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Papers by Robert Koelbl
This paper describes a proposed methodology to be used for the assessment of cooperative systems ... more This paper describes a proposed methodology to be used for the assessment of cooperative systems and driver behavior within the European Integrated Project called the Co-operative Systems for Intelligent Road Safety (COOPERS). The objective of COOPERS is to enhance traffic safety by influencing driver behavior with timely and locally accurate information or services. The methodology makes a clear distinction on the technical and human behavioral level. The authors focus on the behavioral aspects, addressing ways to combine driver behavior with user acceptance, usually applied in economic information systems research. Driver behavior will be evaluated in both a simulator study and field tests at various locations. User acceptance will then be analyzed with the UTAUT-model. The COOPERS simulator study and field tests will be conducted during 2008. Afterwards, the study team will show how data from driver behavior and user acceptance measurements fit together and which additional insights they can provide.
Co-operative Systems applying infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) communication for Intelligent Trans... more Co-operative Systems applying infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) communication for Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are one of the key means to ensure safe and efficient driving. Within the European project COOPERS, a simulator test of I2V communication systems has been performed with 51 participants to evaluate driver behavior and user acceptance. Results show that I2V communication systems positively influence driver behavior. Drivers keep calmer in stress situations and the direct influence on road safety can be seen in reduced driving speeds previous to dangerous situations. User acceptance results show that the already high expectations of End Users towards Co-operative systems were positively outperformed.
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2013
A reluctance to switch to electric vehicles is observed in various countries despite national eff... more A reluctance to switch to electric vehicles is observed in various countries despite national efforts to promote them. The question of whether electric cars are capable of meeting daily mobility requirements in Germany is investigated. The analysis is based on data from the German Mobility Panel Survey from 1995 to 2010 and the travel survey of 2009 and 2010 for the Stuttgart, Germany, area and combines a long-term travel behavior analysis with a region-specific verification. The focus is on individuals who exclusively drive a car and walk during the day and who rely on the car as a primary means of transport. For this group, the determinants of the decision to drive an internal combustion engine vehicle versus a battery electric vehicle (BEV) are analyzed, with a focus on driving range and energy costs. Results of the analysis suggest that around 80% of all daily travel by car drivers could be done with currently available models of electric cars and that charging them only at nigh...
ABSTRACT A reluctance towards switching to electric cars can be observed in various countries des... more ABSTRACT A reluctance towards switching to electric cars can be observed in various countries despite the efforts of national programs to promote electric vehicles. This paper investigates, if electric cars are capable of meeting the requirements of daily mobility in Germany. The analysis is based on data from the Mobility Panel Survey Germany from 1995 to 2010 and the travel survey of the Stuttgart area from 2009/10, combining a long-term travel behavior analysis with a regional specific verification. The focus is on individuals, who exclusively drive a car and walk during a day, relying on the car as a primary means of transport. For this group the determinants of the decision using an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) versus a battery electric car (BEV) are analyzed focusing on driving range and energy costs. The analysis suggests that around 80% of all daily travel by car drivers could be done with currently available models of electric cars where only charging during the night would be sufficient in the majority of cases. This suggests that the driving range of BEVs cannot actually be the restricting factor. On the other hand, the current cost structure of BEVs with high costs of investment and low costs of energy is not favorable for a large share of drivers, since their low annual mileage does not compensate the high investment costs through low operation costs. In the Stuttgart region, drivers from the suburbs would benefit most from such savings due to lower energy costs while those living in the city would need other cost structures or incentives for switching to BEVs.
Human Modelling in Assisted Transportation, 2011
ABSTRACT Background In the area of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) the development of co-oper... more ABSTRACT Background In the area of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) the development of co-operative systems is seen as one of the key means to ensure safe and efficient driving. The European Integrated Project COOPERS (Co-operative systems for intelligent road safety, http://www.coopers-ip.eu) focuses on the I2V communication systems transmit accurate, high-quality traffic information directly to vehicle groups in order to achieve the above objectives. Methods As a framework, the model of human information processing has been used with the integration of driver behavior and user acceptance. The former should show the short time effects such as driver reaction to certain events and the latter should assess the long-term behavior and its usage. The same methodology has been applied in a simulator study and in field tests. Results In the simulator study the driver reduced the speed in all events. A reduction in speed could also be found in the field studies. In terms of user acceptance, the objective measurements could also be found in the subjective questionnaire results and fulfilled the expectations where the post-questionnaire results outperformed those of the pre-questionnaire. ConclusionsThe COOPERS system can provide a contribution to safe and efficient driving through the information provision and the raising of the attention at critical incidences. However, this can only be achieved if the provided information can be transmitted accurately, i.e. in time and in location, and with a high degree of certainty. KeywordsDriver behaviour-User acceptance-Information technology-Telematics-Human information processing-I2v communication
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 2012
We show that energy concepts can contribute to the understanding of human travel behaviour. First... more We show that energy concepts can contribute to the understanding of human travel behaviour. First, the average travel times for different modes of transportation are inversely proportional to the energy consumption rates measured for the respective physical activities. Second, when daily travel-time distributions by different modes of transport such as walking, cycling, bus or car travel are appropriately scaled, they turn out to have a universal functional relationship. This corresponds to a canonical-like energy distribution with exceptions for short trips, which can be theoretically explained. Altogether, this points to a law of constant average energy consumption by the physical activity of daily travelling. Applying these natural laws could help to improve long-term urban and transport planning.
This paper reports some findings of a driving simulator study carried out within the The European... more This paper reports some findings of a driving simulator study carried out within the The European project Co-operative Systems for Intelligent Road Safety (COOPERS) is a new safety related service that utilizes primary infrastructure to vehicle communication that were developed in the project, as well as an onboard unit presenting the services to the driver. The purpose of this driving simulator study was to assess the influence of this onboard unit with some of the services on driver behavior and user acceptance, by comparing driving with versus driving without the services activated. The study with 48 Swedish drivers in VTI´s driving simulator, showed that the tested system had an effect of reducing the driving speed for all tested scenarios and thus a positive effect on traffic safety, which is also supported by the results of the user acceptance study.
Human Modelling in Assisted Transportation, 2011
ABSTRACT Background In the area of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) the development of co-oper... more ABSTRACT Background In the area of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) the development of co-operative systems is seen as one of the key means to ensure safe and efficient driving. The European Integrated Project COOPERS (Co-operative systems for intelligent road safety, http://www.coopers-ip.eu) focuses on the I2V communication systems transmit accurate, high-quality traffic information directly to vehicle groups in order to achieve the above objectives. Methods As a framework, the model of human information processing has been used with the integration of driver behavior and user acceptance. The former should show the short time effects such as driver reaction to certain events and the latter should assess the long-term behavior and its usage. The same methodology has been applied in a simulator study and in field tests. Results In the simulator study the driver reduced the speed in all events. A reduction in speed could also be found in the field studies. In terms of user acceptance, the objective measurements could also be found in the subjective questionnaire results and fulfilled the expectations where the post-questionnaire results outperformed those of the pre-questionnaire. ConclusionsThe COOPERS system can provide a contribution to safe and efficient driving through the information provision and the raising of the attention at critical incidences. However, this can only be achieved if the provided information can be transmitted accurately, i.e. in time and in location, and with a high degree of certainty. KeywordsDriver behaviour-User acceptance-Information technology-Telematics-Human information processing-I2v communication
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 2012
and sharing with colleagues.
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2013
articles by Robert Koelbl
This paper describes a proposed methodology to be used for the assessment of cooperative systems ... more This paper describes a proposed methodology to be used for the assessment of cooperative systems and driver behavior within the European Integrated Project called the Co-operative Systems for Intelligent Road Safety (COOPERS). The objective of COOPERS is to enhance traffic safety by influencing driver behavior with timely and locally accurate information or services. The methodology makes a clear distinction on the technical and human behavioral level. The authors focus on the behavioral aspects, addressing ways to combine driver behavior with user acceptance, usually applied in economic information systems research. Driver behavior will be evaluated in both a simulator study and field tests at various locations. User acceptance will then be analyzed with the UTAUT-model. The COOPERS simulator study and field tests will be conducted during 2008. Afterwards, the study team will show how data from driver behavior and user acceptance measurements fit together and which additional insights they can provide.
Co-operative Systems applying infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) communication for Intelligent Trans... more Co-operative Systems applying infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) communication for Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are one of the key means to ensure safe and efficient driving. Within the European project COOPERS, a simulator test of I2V communication systems has been performed with 51 participants to evaluate driver behavior and user acceptance. Results show that I2V communication systems positively influence driver behavior. Drivers keep calmer in stress situations and the direct influence on road safety can be seen in reduced driving speeds previous to dangerous situations. User acceptance results show that the already high expectations of End Users towards Co-operative systems were positively outperformed.
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2013
A reluctance to switch to electric vehicles is observed in various countries despite national eff... more A reluctance to switch to electric vehicles is observed in various countries despite national efforts to promote them. The question of whether electric cars are capable of meeting daily mobility requirements in Germany is investigated. The analysis is based on data from the German Mobility Panel Survey from 1995 to 2010 and the travel survey of 2009 and 2010 for the Stuttgart, Germany, area and combines a long-term travel behavior analysis with a region-specific verification. The focus is on individuals who exclusively drive a car and walk during the day and who rely on the car as a primary means of transport. For this group, the determinants of the decision to drive an internal combustion engine vehicle versus a battery electric vehicle (BEV) are analyzed, with a focus on driving range and energy costs. Results of the analysis suggest that around 80% of all daily travel by car drivers could be done with currently available models of electric cars and that charging them only at nigh...
ABSTRACT A reluctance towards switching to electric cars can be observed in various countries des... more ABSTRACT A reluctance towards switching to electric cars can be observed in various countries despite the efforts of national programs to promote electric vehicles. This paper investigates, if electric cars are capable of meeting the requirements of daily mobility in Germany. The analysis is based on data from the Mobility Panel Survey Germany from 1995 to 2010 and the travel survey of the Stuttgart area from 2009/10, combining a long-term travel behavior analysis with a regional specific verification. The focus is on individuals, who exclusively drive a car and walk during a day, relying on the car as a primary means of transport. For this group the determinants of the decision using an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) versus a battery electric car (BEV) are analyzed focusing on driving range and energy costs. The analysis suggests that around 80% of all daily travel by car drivers could be done with currently available models of electric cars where only charging during the night would be sufficient in the majority of cases. This suggests that the driving range of BEVs cannot actually be the restricting factor. On the other hand, the current cost structure of BEVs with high costs of investment and low costs of energy is not favorable for a large share of drivers, since their low annual mileage does not compensate the high investment costs through low operation costs. In the Stuttgart region, drivers from the suburbs would benefit most from such savings due to lower energy costs while those living in the city would need other cost structures or incentives for switching to BEVs.
Human Modelling in Assisted Transportation, 2011
ABSTRACT Background In the area of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) the development of co-oper... more ABSTRACT Background In the area of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) the development of co-operative systems is seen as one of the key means to ensure safe and efficient driving. The European Integrated Project COOPERS (Co-operative systems for intelligent road safety, http://www.coopers-ip.eu) focuses on the I2V communication systems transmit accurate, high-quality traffic information directly to vehicle groups in order to achieve the above objectives. Methods As a framework, the model of human information processing has been used with the integration of driver behavior and user acceptance. The former should show the short time effects such as driver reaction to certain events and the latter should assess the long-term behavior and its usage. The same methodology has been applied in a simulator study and in field tests. Results In the simulator study the driver reduced the speed in all events. A reduction in speed could also be found in the field studies. In terms of user acceptance, the objective measurements could also be found in the subjective questionnaire results and fulfilled the expectations where the post-questionnaire results outperformed those of the pre-questionnaire. ConclusionsThe COOPERS system can provide a contribution to safe and efficient driving through the information provision and the raising of the attention at critical incidences. However, this can only be achieved if the provided information can be transmitted accurately, i.e. in time and in location, and with a high degree of certainty. KeywordsDriver behaviour-User acceptance-Information technology-Telematics-Human information processing-I2v communication
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 2012
We show that energy concepts can contribute to the understanding of human travel behaviour. First... more We show that energy concepts can contribute to the understanding of human travel behaviour. First, the average travel times for different modes of transportation are inversely proportional to the energy consumption rates measured for the respective physical activities. Second, when daily travel-time distributions by different modes of transport such as walking, cycling, bus or car travel are appropriately scaled, they turn out to have a universal functional relationship. This corresponds to a canonical-like energy distribution with exceptions for short trips, which can be theoretically explained. Altogether, this points to a law of constant average energy consumption by the physical activity of daily travelling. Applying these natural laws could help to improve long-term urban and transport planning.
This paper reports some findings of a driving simulator study carried out within the The European... more This paper reports some findings of a driving simulator study carried out within the The European project Co-operative Systems for Intelligent Road Safety (COOPERS) is a new safety related service that utilizes primary infrastructure to vehicle communication that were developed in the project, as well as an onboard unit presenting the services to the driver. The purpose of this driving simulator study was to assess the influence of this onboard unit with some of the services on driver behavior and user acceptance, by comparing driving with versus driving without the services activated. The study with 48 Swedish drivers in VTI´s driving simulator, showed that the tested system had an effect of reducing the driving speed for all tested scenarios and thus a positive effect on traffic safety, which is also supported by the results of the user acceptance study.
Human Modelling in Assisted Transportation, 2011
ABSTRACT Background In the area of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) the development of co-oper... more ABSTRACT Background In the area of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) the development of co-operative systems is seen as one of the key means to ensure safe and efficient driving. The European Integrated Project COOPERS (Co-operative systems for intelligent road safety, http://www.coopers-ip.eu) focuses on the I2V communication systems transmit accurate, high-quality traffic information directly to vehicle groups in order to achieve the above objectives. Methods As a framework, the model of human information processing has been used with the integration of driver behavior and user acceptance. The former should show the short time effects such as driver reaction to certain events and the latter should assess the long-term behavior and its usage. The same methodology has been applied in a simulator study and in field tests. Results In the simulator study the driver reduced the speed in all events. A reduction in speed could also be found in the field studies. In terms of user acceptance, the objective measurements could also be found in the subjective questionnaire results and fulfilled the expectations where the post-questionnaire results outperformed those of the pre-questionnaire. ConclusionsThe COOPERS system can provide a contribution to safe and efficient driving through the information provision and the raising of the attention at critical incidences. However, this can only be achieved if the provided information can be transmitted accurately, i.e. in time and in location, and with a high degree of certainty. KeywordsDriver behaviour-User acceptance-Information technology-Telematics-Human information processing-I2v communication
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 2012
and sharing with colleagues.
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2013