Reuben Chukwuma - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Reuben Chukwuma
A group is a nonempty set G on which there is defined a binary operation (a, b) → ab satisfying t... more A group is a nonempty set G on which there is defined a binary operation (a, b) → ab satisfying the following properties. Closure: If a and b belong to G, then ab is also in G; Associativity : a(bc) = (ab)c for all a, b, c ∈ G; Identity : There is an element 1 ∈ G such that a1 = 1a = a for all a in G; Inverse: If a is in G, then there is an element a −1 in G such that aa −1 = a −1 a = 1. A group G is abelian if the binary operation is commutative, i.e., ab = ba for all a, b in G. In this case the binary operation is often written additively ((a, b) → a + b), with the identity written as 0 rather than 1. There are some very familiar examples of abelian groups under addition, namely the integers Z, the rationals Q, the real numbers R, the complex numers C, and the integers Z m modulo m. Nonabelian groups will begin to appear in the next section. The associative law generalizes to products of any finite number of elements, for example , (ab)(cde) = a(bcd)e. A formal proof can be given ...
The Economic and Political Development of the Sudan, 1977
Marcellus (2009) posits that the conceptualization of development as given by Ibezim (1999)above ... more Marcellus (2009) posits that the conceptualization of development as given by Ibezim (1999)above has some serious implications for a holistic approach to development planning in developing countries. To him, Ibezim’s submission promotes the idea and practice of equating development planning with economic planning as the economy is usually regarded as the bedrock for a nation’s development. Understood this way, Jhingan (2005: 489) says development planning implies:“deliberate control and direction of the economy by a central authority for the purpose of achieving definite targets and objectives within a specified period of time”. But emphasis on purely economic factors in development planning has not been successful in achieving development in the economic sector talk less of the overall national development in developing countries. In such countries, Jhingan (2005) notes that the essence of planning is to increase the rate of economic development by increasing the rate of capital formation through raising the levels of income, saving and investment. Against the foregoing, one can conclude that, Development planning comprehensively involves predetermining a nation’s visions, missions, policies and programmes in all facets of life such as social, human, political, environmental, technological factors etc. and the means of achieving them. Economic visions and programmes cannot be realized without looking at developmental issues holistically, which entails improvement in all human endeavours. Development planning presupposes a formally predetermined rather than a sporadic action towards achieving specific developmental results. More importantly, it entails direction and control towards achieving plan targets.
A group is a nonempty set G on which there is defined a binary operation (a, b) → ab satisfying t... more A group is a nonempty set G on which there is defined a binary operation (a, b) → ab satisfying the following properties. Closure: If a and b belong to G, then ab is also in G; Associativity : a(bc) = (ab)c for all a, b, c ∈ G; Identity : There is an element 1 ∈ G such that a1 = 1a = a for all a in G; Inverse: If a is in G, then there is an element a −1 in G such that aa −1 = a −1 a = 1. A group G is abelian if the binary operation is commutative, i.e., ab = ba for all a, b in G. In this case the binary operation is often written additively ((a, b) → a + b), with the identity written as 0 rather than 1. There are some very familiar examples of abelian groups under addition, namely the integers Z, the rationals Q, the real numbers R, the complex numers C, and the integers Z m modulo m. Nonabelian groups will begin to appear in the next section. The associative law generalizes to products of any finite number of elements, for example , (ab)(cde) = a(bcd)e. A formal proof can be given ...
The Economic and Political Development of the Sudan, 1977
Marcellus (2009) posits that the conceptualization of development as given by Ibezim (1999)above ... more Marcellus (2009) posits that the conceptualization of development as given by Ibezim (1999)above has some serious implications for a holistic approach to development planning in developing countries. To him, Ibezim’s submission promotes the idea and practice of equating development planning with economic planning as the economy is usually regarded as the bedrock for a nation’s development. Understood this way, Jhingan (2005: 489) says development planning implies:“deliberate control and direction of the economy by a central authority for the purpose of achieving definite targets and objectives within a specified period of time”. But emphasis on purely economic factors in development planning has not been successful in achieving development in the economic sector talk less of the overall national development in developing countries. In such countries, Jhingan (2005) notes that the essence of planning is to increase the rate of economic development by increasing the rate of capital formation through raising the levels of income, saving and investment. Against the foregoing, one can conclude that, Development planning comprehensively involves predetermining a nation’s visions, missions, policies and programmes in all facets of life such as social, human, political, environmental, technological factors etc. and the means of achieving them. Economic visions and programmes cannot be realized without looking at developmental issues holistically, which entails improvement in all human endeavours. Development planning presupposes a formally predetermined rather than a sporadic action towards achieving specific developmental results. More importantly, it entails direction and control towards achieving plan targets.