to work more after marriage and majority of respondents had confidence that they could make balance between work and family life after marriage. Majority of the respondents during survey told that adjusting, sacrificing, loving and tolerance are the best qualities to lead a good family life. Finally, balanced diet to manage happy married healthy life and solutions to issue related marital life in traditional as well as in scientific system were discussed. It was suggested that for happy healthy married life one should live a pious life, stop stressing over life, follow health advisory, avoid fast foods, unnecessary fatty diet, deep fried foods. spicy, salty and Junk food.

Biosight journal, Jan 15, 2023

Introduction: Buffalo and cow milk have a great affinity for strong bones, healthy teeth and in v... more Introduction: Buffalo and cow milk have a great affinity for strong bones, healthy teeth and in various heart diseases. The study was carried out on Kundi buffalo to assess the outcomes of bypass fat on dry matter, milk output, milk contents, body mass gain, nutrient digestibility, and production costs. Methodology: 12 buffaloes of early third and fourth lactation were selected, divided into two groups (six each) for ninety days experiment. In the test animals, additional 300 mg bypass fat was given with balance ration containing 16% of crude proteins, while in control group only balance routine ration was provided. The data was statistically evaluated using a one-way analysis of variance in a completely randomized design (CRD), and differences were assessed using a t-test. Results: The results indicated that mean values in group-A regarding the dry matter intake (DMI) was significantly elevated (P<0.05) (14.29±1.42 kg) as compared to control group (13.65 ± 2.174 kg). At the end of experiment the mean of daily milk production (7.73±1.115 liters/day) was also reported higher (P<0.05) in group-A. The milk yield of Group-A was raised up to 15.39% than the control group. Though, the buffaloes under bypass fat treatment were not found significantly higher in weight gain, but the milk contents in context of solids not fat, fat and total solids presented as P<0.05 between the treatments. Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded from the conducted study that, bypass fat can be employed to produce milk both quantitatively and qualitatively at a reasonable cost.

Worlds Poultry Science Journal, Jun 1, 2017

The liver is the ‘central laboratory’ of a chicken&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;am... more The liver is the ‘central laboratory’ of a chicken&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s body, responsible for sorting and transforming digested compounds as well as dealing with waste products. It is essential that this organ is kept in an excellent condition in order to maintain a healthy bird. Viral hepatitis in poultry is a complex disease syndrome caused by several viruses belonging to different families, including fowl adenoviruses (FAdV), avian hepatitis E virus (HEV), duck hepatitis virus (DHV), and turkey hepatitis virus (THV). Although, these viruses target the liver primarily, they each possess unique clinical and biological features. Hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) is a highly infectious disease caused by FAdV serotype 4 (FAdV-4) affecting poultry, especially broilers, and is characterised by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac and hepatitis. Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) was recognised firstly in the US, and the disease has now been reported in many countries. FAdV, the causative agent of inclusion body hepatitis, is a Group I avian adenovirus in the genus Aviadenovirus. The affected birds have a pale, swollen, friable, and haemorrhagic liver with pathognomonic histological lesions including intranuclear inclusion bodies in the nuclei of the hepatocytes. Avian HEV naturally infects chickens and is associated with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome, although the majority of the infected birds are subclinical. THV is a picornavirus that is likely the causative agent of turkey viral hepatitis. Currently there are more questions than answers about THV, and pathogenesis and clinical impact remains largely unknown. Future research into viral hepatic diseases of poultry is warranted to develop effective vaccines, specific diagnostic assays, and identify suitable cell culture systems for virus propagation. This review covers the common and unique features of major hepatitis causing viruses, with emphasis on FAdV, HEV and THV in an effort to identify the knowledge gaps and aid prevention and control of poultry viral hepatitis.

Biomacromolecules, Apr 26, 2022

Being nondegradable, vinyl polymers have limited biomedical applicability. Unfortunately, backbon... more Being nondegradable, vinyl polymers have limited biomedical applicability. Unfortunately, backbone esters incorporated through conventional radical ring-opening methods do not undergo appreciable abiotic hydrolysis under physiologically relevant conditions. Here, PEG acrylate and di(ethylene glycol) acrylamide-based copolymers containing backbone thioesters were prepared through the radical ring-opening copolymerization of the thionolactone dibenzo[c,e]oxepin-5(7H)-thione. The thioesters degraded fully in the presence of 10 mM cysteine at pH 7.4, with the mechanism presumed to involve an irreversible S−N switch. Degradations with N-acetylcysteine and glutathione were reversible through the thiol−thioester exchange polycondensation of R−SC(O)−polymer−SH fragments with full degradation relying on an increased thiolate/thioester ratio. Treatment with 10 mM glutathione at pH 7.2 (mimicking intracellular conditions) triggered an insoluble−soluble switch of a temperature-responsive copolymer at 37°C and the release of encapsulated Nile Red (as a drug model) from core-degradable diblock copolymer micelles. Copolymers and their cysteinolytic degradation products were found to be noncytotoxic, making thioester backbone-functional polymers promising for drug delivery applications.

Poultry Science, Jul 1, 2016

The main objective of this study was to determine the possible effects of thymoquinone (TQ) and c... more The main objective of this study was to determine the possible effects of thymoquinone (TQ) and curcumin (Cur) on immune-response and pathogenesis of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) in turkeys. The experiment was performed on 75 non-vaccinated mixed-sex turkey poults, divided into 5 experimental groups (A, B, C, D, and E) of 15 birds each. Group A was kept as non-infected and a non-treated negative control (ctrl group) while group B was kept as infected and non-treated positive control (H9N2 group). Turkeys in groups A and B received normal commercial feed while turkeys in groups C and D received TQ, and Cur respectively, and group E concurrently received TQ and Cur from d one through the entire experiment period. All groups were challenged intra-nasally with H9N2 AIV (A/chicken/Pakistan/10RS3039-284-48/2010) at the fourth wk of age except group A. Infected turkeys showed clinical signs of different severity, showing the most prominent disease signs in turkeys in group B. All infected turkeys showed positive results for virus shedding; however, the pattern of virus shedding was different, and with turkeys in group B showing more pronounced virus secretion than the turkeys in the other groups receiving different levels of TQ and Cur. Moreover, significantly higher antibody titer against H9N2 AIV in turkeys shows the immunomodulatory nature of TQ and Cur. Similarly, increased cytokine gene expression suggests antiviral behavior of TQ and Cur especially in combination, leading to suppressed pathogenesis of H9N2 viruses. However, reduced virus shedding and enhanced immune responses were more pronounced in those turkeys receiving TQ and Cur concurrently. This study showed that supplements of TQ and Cur in combination would significantly enhance immune responsiveness and suppress pathogenicity of influenza viruses in turkeys.

We report the preparation of degradable polymer networks by conventional free radical copolymeriz... more We report the preparation of degradable polymer networks by conventional free radical copolymerization of n-butyl acrylate with a crosslinker and dibenzo[c,e]oxepane-5thione (DOT) as a strand-cleaving comonomer. Addition of only 4 mol% of DOT imparts the synthesized networks with full degradability by aminolysis, whereas gels with less DOT (2 mol%) cannot be degraded, in excellent agreement with the recently proposed reverse gelpoint model. Importantly, even though DOT significantly slows down the polymerization and delays gelation, it has a minimal effect on physical properties of the networks such as shear storage modulus, equilibrium swelling ratio, glass transition temperature or thermal stability.

ACS applied polymer materials, Jun 19, 2020

Radical ring-opening polymerization is a clever strategy to incorporate cleavable linkages into o... more Radical ring-opening polymerization is a clever strategy to incorporate cleavable linkages into otherwise non-degradable vinyl polymers. But conventional systems suffer from slow copolymerization, harsh non-selective degradation conditions, and limited application potential because the degradation products (often oligomers or polymers themselves) have properties like the intact species. This work presents fast selective degradation accompanied by a drastic change in a key property, aqueous solubility. The thionolactone dibenzo[c,e]oxepane-5-thione was found to copolymerise radically with a range of primary, secondary, and tertiary neutral and zwitterionic acrylamides with rapid incorporation of degradable biphenyl thiocarboxylate repeat units. Intact copolymers displayed temperature-responsive (LCST or UCST-type) aqueous solubility behaviour, tuneable through the molar composition and (exploiting the non-azeotropic copolymerization behaviour) comonomer sequence. Various conditions led to selective and complete degradation of the backbone thioesters through hydrolysis, aminolysis, transthioesterification (including under physiological conditions), and oxidative hydrolysis which drastically increased aqueous solubility. Polymers containing as little as 8 mol-% of thioester repeat units underwent a temperature-independent insoluble-soluble transition upon degradation with cysteine or potassium persulfate. Insoluble polymers were used to block syringe filters which allowed flow of degradant solutions only, relevant relevant to lab-on-a-chip, sensing, and embolic biomedical applications.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Oct 5, 2022

This paper presents the importance of Artificial intelligence (AI) in the computing education, wh... more This paper presents the importance of Artificial intelligence (AI) in the computing education, which has become an important and powerful aspect of human lives. It is still a field in its beginnings, but as time progresses, we will observe how AI evolves and explores its untapped potential. The rapid development regarding scrutiny of learning outcomes for higher education, establishment and implementation of international standards shows the need of the technology. Many higher education institutes of the world are adopting information and communication technology (ICT) to enhance the Course Learning Outcomes (CLO) of the students based on the revised Bloom Taxonomy that assists the institutions to analyze the outcomes of students in planning the course and techniques to improve and enhance the performance of students. This research paper analysis the importance of blooms in integration of computing technologies and smart learning environment and provides the encouraging results when analyzed by using supervised machine learning methods during the COVID-19 pandemic situation. In this research, we have designed an ICT based framework to achieve the learning outcomes of the students in computing subjects. It is worth mentioning that the proposed educational model reports the promising results of a bout of 83% accuracy. The accuracy of the model is also verified from self-assessment reports of the students.

We report the preparation of degradable polymer networks by conventional free radical copolymeriz... more We report the preparation of degradable polymer networks by conventional free radical copolymerization of n-butyl acrylate with a crosslinker and dibenzo[c,e]oxepane-5-thione (DOT) as a strand-cleaving comonomer. Addition of only 4 mol% of DOT imparts the synthesized networks with full degradability by aminolysis, whereas gels with less DOT (2 mol%) cannot be degraded, in excellent agreement with the recently proposed reverse gel-point model. Importantly, even though DOT significantly slows down the polymerization and delays gelation, it has a minimal effect on physical properties of the networks such as shear storage modulus, equilibrium swelling ratio, glass transition temperature or thermal stability.

Transplantation Proceedings, 2007

One hundred and fifty-four patients received allogeneic stem cell transplantations from HLA-match... more One hundred and fifty-four patients received allogeneic stem cell transplantations from HLA-matched siblings for various hematological disorders from July 2001 to September 2006. Indications for transplantation included aplastic anemia (n ϭ 66), ␤-thalassemia major (n ϭ 40), CML (n ϭ 33), acute leukemia (n ϭ 8), and miscellaneous disorders (n ϭ 7). One hundred and twenty patients were males and 34 were females. Median patient age was 14 years (range, 1 1 ⁄4-54 years). All patients achieved successful engraftment. Median time to engraftment (ANC Ͼ 0.5 ϫ 10 9 /L) was 14 days. Posttransplant complications encountered in our patients included acute graft versus host disease (GvHD) (grade II-IV) 28.5%, chronic GvHD 15.5%, hemorrhagic cystitis 9.7%, VOD liver 5.1%, acute renal failure 3.2%, bacterial infections 51.2%, fungal infections 15.0%, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection 4%, herpes zoster 4%, tuberculosis 2.6%, Pneumocystis jirovicii infection 0.6%, malaria 0.6% patients, graft rejection 5.2% patients, and relapse in 4% patients. Certain unexpected and rare posttransplant complications were also observed in our patients. These included Hickman catheter embolization, Guillain-Barré (GB) syndrome, deep vein thrombosis, hemorrhagic pericarditis with clots leading to cardiac tamponade, idiopathic polycythemia, dengue fever, and cyclosporine-induced neurotoxicity. Mortality was observed in 27.2% patients. Major causes of mortality were GvHD, VOD, disease relapse, intracranial hemorrhage, acute renal failure, pseudomonas septicemia, tuberculosis, disseminated aspergillosis, and CMV infection. At 5 years, overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 72.5% and 70.7%, respectively. H EMATOPOIETIC stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an effective treatment option for congenital or acquired hematological disorders, as well as for chemosensitive, radiosensitive, or immunosensitive malignancies. As per the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) activity survey 2005 report, the main indications for HSCT in order of frequency included leukemias, lymphomas, solid tumors, and nonmalignant hematological disorders. 1,2 The developing world is inhabited by 80% of the global population. The health expenditure in this region is between 0.8% to 4.0% GNP. In our country (Pakistan), per capita income is US 500,andhealthexpenditureisonly0.9500, and health expenditure is only 0.9% of GNP. The cost of Stem cell transplantation (SCT) in the Western world ranges between 500,andhealthexpenditureisonly0.9100,000 to $150,000, an amount out of reach for the majority of our population. Considering the difficulties in availing this facility, there was a need to establish a transplant center in our country. Hence, three transplant centers (one in the public and two in the private sectors) have started to meet these needs. 3 With this background, we present our initial experience between July 2001 and September 2006 of HSCT for various hematological disorders. PATIENT SELECTION AND METHODS Patients with malignant and nonmalignant hematological disorders having HLA-matched sibling donors were selected for transplantation. The age limit for ␤-thalassemia major, Gaucher's disease, and Fanconi's anemia was 14 years. For aplastic anemia, the age limit was 40 years, whereas for MDS, acute leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, and lymphomas, it was 55 years.

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, Nov 6, 2022

Marriage (nikāḥ) in Islamic law (sharia), is a legal and social contract between two individuals.... more Marriage (nikāḥ) in Islamic law (sharia), is a legal and social contract between two individuals. It is an act of Islam and is strongly recommended. In Islam Polygyny is permitted under some conditions, but polyandry is forbidden. Economic growth and mass media revolution brought a drastic change in Kashmiri society especially in the field of marriage and family life. Economic prosperity enables people to consume more goods and services and enjoy better standards of living. The traditional marriage system in modern times is disappearing slowly. In traditional marriage system, one requires the families of the future bride and groom to engage in ritual visits and exchange gifts. In general there are two types: civil marriage and religious marriage, and typically marriages employ a combination of both (religious marriages must often be licensed and recognized by the state, and conversely civil marriages, while not sanctioned under religious law, are nevertheless respected). In Kashmir, marriage are performed in various ways and under various religions such as Muslim, Hindu, Sikhs, Christians, etc. In modern times every family member is considered important and is supposed to play his/her role In this context the present research carried out in Kashmir is designed to study the traditional marriage in Kashmir and approach of Kashmiri youth towards marriage as well as family life. Four hundred unmarried educated youth belonged to the age group of 20-25 years studying in different academic institutions of Kashmir were selected randomly for the present study. The data was collected by questionnaire cum interview method and the results of the study revealed that majority of the respondents agreed with the statement marriage is essential for human life. Majority of the respondents opined that 20-25 year is the suitable age of marriage. In majority, arranged marriage was preferred by (57.5% male and 63.5% female) respondents, a good percentage of respondents (65.5% male and 57.5% female) were against dowry system and a little percentage of respondents believe that dowry helps in getting good match. Majority of respondents (53.5% male and 41.5% female) gave more importance to career than marriage which results in thousands of youth without marriage above the age of 45 years. The study further revealed that majority of the respondents showed positive approach towards family life, wanted to work more after marriage and majority of respondents had confidence that they could make balance between work and family life after marriage. Majority of the respondents during survey told that adjusting, sacrificing, loving and tolerance are the best qualities to lead a good family life. Finally, balanced diet to manage happy married healthy life and solutions to issue related marital life in traditional as well as in scientific system were discussed. It was suggested that for happy healthy married life one should live a pious life, stop stressing over life, follow health advisory, avoid fast foods, unnecessary fatty diet, deep fried foods. spicy, salty and Junk food.

Biosight journal, Jan 15, 2023

Introduction: Buffalo and cow milk have a great affinity for strong bones, healthy teeth and in v... more Introduction: Buffalo and cow milk have a great affinity for strong bones, healthy teeth and in various heart diseases. The study was carried out on Kundi buffalo to assess the outcomes of bypass fat on dry matter, milk output, milk contents, body mass gain, nutrient digestibility, and production costs. Methodology: 12 buffaloes of early third and fourth lactation were selected, divided into two groups (six each) for ninety days experiment. In the test animals, additional 300 mg bypass fat was given with balance ration containing 16% of crude proteins, while in control group only balance routine ration was provided. The data was statistically evaluated using a one-way analysis of variance in a completely randomized design (CRD), and differences were assessed using a t-test. Results: The results indicated that mean values in group-A regarding the dry matter intake (DMI) was significantly elevated (P<0.05) (14.29±1.42 kg) as compared to control group (13.65 ± 2.174 kg). At the end of experiment the mean of daily milk production (7.73±1.115 liters/day) was also reported higher (P<0.05) in group-A. The milk yield of Group-A was raised up to 15.39% than the control group. Though, the buffaloes under bypass fat treatment were not found significantly higher in weight gain, but the milk contents in context of solids not fat, fat and total solids presented as P<0.05 between the treatments. Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded from the conducted study that, bypass fat can be employed to produce milk both quantitatively and qualitatively at a reasonable cost.

Worlds Poultry Science Journal, Jun 1, 2017

The liver is the ‘central laboratory’ of a chicken&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;am... more The liver is the ‘central laboratory’ of a chicken&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s body, responsible for sorting and transforming digested compounds as well as dealing with waste products. It is essential that this organ is kept in an excellent condition in order to maintain a healthy bird. Viral hepatitis in poultry is a complex disease syndrome caused by several viruses belonging to different families, including fowl adenoviruses (FAdV), avian hepatitis E virus (HEV), duck hepatitis virus (DHV), and turkey hepatitis virus (THV). Although, these viruses target the liver primarily, they each possess unique clinical and biological features. Hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) is a highly infectious disease caused by FAdV serotype 4 (FAdV-4) affecting poultry, especially broilers, and is characterised by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac and hepatitis. Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) was recognised firstly in the US, and the disease has now been reported in many countries. FAdV, the causative agent of inclusion body hepatitis, is a Group I avian adenovirus in the genus Aviadenovirus. The affected birds have a pale, swollen, friable, and haemorrhagic liver with pathognomonic histological lesions including intranuclear inclusion bodies in the nuclei of the hepatocytes. Avian HEV naturally infects chickens and is associated with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome, although the majority of the infected birds are subclinical. THV is a picornavirus that is likely the causative agent of turkey viral hepatitis. Currently there are more questions than answers about THV, and pathogenesis and clinical impact remains largely unknown. Future research into viral hepatic diseases of poultry is warranted to develop effective vaccines, specific diagnostic assays, and identify suitable cell culture systems for virus propagation. This review covers the common and unique features of major hepatitis causing viruses, with emphasis on FAdV, HEV and THV in an effort to identify the knowledge gaps and aid prevention and control of poultry viral hepatitis.

Biomacromolecules, Apr 26, 2022

Being nondegradable, vinyl polymers have limited biomedical applicability. Unfortunately, backbon... more Being nondegradable, vinyl polymers have limited biomedical applicability. Unfortunately, backbone esters incorporated through conventional radical ring-opening methods do not undergo appreciable abiotic hydrolysis under physiologically relevant conditions. Here, PEG acrylate and di(ethylene glycol) acrylamide-based copolymers containing backbone thioesters were prepared through the radical ring-opening copolymerization of the thionolactone dibenzo[c,e]oxepin-5(7H)-thione. The thioesters degraded fully in the presence of 10 mM cysteine at pH 7.4, with the mechanism presumed to involve an irreversible S−N switch. Degradations with N-acetylcysteine and glutathione were reversible through the thiol−thioester exchange polycondensation of R−SC(O)−polymer−SH fragments with full degradation relying on an increased thiolate/thioester ratio. Treatment with 10 mM glutathione at pH 7.2 (mimicking intracellular conditions) triggered an insoluble−soluble switch of a temperature-responsive copolymer at 37°C and the release of encapsulated Nile Red (as a drug model) from core-degradable diblock copolymer micelles. Copolymers and their cysteinolytic degradation products were found to be noncytotoxic, making thioester backbone-functional polymers promising for drug delivery applications.

Poultry Science, Jul 1, 2016

The main objective of this study was to determine the possible effects of thymoquinone (TQ) and c... more The main objective of this study was to determine the possible effects of thymoquinone (TQ) and curcumin (Cur) on immune-response and pathogenesis of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) in turkeys. The experiment was performed on 75 non-vaccinated mixed-sex turkey poults, divided into 5 experimental groups (A, B, C, D, and E) of 15 birds each. Group A was kept as non-infected and a non-treated negative control (ctrl group) while group B was kept as infected and non-treated positive control (H9N2 group). Turkeys in groups A and B received normal commercial feed while turkeys in groups C and D received TQ, and Cur respectively, and group E concurrently received TQ and Cur from d one through the entire experiment period. All groups were challenged intra-nasally with H9N2 AIV (A/chicken/Pakistan/10RS3039-284-48/2010) at the fourth wk of age except group A. Infected turkeys showed clinical signs of different severity, showing the most prominent disease signs in turkeys in group B. All infected turkeys showed positive results for virus shedding; however, the pattern of virus shedding was different, and with turkeys in group B showing more pronounced virus secretion than the turkeys in the other groups receiving different levels of TQ and Cur. Moreover, significantly higher antibody titer against H9N2 AIV in turkeys shows the immunomodulatory nature of TQ and Cur. Similarly, increased cytokine gene expression suggests antiviral behavior of TQ and Cur especially in combination, leading to suppressed pathogenesis of H9N2 viruses. However, reduced virus shedding and enhanced immune responses were more pronounced in those turkeys receiving TQ and Cur concurrently. This study showed that supplements of TQ and Cur in combination would significantly enhance immune responsiveness and suppress pathogenicity of influenza viruses in turkeys.