Quirino Balzano - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Uploads

Papers by Quirino Balzano

Research paper thumbnail of Transient Thermal Responses of Skin to Pulsed Millimeter Waves

Research paper thumbnail of Fourier Analysis of Plasmon Polariton in Periodic Structures of Nanoholes

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, May 22, 2005

Fourier expansions are used to express the fields radiated from a thin gold film with periodic na... more Fourier expansions are used to express the fields radiated from a thin gold film with periodic nanoholes. The polariton fields inside the nanoholes are analyzed. The optical transmission is calculated by imposing field boundary conditions.

Research paper thumbnail of Energy deposition in simulated human operators of 800-MHz portable transmitters

IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Nov 1, 1978

The measured values of energy deposited in simulated human tissue exposed for one minute in the i... more The measured values of energy deposited in simulated human tissue exposed for one minute in the immediate vicinity of 800 MHz portable radio transmitters are presented. The deposited RF energy was evaluated by temperature measurements. The portable radio used in the tests had a 6-W experimental transmitter operating at 840 MHz. Two different antennas were tested for energy deposition: a sleeve dipole and a resonant whip. The two antennas have given substantially different results indicating different field structures near the two radiators. The experiments with flat slabs have shown that the sleeve dipole deposits higher levels of power density than the resonant whip in the near field although the length of the latter radiator is about half the size of the former. The temperature profiles generated by both antennas inside the head of the simulated operator indicate the presence of a "hot spot" about 1 in below the surface of the temporal bone. This phenomenon was not detected previously at lower frequencies. The short antenna exposes the eye of the operator to more intense power deposition than the sleeve dipole. The temperature increases measured during the investigation are so small that no thermal damage to tissue should be caused by normal use of the portable radio.

Research paper thumbnail of Surface Electromagnetic Waves at Seawater-Air and Seawater-Seafloor Interfaces

IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation

Underwater radio communication using surface electromagnetic waves propagating along the seawater... more Underwater radio communication using surface electromagnetic waves propagating along the seawater-air and seawater-sea floor interfaces may provide a promising alternative to commonly used acoustic communication underwater. Here we present a detailed analytical and numerical consideration of TE and TM polarized surface electromagnetic wave properties. The resulting surface waves have propagation constants that permit communication ranges far longer than those of bulk propagation in the lossy media. We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally their ability to carry broadband radio signals over practical communication distances underwater. A 50 MHz radio signal was successfully carried along the sandy seabed over 7 m distance.

Research paper thumbnail of Mechanism of Capacitive Coupling of Proximal Electromagnetic Sources With Biological Bodies

Bioelectromagnetics, Oct 1, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of A novel expansion of the fields near dipole and helical antennas

IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Nov 1, 1983

ABSTRACT An asymptotic analysis is performed to obtain the E- and H-fields in the close vicinity ... more ABSTRACT An asymptotic analysis is performed to obtain the E- and H-fields in the close vicinity of dipole and helical antennas. Although the mathematical procedure requires some involved algebra, the resulting series representation of the fields lends itself to simple numerical calculations. It is shown that the asymptotic E- and H-field values are in very good agreement with both the experimental results and those obtained via numerical integration. Considerable savings in computer time (a reduction by a factor of 8-10) is achieved when the asymptotic expressions are used instead of the usual integration methods.

Research paper thumbnail of Comments on Betzalel et al. “The human skin as a sub-THz receiver–does 5G pose a danger to it or not?” Environmental Research 163 (2018): 208–216

Environmental Research, Apr 1, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of The near field of dipole antennas, part II: Experimental results

IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Nov 1, 1981

ABSTRACT The results of an experimental program to evaluate the electric field near dipole antenn... more ABSTRACT The results of an experimental program to evaluate the electric field near dipole antennas are presented. The measured field intensities are compared with the numerical values computed using the theory developed in Part I of this paper. The theoretical and measured field intensities are in excellent correlation even for observation points spaced from the axis of the dipole less than one hundredth of a wavelength. For thin dipoles (radius ≃ .002λ) the experimental measure of the E-field at the antenna surface or at one antenna radius distance has not been possible because of the practical limitation of available instruments. The experimental and theoretical results show that the field intensities near some parts of a dipole antenna are higher than predicted by commonly used formulas.

Research paper thumbnail of Thermal Analysis of Averaging Times in Radio-Frequency Exposure Limits Above 1 GHz

IEEE Access, 2018

This paper considers the problem of choosing an appropriate ''averaging time'' in radiofrequency ... more This paper considers the problem of choosing an appropriate ''averaging time'' in radiofrequency (RF) exposure limits to protect against thermal hazards, focusing on the RF frequency range above 3-10 GHz. Analysis is based on examination of the dynamic properties of thermal models for tissue using Pennes' bioheat equation. Three models are considered: a baseline model consisting of a uniform half space with dielectric and thermal properties similar to those of human skin with adiabatic boundary conditions; a layered 1D model with dielectric and thermal properties similar to those of skin, fat, and underlying muscle, with convective boundary conditions appropriate for room environments; and exposures to the head of an anatomically detailed image-based model (''Taro''). RF exposure consisted of plane wave radiation incident on the two planar models, and radiation from resonant dipoles located 1.5 cm from the head model, at frequencies ranging from 1 to 300 GHz. The dynamic properties of the models were explored by analytic solution of the baseline model, and from numerical solutions of the thermal responses of the layered and head models. From the step responses of the models (increases in surface temperature to a suddenly imposed exposure), the impulse and frequency responses of the models were obtained. In the frequency domain, the thermal models exhibit extreme lowpass characteristics with cutoff (−3 dB response) frequencies below 1 mHz. The impulse response to millimeter wave radiation (30-300 GHz) shows a sharp peak at zero time, due to short term accumulation of heat near the surface, which dissipates quickly as heat is conducted into deeper layers of tissue. Simple analytical results of a further simplified model assuming purely surface heating agree well with results of a more detailed assessment for millimeter waves. Response of the model to pulse trains and to single maximum fluence ''big bang'' pulses in which all allowable energy over a 6-min averaging time is delivered in one short pulse raises the possibility of excessive transient temperature increases at the tissue surface from exposure to short high-fluence pulses at mm-wave frequencies. Such exposures are not produced by current technologies apart from certain military weapons systems but may occur from future high-power mm-wave technology. By contrast, simulations of exposure from a communications waveform at 1.9 GHz show extremely tiny transient temperature fluctuations. The results generally confirm the present choice of 6 min for an averaging time in the current generation of RF exposure limits but suggest the need for additional limits on fluence for brief high-fluence pulses at mm-wave frequencies. This paper addresses thermal hazards only, and a larger range of evidence would need to be evaluated as well in revising exposure limits.

Research paper thumbnail of Radiation from annular antennas

ABSTRACT The circular loop antennas has been investigated by many authors (2) (3) (4). The approa... more ABSTRACT The circular loop antennas has been investigated by many authors (2) (3) (4). The approach used an infinitely thin wire model and found numerical difficulties with the driven antenna. These difficulties can be avoided by integration of the free space Green's function over the toroidal surface of the wire (1). The theory developed here is an improvement on previous works because it specifically takes into account the finite dimension of the wire.

Research paper thumbnail of Measurement of the magnetic field very close to an RF source

Research paper thumbnail of Superlensing enables radio communication and imaging underwater

Research Square (Research Square), Jul 17, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Detection of EMI sources in portable radios

ABSTRACT The digital signalling of certain communication products (e.g., trunked radios) requires... more ABSTRACT The digital signalling of certain communication products (e.g., trunked radios) requires that high speed logic and RF circuits be associated. Very often the close proximity of logic devices to RF boards can cause undesired desense phenomena, which, if not identified early in the design phase, add costs and delays to the delivery of a new product. This paper describes a simple device that can help the designer identify potential EM interference sources and characterize their strength and nature. Some EM signatures, over a broad band and at a single frequency, of a high speed logic board are shown.

Research paper thumbnail of Computer Controlled Hyperthermia Unit for Cancer Therapy

Springer eBooks, 1982

A versatile hyperthermia control system, based on a microcomputer, provides automated temperature... more A versatile hyperthermia control system, based on a microcomputer, provides automated temperature regulation (1 channel) and monitoring (3 channels) and control of microwave output (both on/off and power level), and displays temperature (degree C) and microwave output (watts) graphically in real time; all data are stored on floppy diskette.

Research paper thumbnail of Three Quarters of a Century of Research on RF Exposure Assessment and Dosimetry—What Have We Learned?

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Feb 12, 2022

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Energy deposition in biological tissue near portable radio transmitters at VHF and UHF

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of the impedance variation and radiation loss in portable radios

ABSTRACT First Page of the Article

Research paper thumbnail of Heating of biological tissue in the induction field of VHF portable radio transmitters

IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, May 1, 1978

... antenna. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors wish to thank Mr. James Feldman and Ms. Judy Miereles of ... more ... antenna. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors wish to thank Mr. James Feldman and Ms. Judy Miereles of Mount Sinai Hospital, Miami, FL, for their assist-... Board. OscarGaray was born in Buenos Aires, Argen-tina, in December 1931. ...

Research paper thumbnail of An attempt to evaluate the exposure of operators of portable radios at 30 MHz

ABSTRACT First Page of the Article

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of the Mesh Size on the Computation of the Close Near Fields of Dipole Antennas

IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Transient Thermal Responses of Skin to Pulsed Millimeter Waves

Research paper thumbnail of Fourier Analysis of Plasmon Polariton in Periodic Structures of Nanoholes

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, May 22, 2005

Fourier expansions are used to express the fields radiated from a thin gold film with periodic na... more Fourier expansions are used to express the fields radiated from a thin gold film with periodic nanoholes. The polariton fields inside the nanoholes are analyzed. The optical transmission is calculated by imposing field boundary conditions.

Research paper thumbnail of Energy deposition in simulated human operators of 800-MHz portable transmitters

IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Nov 1, 1978

The measured values of energy deposited in simulated human tissue exposed for one minute in the i... more The measured values of energy deposited in simulated human tissue exposed for one minute in the immediate vicinity of 800 MHz portable radio transmitters are presented. The deposited RF energy was evaluated by temperature measurements. The portable radio used in the tests had a 6-W experimental transmitter operating at 840 MHz. Two different antennas were tested for energy deposition: a sleeve dipole and a resonant whip. The two antennas have given substantially different results indicating different field structures near the two radiators. The experiments with flat slabs have shown that the sleeve dipole deposits higher levels of power density than the resonant whip in the near field although the length of the latter radiator is about half the size of the former. The temperature profiles generated by both antennas inside the head of the simulated operator indicate the presence of a "hot spot" about 1 in below the surface of the temporal bone. This phenomenon was not detected previously at lower frequencies. The short antenna exposes the eye of the operator to more intense power deposition than the sleeve dipole. The temperature increases measured during the investigation are so small that no thermal damage to tissue should be caused by normal use of the portable radio.

Research paper thumbnail of Surface Electromagnetic Waves at Seawater-Air and Seawater-Seafloor Interfaces

IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation

Underwater radio communication using surface electromagnetic waves propagating along the seawater... more Underwater radio communication using surface electromagnetic waves propagating along the seawater-air and seawater-sea floor interfaces may provide a promising alternative to commonly used acoustic communication underwater. Here we present a detailed analytical and numerical consideration of TE and TM polarized surface electromagnetic wave properties. The resulting surface waves have propagation constants that permit communication ranges far longer than those of bulk propagation in the lossy media. We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally their ability to carry broadband radio signals over practical communication distances underwater. A 50 MHz radio signal was successfully carried along the sandy seabed over 7 m distance.

Research paper thumbnail of Mechanism of Capacitive Coupling of Proximal Electromagnetic Sources With Biological Bodies

Bioelectromagnetics, Oct 1, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of A novel expansion of the fields near dipole and helical antennas

IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Nov 1, 1983

ABSTRACT An asymptotic analysis is performed to obtain the E- and H-fields in the close vicinity ... more ABSTRACT An asymptotic analysis is performed to obtain the E- and H-fields in the close vicinity of dipole and helical antennas. Although the mathematical procedure requires some involved algebra, the resulting series representation of the fields lends itself to simple numerical calculations. It is shown that the asymptotic E- and H-field values are in very good agreement with both the experimental results and those obtained via numerical integration. Considerable savings in computer time (a reduction by a factor of 8-10) is achieved when the asymptotic expressions are used instead of the usual integration methods.

Research paper thumbnail of Comments on Betzalel et al. “The human skin as a sub-THz receiver–does 5G pose a danger to it or not?” Environmental Research 163 (2018): 208–216

Environmental Research, Apr 1, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of The near field of dipole antennas, part II: Experimental results

IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Nov 1, 1981

ABSTRACT The results of an experimental program to evaluate the electric field near dipole antenn... more ABSTRACT The results of an experimental program to evaluate the electric field near dipole antennas are presented. The measured field intensities are compared with the numerical values computed using the theory developed in Part I of this paper. The theoretical and measured field intensities are in excellent correlation even for observation points spaced from the axis of the dipole less than one hundredth of a wavelength. For thin dipoles (radius ≃ .002λ) the experimental measure of the E-field at the antenna surface or at one antenna radius distance has not been possible because of the practical limitation of available instruments. The experimental and theoretical results show that the field intensities near some parts of a dipole antenna are higher than predicted by commonly used formulas.

Research paper thumbnail of Thermal Analysis of Averaging Times in Radio-Frequency Exposure Limits Above 1 GHz

IEEE Access, 2018

This paper considers the problem of choosing an appropriate ''averaging time'' in radiofrequency ... more This paper considers the problem of choosing an appropriate ''averaging time'' in radiofrequency (RF) exposure limits to protect against thermal hazards, focusing on the RF frequency range above 3-10 GHz. Analysis is based on examination of the dynamic properties of thermal models for tissue using Pennes' bioheat equation. Three models are considered: a baseline model consisting of a uniform half space with dielectric and thermal properties similar to those of human skin with adiabatic boundary conditions; a layered 1D model with dielectric and thermal properties similar to those of skin, fat, and underlying muscle, with convective boundary conditions appropriate for room environments; and exposures to the head of an anatomically detailed image-based model (''Taro''). RF exposure consisted of plane wave radiation incident on the two planar models, and radiation from resonant dipoles located 1.5 cm from the head model, at frequencies ranging from 1 to 300 GHz. The dynamic properties of the models were explored by analytic solution of the baseline model, and from numerical solutions of the thermal responses of the layered and head models. From the step responses of the models (increases in surface temperature to a suddenly imposed exposure), the impulse and frequency responses of the models were obtained. In the frequency domain, the thermal models exhibit extreme lowpass characteristics with cutoff (−3 dB response) frequencies below 1 mHz. The impulse response to millimeter wave radiation (30-300 GHz) shows a sharp peak at zero time, due to short term accumulation of heat near the surface, which dissipates quickly as heat is conducted into deeper layers of tissue. Simple analytical results of a further simplified model assuming purely surface heating agree well with results of a more detailed assessment for millimeter waves. Response of the model to pulse trains and to single maximum fluence ''big bang'' pulses in which all allowable energy over a 6-min averaging time is delivered in one short pulse raises the possibility of excessive transient temperature increases at the tissue surface from exposure to short high-fluence pulses at mm-wave frequencies. Such exposures are not produced by current technologies apart from certain military weapons systems but may occur from future high-power mm-wave technology. By contrast, simulations of exposure from a communications waveform at 1.9 GHz show extremely tiny transient temperature fluctuations. The results generally confirm the present choice of 6 min for an averaging time in the current generation of RF exposure limits but suggest the need for additional limits on fluence for brief high-fluence pulses at mm-wave frequencies. This paper addresses thermal hazards only, and a larger range of evidence would need to be evaluated as well in revising exposure limits.

Research paper thumbnail of Radiation from annular antennas

ABSTRACT The circular loop antennas has been investigated by many authors (2) (3) (4). The approa... more ABSTRACT The circular loop antennas has been investigated by many authors (2) (3) (4). The approach used an infinitely thin wire model and found numerical difficulties with the driven antenna. These difficulties can be avoided by integration of the free space Green's function over the toroidal surface of the wire (1). The theory developed here is an improvement on previous works because it specifically takes into account the finite dimension of the wire.

Research paper thumbnail of Measurement of the magnetic field very close to an RF source

Research paper thumbnail of Superlensing enables radio communication and imaging underwater

Research Square (Research Square), Jul 17, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Detection of EMI sources in portable radios

ABSTRACT The digital signalling of certain communication products (e.g., trunked radios) requires... more ABSTRACT The digital signalling of certain communication products (e.g., trunked radios) requires that high speed logic and RF circuits be associated. Very often the close proximity of logic devices to RF boards can cause undesired desense phenomena, which, if not identified early in the design phase, add costs and delays to the delivery of a new product. This paper describes a simple device that can help the designer identify potential EM interference sources and characterize their strength and nature. Some EM signatures, over a broad band and at a single frequency, of a high speed logic board are shown.

Research paper thumbnail of Computer Controlled Hyperthermia Unit for Cancer Therapy

Springer eBooks, 1982

A versatile hyperthermia control system, based on a microcomputer, provides automated temperature... more A versatile hyperthermia control system, based on a microcomputer, provides automated temperature regulation (1 channel) and monitoring (3 channels) and control of microwave output (both on/off and power level), and displays temperature (degree C) and microwave output (watts) graphically in real time; all data are stored on floppy diskette.

Research paper thumbnail of Three Quarters of a Century of Research on RF Exposure Assessment and Dosimetry—What Have We Learned?

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Feb 12, 2022

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Energy deposition in biological tissue near portable radio transmitters at VHF and UHF

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of the impedance variation and radiation loss in portable radios

ABSTRACT First Page of the Article

Research paper thumbnail of Heating of biological tissue in the induction field of VHF portable radio transmitters

IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, May 1, 1978

... antenna. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors wish to thank Mr. James Feldman and Ms. Judy Miereles of ... more ... antenna. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors wish to thank Mr. James Feldman and Ms. Judy Miereles of Mount Sinai Hospital, Miami, FL, for their assist-... Board. OscarGaray was born in Buenos Aires, Argen-tina, in December 1931. ...

Research paper thumbnail of An attempt to evaluate the exposure of operators of portable radios at 30 MHz

ABSTRACT First Page of the Article

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of the Mesh Size on the Computation of the Close Near Fields of Dipole Antennas

IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2022