Qingshan Yang - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Qingshan Yang
Chinese Geographical Science, 2011
Urbanization development quality (UDQ) of urban agglomeration (UA) is one of the important indexe... more Urbanization development quality (UDQ) of urban agglomeration (UA) is one of the important indexes to evaluate if the UA urbanization speed is reasonable, if the population urbanization process is sound, if the economic urbanization process is efficient, if the social urbanization process is harmonious and fair, which is generally composed of three parts, including economic urbanization development quality, social urbanization development quality and spatial urbanization security quality. With the research of evolution rules of UDQ, through the analysis on the interactive coordination relation between UDQ and urbanization level, the paper proposes three dimensional index ball and standard value of comprehensive measures of UDQ, which is composed of three categories of indexes. By introducing Atkinson model, this paper constructs the sub-element measure model and segmental measure model of UDQ, and further makes an overall evaluation on the characteristic of UDQ of UAs in China. Results show that: 1) UDQ of UAs lied at optimization and upgrading phase during 1995-2008 and the quality was low. Population urbanization level did not reflect the UDQ of UAs; 2) the improving speed of the spatial urbanization security quality was higher than the social urbanization development quality, and the improving speed of economic urbanization development quality was the lowest; 3) the coordination between UDQ and urbanization level was not so good; 4) there was a weak correlation relation between UDQ and UA scale, and it was not true that the bigger the UA was, the better the UDQ was.
Sustainability, 2019
China is the world’s largest emitter of CO2. As the largest sector of China’s fossil energy consu... more China is the world’s largest emitter of CO2. As the largest sector of China’s fossil energy consumption and carbon emissions, manufacturing plays an important role in achieving emission reduction targets in China. Using the extended logarithmic mean division index (LMDI) decomposition model, this paper decomposed the factors that affect the CO2 emissions of China’s manufacturing industry into eight effects. The results show the following: (1) China’s manufacturing CO2 emissions increased from 1.91 billion tons in 1995 to 6.25 billion tons in 2015, with an average annual growth rate of 6%. Ferrous metal smelting and rolling were the largest sources of carbon dioxide emissions, followed by chemical raw materials and products and then non-metallic minerals. (2) During the research period, the industrial activity effects were the most important factor leading to increased CO2 emissions in manufacturing and energy intensity was the most important factor in promoting the reduction of CO2 ...
Sustainability, 2017
Modern agriculture often leads to nonpoint source pollution. From the perspective of a decoupling... more Modern agriculture often leads to nonpoint source pollution. From the perspective of a decoupling analysis, this research evaluates the relationship between crop production and agricultural nonpoint source pollution (via fertilizer application), using the Heilongjiang land reclamation area as a case study. As it is the largest commodity grain base and green food base in China, more than 80% of water pollution in this area comes from fertilizer application. This study adopts an export coefficient model to hindcast nitrogen loss delivered to surface water via fertilizer application and conduct a further analysis of decoupling agricultural nonpoint source pollution from crop production. The results indicated that weak decoupling frequently occurred. However, this tendency was not steady in the period 2001-2012, and weak decoupling was typical in each branch based on the average value. Regarding the example of decoupling agricultural nonpoint source pollution from rice production, weak decoupling occurred more often, but this tendency was not steady over time. In addition, expansive coupling occurred in 2006, 2010 and 2012, and there were no definite signs of it improving. All branches, except for the Suihua branch, reached the degree of weak decoupling. A basic fact is that a decoupling tendency and environmental deterioration coexist in both the past and present. The decoupling analysis will contribute to localized strategies for sustainable agricultural development.
Sustainability, 2020
The “Qinling-Huaihe Line” is the recognized geographical boundary between north and south China. ... more The “Qinling-Huaihe Line” is the recognized geographical boundary between north and south China. In the context of a widening north–south gap, the large-scale population flow and the implementation of the regional coordinated development strategy, the north–south differentiation of the Chinese population requires further investigation. This study is based on national census data and uses quantitative methods, such as the centralization index, coefficient of variation, hot spot analysis and geodetector, as research methods. This study takes the Qinling-Huaihe Line as the dividing line and aims to extensively explore the spatial differentiation, evolutionary characteristics, and influential factors of the populations on both sides. The main conclusions are as follows: ① From 1982 to 2010, the population share ratio on the south and north sides of the Qinling-Huaihe Line remained at 58:42, showing a distribution pattern of “South more and North less”. ② The area within 200 km from the ...
Energies
Modern agriculture contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions in several ways. From th... more Modern agriculture contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions in several ways. From the perspective of sustainability assessment, it is not enough to evaluate mitigation measures that rely only on emissions reductions. In this article, we use the method of decoupling analysis to construct a decoupling index based on carbon footprint and crop yield and evaluate the relationship between crop production and greenhouse gas emissions using the most modern grain production base in China as a case study. The results indicate that a weak but variable decoupling trend occurred from 2001 to 2015 and that each branch achieved on average a weak decoupling across the study period. In addition, rice production constituted 80% of the regional carbon footprint in a crop's life cycle. The results of our analysis of rice production show that weak decoupling was the most common outcome but was not consistent because a weak coupling occurred in 2015. Each branch on average achieved a weak decoupling except for the SH branch. Our research indicates that high agricultural material inputs with low utilization efficiency contributed to the poor relationship between crop production and greenhouse gas emissions in the study area. Fertilizer, especially N fertilizer, was an important contributor to the total greenhouse gas emissions of crop production. As a supplement to carbon footprint assessment, this decoupling analysis helps local decision-makers diagnose the level of green growth, identify key options to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, and adopt more targeted interventions towards sustainable agriculture.
Journal of Computer Applications, 2010
Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, 2000
The mechanical properties of deformed AZ31 Mg alloy at high temperature of 450–600°C with a strai... more The mechanical properties of deformed AZ31 Mg alloy at high temperature of 450–600°C with a strain rate of 3s−1 were investigated by tensile tests. The zero strength of AZ31 Mg alloy was emerged at a mushy state (600°C), while the zero ductility was appeared at 575°C, just below the solidus temperature. The abnormal coarsening of the grains happened at the
Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2016
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2011
ABSTRACT Through analyzing limitations of four existing dominance relations in disjunctive set-va... more ABSTRACT Through analyzing limitations of four existing dominance relations in disjunctive set-valued information systems, a variable precision dominance relation is proposed, and an extended rough set model based on the variable precision dominance relation is defined. In order to derive much simpler attribute representation, a discernibility matrix is defined, and an attribute reduction method based on the discernibility matrix is developed.
Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences, 2008
ABSTRACT In this paper, we study the logarithmic Sobolev inequalities for two-sided birth-death p... more ABSTRACT In this paper, we study the logarithmic Sobolev inequalities for two-sided birth-death processes. An estimate of the logarithmic Sobolev constant α for a two-sided birth-death process is obtained by the Hardy-type inequality and a criteria for α is also presented.
Metals and Materials International, 2016
2008 International Conference on Risk Management & Engineering Management, 2008
ABSTRACT
Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 2011
Commercial Al-3Ti-1C and Al-5Ti-1B master alloys were added in order to refine the grains of Mg-L... more Commercial Al-3Ti-1C and Al-5Ti-1B master alloys were added in order to refine the grains of Mg-Li-Al alloys. The effects of their addition levels on grain refinement of Mg-Li-Al cast alloy were investigated and the mechanism of the grain refinement was discussed. The results showed that the addition of Al-3Ti-1C master alloy reduced the grain size of LA141 cast alloy from 900 µm to 400 µm, while the addition of Al-5Ti-1B master alloy reduced the grain size of LA51 cast alloy from 500 µm to 240 µm. The grain refining mechanism was the heterogeneity nucleation of TiC and TiB 2 , because of less than 10% mismatches of TiC/β-Li and TiB 2 /α-Mg.
Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion, 2015
Materials & Design, 2015
ABSTRACT We developed new wrought Mg–2Sn–1Ca wt.% (TX21) and Mg–2Sn–1Ca–2Zn wt.% (TXZ212) alloys ... more ABSTRACT We developed new wrought Mg–2Sn–1Ca wt.% (TX21) and Mg–2Sn–1Ca–2Zn wt.% (TXZ212) alloys with high strength and ductility simultaneously, produced by conventional casting, homogenization and indirect extrusion. A partial dynamically recrystallized microstructure, with the micron-/nano-MgSnCa particles and G.P. zones dispersing, was obtained in TX21 alloy extruded at 260 °C (TX21-260). The TX21-260 alloy exhibited yield strength (YS) of 269 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 305 MPa, while those of the TX21 alloy extruded at 300 °C decreased to be 207 MPa and 230 MPa respectively. For TXZ212-260 alloy, on the other hand, MgSnCa, MgZnCa and MgZn 2 phases were observed, and the average grain size increased to be 5lm.TheYSandUTSofTXZ212−260alloyevolvedtobe218MPaand285MPa,andtheelongation(EL)reachedashighas235 lm. The YS and UTS of TXZ212-260 alloy evolved to be 218 MPa and 285 MPa, and the elongation (EL) reached as high as 23%. The high strengths of TX21-260 alloy were expected due to the high number density of nano-MgSnCa phases, G.P. zones and ultra-fine grain size (5lm.TheYSandUTSofTXZ212−260alloyevolvedtobe218MPaand285MPa,andtheelongation(EL)reachedashighas230.8 lm). The high EL of 23% in TXZ212-260 alloy was consistent with the high work-hardening rate, which was attributed to the larger grain size, more high angular grain boundaries, presence of more nano-particles and the weaker texture.
Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 2014
ABSTRACT AZ31 Mg alloy sheets were processed by the conventional symmetrical extrusion (CSE) and ... more ABSTRACT AZ31 Mg alloy sheets were processed by the conventional symmetrical extrusion (CSE) and the asymmetric extrusion (ASE). Progressive-asymmetric extrusion (PASE) and severe strain-asymmetric extrusion (SASE) were employed for ASE processes. The texture at near-surface and mid-layer zones of ASE sheets was diverse penetrating the normal direction (ND). This was attributed to an additional asymmetric shear strain deformation during the ASE process. (0002) basal planes of PASE sheets tilt to the shear deformation direction. Meanwhile, the basal texture intensity of PASE sheets has been weakened compared with one in CSE sheets. Grain refinement and tilted weak basal texture obtained by SASE process dramatically enhances the room temperature strength and plasticity of the extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets. The microstructure and mechanical responses were examined and discussed.
We studied the inside traders' optimal strategies and the impact of public information on com... more We studied the inside traders' optimal strategies and the impact of public information on competitive insider trading in the context of Holden and Subrahmanyan(1992)'s speculative market. We explicitly described the unique linear equilibrium and found that competition among inside traders leads to more informative equilibrium price. Public information is detrimental for insiders and beneficial for the liquidity traders. Every insider also put a negative weight on the public information in formulating his optimal strategy, but the weight is bigger than that of Shunlong Luo (2001), where there is only one insider.
2009 Third International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing, 2009
As the continued expansion of school scope of Higher Vocational and Technical Education, to apply... more As the continued expansion of school scope of Higher Vocational and Technical Education, to apply computer communication network and modern analytical methods and means to do collection, processing, analysis and feedback for process of higher vocational and technical education, then to form positive, institutionalized, standardized and objective operation system of real-time monitoring and controlling of the whole, and to implement
Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 2014
ABSTRACT The microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of Mg–Mn–Ce magnesium alloy were i... more ABSTRACT The microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of Mg–Mn–Ce magnesium alloy were investigated in the present study. Mg alloy was prepared with metal model casting method and subsequently hot extruded at 703 K with the reduction ratio of 101:1. The grains were dynamically recrystallized after the extrusion process. Moreover, the (0002) pole figure of Mg–Mn–Ce alloy developed a splitting of pronounced basal texture. The mechanical properties were different due to different angles between c-axis and loading direction (0°, 45° and 90°) in the tensile tests. This significantly induces an asymmetry in the yield behavior. The Mg–Mn–Ce alloy exhibits a classical dimple structure as a result of slip accumulation and ductile tear.
Chinese Geographical Science, 2011
Urbanization development quality (UDQ) of urban agglomeration (UA) is one of the important indexe... more Urbanization development quality (UDQ) of urban agglomeration (UA) is one of the important indexes to evaluate if the UA urbanization speed is reasonable, if the population urbanization process is sound, if the economic urbanization process is efficient, if the social urbanization process is harmonious and fair, which is generally composed of three parts, including economic urbanization development quality, social urbanization development quality and spatial urbanization security quality. With the research of evolution rules of UDQ, through the analysis on the interactive coordination relation between UDQ and urbanization level, the paper proposes three dimensional index ball and standard value of comprehensive measures of UDQ, which is composed of three categories of indexes. By introducing Atkinson model, this paper constructs the sub-element measure model and segmental measure model of UDQ, and further makes an overall evaluation on the characteristic of UDQ of UAs in China. Results show that: 1) UDQ of UAs lied at optimization and upgrading phase during 1995-2008 and the quality was low. Population urbanization level did not reflect the UDQ of UAs; 2) the improving speed of the spatial urbanization security quality was higher than the social urbanization development quality, and the improving speed of economic urbanization development quality was the lowest; 3) the coordination between UDQ and urbanization level was not so good; 4) there was a weak correlation relation between UDQ and UA scale, and it was not true that the bigger the UA was, the better the UDQ was.
Sustainability, 2019
China is the world’s largest emitter of CO2. As the largest sector of China’s fossil energy consu... more China is the world’s largest emitter of CO2. As the largest sector of China’s fossil energy consumption and carbon emissions, manufacturing plays an important role in achieving emission reduction targets in China. Using the extended logarithmic mean division index (LMDI) decomposition model, this paper decomposed the factors that affect the CO2 emissions of China’s manufacturing industry into eight effects. The results show the following: (1) China’s manufacturing CO2 emissions increased from 1.91 billion tons in 1995 to 6.25 billion tons in 2015, with an average annual growth rate of 6%. Ferrous metal smelting and rolling were the largest sources of carbon dioxide emissions, followed by chemical raw materials and products and then non-metallic minerals. (2) During the research period, the industrial activity effects were the most important factor leading to increased CO2 emissions in manufacturing and energy intensity was the most important factor in promoting the reduction of CO2 ...
Sustainability, 2017
Modern agriculture often leads to nonpoint source pollution. From the perspective of a decoupling... more Modern agriculture often leads to nonpoint source pollution. From the perspective of a decoupling analysis, this research evaluates the relationship between crop production and agricultural nonpoint source pollution (via fertilizer application), using the Heilongjiang land reclamation area as a case study. As it is the largest commodity grain base and green food base in China, more than 80% of water pollution in this area comes from fertilizer application. This study adopts an export coefficient model to hindcast nitrogen loss delivered to surface water via fertilizer application and conduct a further analysis of decoupling agricultural nonpoint source pollution from crop production. The results indicated that weak decoupling frequently occurred. However, this tendency was not steady in the period 2001-2012, and weak decoupling was typical in each branch based on the average value. Regarding the example of decoupling agricultural nonpoint source pollution from rice production, weak decoupling occurred more often, but this tendency was not steady over time. In addition, expansive coupling occurred in 2006, 2010 and 2012, and there were no definite signs of it improving. All branches, except for the Suihua branch, reached the degree of weak decoupling. A basic fact is that a decoupling tendency and environmental deterioration coexist in both the past and present. The decoupling analysis will contribute to localized strategies for sustainable agricultural development.
Sustainability, 2020
The “Qinling-Huaihe Line” is the recognized geographical boundary between north and south China. ... more The “Qinling-Huaihe Line” is the recognized geographical boundary between north and south China. In the context of a widening north–south gap, the large-scale population flow and the implementation of the regional coordinated development strategy, the north–south differentiation of the Chinese population requires further investigation. This study is based on national census data and uses quantitative methods, such as the centralization index, coefficient of variation, hot spot analysis and geodetector, as research methods. This study takes the Qinling-Huaihe Line as the dividing line and aims to extensively explore the spatial differentiation, evolutionary characteristics, and influential factors of the populations on both sides. The main conclusions are as follows: ① From 1982 to 2010, the population share ratio on the south and north sides of the Qinling-Huaihe Line remained at 58:42, showing a distribution pattern of “South more and North less”. ② The area within 200 km from the ...
Energies
Modern agriculture contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions in several ways. From th... more Modern agriculture contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions in several ways. From the perspective of sustainability assessment, it is not enough to evaluate mitigation measures that rely only on emissions reductions. In this article, we use the method of decoupling analysis to construct a decoupling index based on carbon footprint and crop yield and evaluate the relationship between crop production and greenhouse gas emissions using the most modern grain production base in China as a case study. The results indicate that a weak but variable decoupling trend occurred from 2001 to 2015 and that each branch achieved on average a weak decoupling across the study period. In addition, rice production constituted 80% of the regional carbon footprint in a crop's life cycle. The results of our analysis of rice production show that weak decoupling was the most common outcome but was not consistent because a weak coupling occurred in 2015. Each branch on average achieved a weak decoupling except for the SH branch. Our research indicates that high agricultural material inputs with low utilization efficiency contributed to the poor relationship between crop production and greenhouse gas emissions in the study area. Fertilizer, especially N fertilizer, was an important contributor to the total greenhouse gas emissions of crop production. As a supplement to carbon footprint assessment, this decoupling analysis helps local decision-makers diagnose the level of green growth, identify key options to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, and adopt more targeted interventions towards sustainable agriculture.
Journal of Computer Applications, 2010
Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, 2000
The mechanical properties of deformed AZ31 Mg alloy at high temperature of 450–600°C with a strai... more The mechanical properties of deformed AZ31 Mg alloy at high temperature of 450–600°C with a strain rate of 3s−1 were investigated by tensile tests. The zero strength of AZ31 Mg alloy was emerged at a mushy state (600°C), while the zero ductility was appeared at 575°C, just below the solidus temperature. The abnormal coarsening of the grains happened at the
Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2016
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2011
ABSTRACT Through analyzing limitations of four existing dominance relations in disjunctive set-va... more ABSTRACT Through analyzing limitations of four existing dominance relations in disjunctive set-valued information systems, a variable precision dominance relation is proposed, and an extended rough set model based on the variable precision dominance relation is defined. In order to derive much simpler attribute representation, a discernibility matrix is defined, and an attribute reduction method based on the discernibility matrix is developed.
Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences, 2008
ABSTRACT In this paper, we study the logarithmic Sobolev inequalities for two-sided birth-death p... more ABSTRACT In this paper, we study the logarithmic Sobolev inequalities for two-sided birth-death processes. An estimate of the logarithmic Sobolev constant α for a two-sided birth-death process is obtained by the Hardy-type inequality and a criteria for α is also presented.
Metals and Materials International, 2016
2008 International Conference on Risk Management & Engineering Management, 2008
ABSTRACT
Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 2011
Commercial Al-3Ti-1C and Al-5Ti-1B master alloys were added in order to refine the grains of Mg-L... more Commercial Al-3Ti-1C and Al-5Ti-1B master alloys were added in order to refine the grains of Mg-Li-Al alloys. The effects of their addition levels on grain refinement of Mg-Li-Al cast alloy were investigated and the mechanism of the grain refinement was discussed. The results showed that the addition of Al-3Ti-1C master alloy reduced the grain size of LA141 cast alloy from 900 µm to 400 µm, while the addition of Al-5Ti-1B master alloy reduced the grain size of LA51 cast alloy from 500 µm to 240 µm. The grain refining mechanism was the heterogeneity nucleation of TiC and TiB 2 , because of less than 10% mismatches of TiC/β-Li and TiB 2 /α-Mg.
Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion, 2015
Materials & Design, 2015
ABSTRACT We developed new wrought Mg–2Sn–1Ca wt.% (TX21) and Mg–2Sn–1Ca–2Zn wt.% (TXZ212) alloys ... more ABSTRACT We developed new wrought Mg–2Sn–1Ca wt.% (TX21) and Mg–2Sn–1Ca–2Zn wt.% (TXZ212) alloys with high strength and ductility simultaneously, produced by conventional casting, homogenization and indirect extrusion. A partial dynamically recrystallized microstructure, with the micron-/nano-MgSnCa particles and G.P. zones dispersing, was obtained in TX21 alloy extruded at 260 °C (TX21-260). The TX21-260 alloy exhibited yield strength (YS) of 269 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 305 MPa, while those of the TX21 alloy extruded at 300 °C decreased to be 207 MPa and 230 MPa respectively. For TXZ212-260 alloy, on the other hand, MgSnCa, MgZnCa and MgZn 2 phases were observed, and the average grain size increased to be 5lm.TheYSandUTSofTXZ212−260alloyevolvedtobe218MPaand285MPa,andtheelongation(EL)reachedashighas235 lm. The YS and UTS of TXZ212-260 alloy evolved to be 218 MPa and 285 MPa, and the elongation (EL) reached as high as 23%. The high strengths of TX21-260 alloy were expected due to the high number density of nano-MgSnCa phases, G.P. zones and ultra-fine grain size (5lm.TheYSandUTSofTXZ212−260alloyevolvedtobe218MPaand285MPa,andtheelongation(EL)reachedashighas230.8 lm). The high EL of 23% in TXZ212-260 alloy was consistent with the high work-hardening rate, which was attributed to the larger grain size, more high angular grain boundaries, presence of more nano-particles and the weaker texture.
Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 2014
ABSTRACT AZ31 Mg alloy sheets were processed by the conventional symmetrical extrusion (CSE) and ... more ABSTRACT AZ31 Mg alloy sheets were processed by the conventional symmetrical extrusion (CSE) and the asymmetric extrusion (ASE). Progressive-asymmetric extrusion (PASE) and severe strain-asymmetric extrusion (SASE) were employed for ASE processes. The texture at near-surface and mid-layer zones of ASE sheets was diverse penetrating the normal direction (ND). This was attributed to an additional asymmetric shear strain deformation during the ASE process. (0002) basal planes of PASE sheets tilt to the shear deformation direction. Meanwhile, the basal texture intensity of PASE sheets has been weakened compared with one in CSE sheets. Grain refinement and tilted weak basal texture obtained by SASE process dramatically enhances the room temperature strength and plasticity of the extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets. The microstructure and mechanical responses were examined and discussed.
We studied the inside traders' optimal strategies and the impact of public information on com... more We studied the inside traders' optimal strategies and the impact of public information on competitive insider trading in the context of Holden and Subrahmanyan(1992)'s speculative market. We explicitly described the unique linear equilibrium and found that competition among inside traders leads to more informative equilibrium price. Public information is detrimental for insiders and beneficial for the liquidity traders. Every insider also put a negative weight on the public information in formulating his optimal strategy, but the weight is bigger than that of Shunlong Luo (2001), where there is only one insider.
2009 Third International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing, 2009
As the continued expansion of school scope of Higher Vocational and Technical Education, to apply... more As the continued expansion of school scope of Higher Vocational and Technical Education, to apply computer communication network and modern analytical methods and means to do collection, processing, analysis and feedback for process of higher vocational and technical education, then to form positive, institutionalized, standardized and objective operation system of real-time monitoring and controlling of the whole, and to implement
Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 2014
ABSTRACT The microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of Mg–Mn–Ce magnesium alloy were i... more ABSTRACT The microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of Mg–Mn–Ce magnesium alloy were investigated in the present study. Mg alloy was prepared with metal model casting method and subsequently hot extruded at 703 K with the reduction ratio of 101:1. The grains were dynamically recrystallized after the extrusion process. Moreover, the (0002) pole figure of Mg–Mn–Ce alloy developed a splitting of pronounced basal texture. The mechanical properties were different due to different angles between c-axis and loading direction (0°, 45° and 90°) in the tensile tests. This significantly induces an asymmetry in the yield behavior. The Mg–Mn–Ce alloy exhibits a classical dimple structure as a result of slip accumulation and ductile tear.