Radosław Liwoch - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Radosław Liwoch
Галич. Збірник наукових праць, вип. 9, 2024
Фортеця : збірник заповідника “Тустань”, Кн. 6, 2024
У статті обговорюються деякі аспекти, пов'язані з ран- ньосередньовічними віслянами: проблема їхн... more У статті обговорюються деякі аспекти, пов'язані з ран- ньосередньовічними віслянами: проблема їхнього походження, соціальної організації та археологічних пам'яток. Охарактеризовано курган Кракуса, який, як вважають, є місцем поховання Крака, легендарного князя віслян, сокироподібні залізні предмети ("платила"), які були формою платіжного засобу, і чотири городища, розташовані на Ченстоховській височині на півдні Польщі. Територію віслян можна визначити за розташуванням городищ і розповсюдженням сокироподібних предметів, які вказують на те, що вона простягалася з південного сходу на північний захід, всупереч поширеній думці, що їхні володіння мають бути розташовані вздовж верхів'їв Вісли. Ключові слова: раннє середньовіччя, вісляни, Ченстоховська височина, курган Крака/Кракуса, сокироподібні "платила", городища. Приблизно в середині І тис. н. е. на території сучасної південно-східної Польщі відбулася фундаментальна культурноетнічна зміна. На майже безлюдні землі в басейні верхньої Вісли зі сходу прийшли слов'яни (рис. 1) з дуже скромною матеріальною культурою, яка від чеської Праги та тамтешніх археологічних пам'яток з характерними горщиками ручної роботи (рис. 2) тепер називається празькою 1 . Вона простягалася 1
Tartaczna. Studium życia przedlokacyjnego Gdańska 1-2, red. S. Wadyl, Z. Misiuk, E. Drozd-Wadyl, 2024
A particularly interesting assemblage consists of devotional items: crosses, an icon, coin pendan... more A particularly interesting assemblage consists of devotional items: crosses, an icon, coin pendants, lunulae and a fleur-de-lys pendant. These are unusual finds for Pomerania, but there are analogies among Old Ruthenian culture artefacts. Objects of personal devotion similar to those discovered in Gdańsk are widely found in the territories of the Orthodox Metropolitanate of Kyiv. Most of the items in this assemblage can undoubtedly be attributed to Old Ruthenian culture. All of them appear to date from the 13th century, the majority from its first half. It is difficult to determine how they reached Gdańsk. Some may have been made on site (a few are unfinished), though no casting moulds were found to support this theory. They may have been imported from Ruthenia (perhaps not exclusively from Novgorod) by German merchants (who, probably by the early 13th century, had a commune in Gdańsk), or by Pomeranian or Ruthenian merchants. They may also have been brought to Gdańsk by people who today we would call economic migrants. Regardless of how they got there, they provide evidence of people's spiritual needs and of high level craftsmanship in Gdańsk predating the wealth of tin goods noted later in Gdańsk.
XXIII Śląskie Sympozjum Archeologiczne. Księga abstraktów, 2024
Stratum plus, 2021
Stratum plus. No. 4. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology Natural and Cultural Oecumene Archaeoz... more Stratum plus. No. 4. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology Natural and Cultural Oecumene Archaeozoology of Pontus and Volga Burials and sacrifi ces of horses and harness Slavic werewolves Human and the imagined world: lifetime and funerary rites Material oecumene: fi bulae, torques, lunulas, vessels New and old archaeological sites of Pontus and Barbaricum Human and fi lthy lucre
Археологічні дослідження Львівського університету 21, 2017
Jednym z głównych zadań archeologa rozpoznającego relikty minionej rzeczywistości jest odpowiedź ... more Jednym z głównych zadań archeologa rozpoznającego relikty minionej rzeczywistości jest odpowiedź na pytanie o czas, w którym istniała. Niniejsza rozprawka poświęcona jest właśnie zagadnieniu chronologii w archeologii. Przedmiotem rozważań są metody orazw mniejszym stopniupodstawy datowania materialnych pozostałości trwającego siedem i pół stulecia wczesnego średniowiecza (V/VI w.-połowa XIII w.; kultury: praska, rajkowska i staroruska) na zachodnich ziemiach współczesnej Ukrainy. Archeolog mediewista w postępowaniu prowadzącym do ustalenia wieku stanowisk archeologicznych, warstw kulturowych, obiektów nieruchomych i zabytków ruchomych posługuje się rozmaitymi metodami. Datować może bezpośrednio (po przeprowadzeniu odpowiednich analiz) lub pośrednio (w oparciu o określenie chronologii kontekstu). Rozróżnia datowanie relatywne oraz absolutne. Każda z metod wyznaczania chronologii w archeologii ma właściwe sobie ograniczenia. Zatem oczywista jest konieczność kompensowania-w miarę możliwości-niedostatków poszczególnych sposobów przez zastosowanie jednego lub kilku innych w celu uwiarygodniania wyników datowań. Omówione są dwie grupy sposobów datowania oraz przedstawione przykłady ich zastosowania. Pierwszą określić można jako grupę metod humanistycznych, a zaliczają się do niej: stratygraficzna i kartograficzna, typologiczna, historyczna, importów oraz powiązana z dwiema ostatnimi numizmatyczna. Druga to grupa metod przyrodniczych, należą zaś do niej: dendrochronologiczna, radiowęglowa, termoluminescencyjna oraz archeomagnetyczna (paleomagnetyczna).
Archaeology of Conflicts II, P. Drnovský, P. Hejhal, L. Rytíř (eds.), 2023
In the Department of the Old Collections of the Archaeological Museum in Cracow a small, but dive... more In the Department of the Old Collections of the Archaeological Museum in Cracow a small, but diversified on the account of forms, group of medieval mace heads and flail striking heads is stored. Some of them have been already published; others are presented for the first time in this bacellistic contribution. The most of them are-regrettably-artifacts of unknown origin and we may only guess that they were found before the World War II in the area of former Ruthenian lands of contemporary Ukraine. A smaller part of them are artifacts which place of discovery, sometimes also their discoverer, are known. The vast majority of these artifact are Ruthenian handicrafts dated to the 12th-the half of the 13th century, but there is also an older Ruthenian flail striking head, a younger Hungarian mace head and several specimens of uncertain chronology and provenience. Artifacts in this article are discussed in the order corresponding to schemas of types of East-European mace heads and flail striking heads elaborated more than a half century ago by A. N. Kirpičnikov.
Acta Militaria Mediaevalia XVIII, 2023
The paper discusses a sabre from the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Kraków (Inv. No. ... more The paper discusses a sabre from the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Kraków (Inv. No. MAK/ 10244). The artefact survived in a good condition. It can be dated to the second half of the 15th – the first decades of the 16th century.
Górnośląskie Raporty Archeologiczne 2, 2023
Галич. Збірник наукових праць, вип. 7, 2022
In the Department of the Old Collections of the Archaeological Museum in Cracow a small but inter... more In the Department of the Old Collections of the Archaeological Museum
in Cracow a small but interesting artifact from the small village of Krylos
(Halych urban territorial hromada, Ivano(Frankivsk Raion, Ivano(Frankivsk
Oblast, Ukraine) is stored. It is a bronze flail striking head (inventory number MAK/8972) with a spherical flattened corpus (in side view – isosceles trapeze) and a rhombus(shaped handle with an oval opening, decorated with two zoomorphic images – perhaps of dragons (one image is unnoticeable); very well(preserved (dark(brown colour). It has the
dimensions: length 59 mm, width 35 mm, thicknesses 18 mm, weight 126 g. This flail striking head belongs to type IIIA according to Anatolij
N. Kirpichnikov and it is dated to the 2nd half of the 11th–13th century, but in this case its chronology should be narrowed down. Its decoration refers
probably to the Romanesque bas(relief depicting a dragon from Uspenski
church in Halych that is dated to the 3rd quarter of the 12th century, so the
specimen in question may derive no earlier than from the 2nd half of the 12th century.
Фортеця : збірник заповідника “Тустань”, Кн. 5, 2022
The article presents a complex of artifacts from Zabierzów near Krakow, discovered by Gotfryd Os... more The article presents a complex of artifacts from Zabierzów
near Krakow, discovered by Gotfryd Ossowski in 1879 near the
Kmita’s Rock, which rises above the small river Rudawa. These
are numerous iron products (a bit, part of the scabbard chape, a
knife, arrowheads and boltheads) and two copper products (a belt
ferrule, a ring). The eastern, including nomadic, origin of some
(arrowheads) and the local origin of others (bolt (crossbow arrow)
heads) allow us to consider the fi nd as a remnant of a clash
between Polish and Mongolian or, possibly, Ruthenian units. It
probably occurred during one of the three devastating Genghisid
raids on politically fractured Poland, but it is not known whether
it was the invasion from the winter and spring of 1241, or the
winter of 1259/1260, or from December 1287 and January 1288.
It is also possible that this may be a trace of a skirmish between
the knights of Henry IV Probus and the troops of Lev Danylovych
in 1289. The archaeological site – the area near the Kmita’s Rock
and the remnant (rock) itself – should be interpreted as a 13th
century battlefield.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica, 2021
[The Medieval Stone Cemetery in Siemienice near Kutno] Among the old collection of the Archaeolo... more [The Medieval Stone Cemetery in Siemienice near Kutno]
Among the old collection of the Archaeological Museum in Cracow, under the inventory numbers MAK/3478, 3664, 4255, there lie the furnishings from the graves in Siemienice. The miniature bronze axe belongs to the type II acc. to N.A. Makarov. It’s a devotional artifact – Christian amulet associated with the cult of the Norwegian King St. Olaf (Olaf II Haraldsson, 995–1030), the import from Kievan Rus’. The iron spearheads belong to the types IV and V acc. to A. Nadolski, while the battle axe belongs to the type Vc acc. to A. Nadolski. The iron handle and fragments of iron hoop was a part of small wooden bucket. The miniature clay pot belongs to a group of vessels with a cylindrical neck typical for Mazovia. The features from Siemienice represented so-called stone graves – a skeleton burials covered with cobbles, which make up stone cemeteries. It can be surmised that the set dates back to the second half of the 11th century or to the beginning of the 12th century. It’s an examples of the grave of the end-stage phase of the druzhina culture. The sparse and, unfortunately, only partially preserved furnishings from the burials in the stone graves in Siemienice, which are presented here, supplement the knowledge concerning archaeological materials obtained from Polish stone cemeteries in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century.
Keywords: Poland, Middle Ages, druzhina culture, stone graves, weapon, miniature axe
PRĄDNIK PRACE I MATERIAŁY MUZEUM IM. PROF. WŁADYSŁAWA SZAFERA 32, 2022
The paper discusses a late medieval or early modern (15th- or 16th-century) iron cannonball, most... more The paper discusses a late medieval or early modern (15th- or 16th-century) iron cannonball, most likely from Ogrodzieniec Castle near Zawiercie, which is stored in the Archaeological Museum in Cracow (inv. no. MAK/929).
Stratum plus №5., 2022
In the old collections of the Archaeological Museum in Cracow, Poland, there is a small group of ... more In the old collections of the Archaeological Museum in Cracow, Poland, there is a small group of medieval mace heads and flail striking heads of various forms. A part of them has been published by the author of this article, the rest is still waiting for publication. Here, artifacts of undetermined provenience are presented. We may only guess that they were discovered before the World War II in the Old Ruthenian areas of the modern Ukraine. They are discussed in conformity with the typology of medieval maces and East European flail striking heads elaborated more than a half century ago by Anatoliy
Kirpichnikov. Presented specimens of old weapons are not full-value archaeological sources because they are devoid of the archaeological context. For this reason, this short text is only a catalogue supplementing the corpus of medieval mace heads and flail striking heads.
ARCHIVES of FOUNDRY ENGINEERING Volume 13, Special Issue 3, 2013
The article presents detailed scientific analysis of the chemical composition and way of producti... more The article presents detailed scientific analysis of the chemical composition and way of production of the medieval mace from a collection of the Archaeological Museum in Cracow.
This research was an important part of conservation work on the mace head. The main condition for conducting a study of chemical
composition of the artifact was to use a non-destructive method, and therefore the piece has been investigated using methods: macro and
microscopic analysis and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). The study was carried out during several stages of conservation
works: before conservation in order to select the appropriate conservation program and after cleaning the surface from corrosive layers to
determine the composition of pure metal surface.
The alloy used for the mace head proved to be lead-copper alloy. Underneath the corrosion layer remained quite a homogeneous
composition. Published studies on the composition of bronze maces presents bronzes with a different percentage composition of alloy
elements. These bronzes typically contain a large amount of tin with added lead. This mace head is distinguished by the chemical composition
of the alloy. Macro and microscopic studies of the surface show that in order to produce the mace head the method of lost wax was used.
Macro and microscopic studies of the surface revealed some defects and mechanical damage. The conservation work secured the mace and
prepared for a museum exposition.
Materiały Archeologiczne, t. XXXV, 2005
Acta Militaria Mediaevalia, t. X, 2014
Acta Militaria Mediaevalia X, 2014
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 36, 2021
W Muzeum Archeologicznym w Krakowie pod nrami inwentarzowymi MAK/3478, 3664, 4255 przechowywane j... more W Muzeum Archeologicznym w Krakowie pod nrami inwentarzowymi MAK/3478, 3664, 4255 przechowywane jest wyposażenie z grobów w Siemienicach koło Kutna [...].
Галич. Збірник наукових праць, вип. 9, 2024
Фортеця : збірник заповідника “Тустань”, Кн. 6, 2024
У статті обговорюються деякі аспекти, пов'язані з ран- ньосередньовічними віслянами: проблема їхн... more У статті обговорюються деякі аспекти, пов'язані з ран- ньосередньовічними віслянами: проблема їхнього походження, соціальної організації та археологічних пам'яток. Охарактеризовано курган Кракуса, який, як вважають, є місцем поховання Крака, легендарного князя віслян, сокироподібні залізні предмети ("платила"), які були формою платіжного засобу, і чотири городища, розташовані на Ченстоховській височині на півдні Польщі. Територію віслян можна визначити за розташуванням городищ і розповсюдженням сокироподібних предметів, які вказують на те, що вона простягалася з південного сходу на північний захід, всупереч поширеній думці, що їхні володіння мають бути розташовані вздовж верхів'їв Вісли. Ключові слова: раннє середньовіччя, вісляни, Ченстоховська височина, курган Крака/Кракуса, сокироподібні "платила", городища. Приблизно в середині І тис. н. е. на території сучасної південно-східної Польщі відбулася фундаментальна культурноетнічна зміна. На майже безлюдні землі в басейні верхньої Вісли зі сходу прийшли слов'яни (рис. 1) з дуже скромною матеріальною культурою, яка від чеської Праги та тамтешніх археологічних пам'яток з характерними горщиками ручної роботи (рис. 2) тепер називається празькою 1 . Вона простягалася 1
Tartaczna. Studium życia przedlokacyjnego Gdańska 1-2, red. S. Wadyl, Z. Misiuk, E. Drozd-Wadyl, 2024
A particularly interesting assemblage consists of devotional items: crosses, an icon, coin pendan... more A particularly interesting assemblage consists of devotional items: crosses, an icon, coin pendants, lunulae and a fleur-de-lys pendant. These are unusual finds for Pomerania, but there are analogies among Old Ruthenian culture artefacts. Objects of personal devotion similar to those discovered in Gdańsk are widely found in the territories of the Orthodox Metropolitanate of Kyiv. Most of the items in this assemblage can undoubtedly be attributed to Old Ruthenian culture. All of them appear to date from the 13th century, the majority from its first half. It is difficult to determine how they reached Gdańsk. Some may have been made on site (a few are unfinished), though no casting moulds were found to support this theory. They may have been imported from Ruthenia (perhaps not exclusively from Novgorod) by German merchants (who, probably by the early 13th century, had a commune in Gdańsk), or by Pomeranian or Ruthenian merchants. They may also have been brought to Gdańsk by people who today we would call economic migrants. Regardless of how they got there, they provide evidence of people's spiritual needs and of high level craftsmanship in Gdańsk predating the wealth of tin goods noted later in Gdańsk.
XXIII Śląskie Sympozjum Archeologiczne. Księga abstraktów, 2024
Stratum plus, 2021
Stratum plus. No. 4. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology Natural and Cultural Oecumene Archaeoz... more Stratum plus. No. 4. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology Natural and Cultural Oecumene Archaeozoology of Pontus and Volga Burials and sacrifi ces of horses and harness Slavic werewolves Human and the imagined world: lifetime and funerary rites Material oecumene: fi bulae, torques, lunulas, vessels New and old archaeological sites of Pontus and Barbaricum Human and fi lthy lucre
Археологічні дослідження Львівського університету 21, 2017
Jednym z głównych zadań archeologa rozpoznającego relikty minionej rzeczywistości jest odpowiedź ... more Jednym z głównych zadań archeologa rozpoznającego relikty minionej rzeczywistości jest odpowiedź na pytanie o czas, w którym istniała. Niniejsza rozprawka poświęcona jest właśnie zagadnieniu chronologii w archeologii. Przedmiotem rozważań są metody orazw mniejszym stopniupodstawy datowania materialnych pozostałości trwającego siedem i pół stulecia wczesnego średniowiecza (V/VI w.-połowa XIII w.; kultury: praska, rajkowska i staroruska) na zachodnich ziemiach współczesnej Ukrainy. Archeolog mediewista w postępowaniu prowadzącym do ustalenia wieku stanowisk archeologicznych, warstw kulturowych, obiektów nieruchomych i zabytków ruchomych posługuje się rozmaitymi metodami. Datować może bezpośrednio (po przeprowadzeniu odpowiednich analiz) lub pośrednio (w oparciu o określenie chronologii kontekstu). Rozróżnia datowanie relatywne oraz absolutne. Każda z metod wyznaczania chronologii w archeologii ma właściwe sobie ograniczenia. Zatem oczywista jest konieczność kompensowania-w miarę możliwości-niedostatków poszczególnych sposobów przez zastosowanie jednego lub kilku innych w celu uwiarygodniania wyników datowań. Omówione są dwie grupy sposobów datowania oraz przedstawione przykłady ich zastosowania. Pierwszą określić można jako grupę metod humanistycznych, a zaliczają się do niej: stratygraficzna i kartograficzna, typologiczna, historyczna, importów oraz powiązana z dwiema ostatnimi numizmatyczna. Druga to grupa metod przyrodniczych, należą zaś do niej: dendrochronologiczna, radiowęglowa, termoluminescencyjna oraz archeomagnetyczna (paleomagnetyczna).
Archaeology of Conflicts II, P. Drnovský, P. Hejhal, L. Rytíř (eds.), 2023
In the Department of the Old Collections of the Archaeological Museum in Cracow a small, but dive... more In the Department of the Old Collections of the Archaeological Museum in Cracow a small, but diversified on the account of forms, group of medieval mace heads and flail striking heads is stored. Some of them have been already published; others are presented for the first time in this bacellistic contribution. The most of them are-regrettably-artifacts of unknown origin and we may only guess that they were found before the World War II in the area of former Ruthenian lands of contemporary Ukraine. A smaller part of them are artifacts which place of discovery, sometimes also their discoverer, are known. The vast majority of these artifact are Ruthenian handicrafts dated to the 12th-the half of the 13th century, but there is also an older Ruthenian flail striking head, a younger Hungarian mace head and several specimens of uncertain chronology and provenience. Artifacts in this article are discussed in the order corresponding to schemas of types of East-European mace heads and flail striking heads elaborated more than a half century ago by A. N. Kirpičnikov.
Acta Militaria Mediaevalia XVIII, 2023
The paper discusses a sabre from the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Kraków (Inv. No. ... more The paper discusses a sabre from the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Kraków (Inv. No. MAK/ 10244). The artefact survived in a good condition. It can be dated to the second half of the 15th – the first decades of the 16th century.
Górnośląskie Raporty Archeologiczne 2, 2023
Галич. Збірник наукових праць, вип. 7, 2022
In the Department of the Old Collections of the Archaeological Museum in Cracow a small but inter... more In the Department of the Old Collections of the Archaeological Museum
in Cracow a small but interesting artifact from the small village of Krylos
(Halych urban territorial hromada, Ivano(Frankivsk Raion, Ivano(Frankivsk
Oblast, Ukraine) is stored. It is a bronze flail striking head (inventory number MAK/8972) with a spherical flattened corpus (in side view – isosceles trapeze) and a rhombus(shaped handle with an oval opening, decorated with two zoomorphic images – perhaps of dragons (one image is unnoticeable); very well(preserved (dark(brown colour). It has the
dimensions: length 59 mm, width 35 mm, thicknesses 18 mm, weight 126 g. This flail striking head belongs to type IIIA according to Anatolij
N. Kirpichnikov and it is dated to the 2nd half of the 11th–13th century, but in this case its chronology should be narrowed down. Its decoration refers
probably to the Romanesque bas(relief depicting a dragon from Uspenski
church in Halych that is dated to the 3rd quarter of the 12th century, so the
specimen in question may derive no earlier than from the 2nd half of the 12th century.
Фортеця : збірник заповідника “Тустань”, Кн. 5, 2022
The article presents a complex of artifacts from Zabierzów near Krakow, discovered by Gotfryd Os... more The article presents a complex of artifacts from Zabierzów
near Krakow, discovered by Gotfryd Ossowski in 1879 near the
Kmita’s Rock, which rises above the small river Rudawa. These
are numerous iron products (a bit, part of the scabbard chape, a
knife, arrowheads and boltheads) and two copper products (a belt
ferrule, a ring). The eastern, including nomadic, origin of some
(arrowheads) and the local origin of others (bolt (crossbow arrow)
heads) allow us to consider the fi nd as a remnant of a clash
between Polish and Mongolian or, possibly, Ruthenian units. It
probably occurred during one of the three devastating Genghisid
raids on politically fractured Poland, but it is not known whether
it was the invasion from the winter and spring of 1241, or the
winter of 1259/1260, or from December 1287 and January 1288.
It is also possible that this may be a trace of a skirmish between
the knights of Henry IV Probus and the troops of Lev Danylovych
in 1289. The archaeological site – the area near the Kmita’s Rock
and the remnant (rock) itself – should be interpreted as a 13th
century battlefield.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica, 2021
[The Medieval Stone Cemetery in Siemienice near Kutno] Among the old collection of the Archaeolo... more [The Medieval Stone Cemetery in Siemienice near Kutno]
Among the old collection of the Archaeological Museum in Cracow, under the inventory numbers MAK/3478, 3664, 4255, there lie the furnishings from the graves in Siemienice. The miniature bronze axe belongs to the type II acc. to N.A. Makarov. It’s a devotional artifact – Christian amulet associated with the cult of the Norwegian King St. Olaf (Olaf II Haraldsson, 995–1030), the import from Kievan Rus’. The iron spearheads belong to the types IV and V acc. to A. Nadolski, while the battle axe belongs to the type Vc acc. to A. Nadolski. The iron handle and fragments of iron hoop was a part of small wooden bucket. The miniature clay pot belongs to a group of vessels with a cylindrical neck typical for Mazovia. The features from Siemienice represented so-called stone graves – a skeleton burials covered with cobbles, which make up stone cemeteries. It can be surmised that the set dates back to the second half of the 11th century or to the beginning of the 12th century. It’s an examples of the grave of the end-stage phase of the druzhina culture. The sparse and, unfortunately, only partially preserved furnishings from the burials in the stone graves in Siemienice, which are presented here, supplement the knowledge concerning archaeological materials obtained from Polish stone cemeteries in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century.
Keywords: Poland, Middle Ages, druzhina culture, stone graves, weapon, miniature axe
PRĄDNIK PRACE I MATERIAŁY MUZEUM IM. PROF. WŁADYSŁAWA SZAFERA 32, 2022
The paper discusses a late medieval or early modern (15th- or 16th-century) iron cannonball, most... more The paper discusses a late medieval or early modern (15th- or 16th-century) iron cannonball, most likely from Ogrodzieniec Castle near Zawiercie, which is stored in the Archaeological Museum in Cracow (inv. no. MAK/929).
Stratum plus №5., 2022
In the old collections of the Archaeological Museum in Cracow, Poland, there is a small group of ... more In the old collections of the Archaeological Museum in Cracow, Poland, there is a small group of medieval mace heads and flail striking heads of various forms. A part of them has been published by the author of this article, the rest is still waiting for publication. Here, artifacts of undetermined provenience are presented. We may only guess that they were discovered before the World War II in the Old Ruthenian areas of the modern Ukraine. They are discussed in conformity with the typology of medieval maces and East European flail striking heads elaborated more than a half century ago by Anatoliy
Kirpichnikov. Presented specimens of old weapons are not full-value archaeological sources because they are devoid of the archaeological context. For this reason, this short text is only a catalogue supplementing the corpus of medieval mace heads and flail striking heads.
ARCHIVES of FOUNDRY ENGINEERING Volume 13, Special Issue 3, 2013
The article presents detailed scientific analysis of the chemical composition and way of producti... more The article presents detailed scientific analysis of the chemical composition and way of production of the medieval mace from a collection of the Archaeological Museum in Cracow.
This research was an important part of conservation work on the mace head. The main condition for conducting a study of chemical
composition of the artifact was to use a non-destructive method, and therefore the piece has been investigated using methods: macro and
microscopic analysis and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). The study was carried out during several stages of conservation
works: before conservation in order to select the appropriate conservation program and after cleaning the surface from corrosive layers to
determine the composition of pure metal surface.
The alloy used for the mace head proved to be lead-copper alloy. Underneath the corrosion layer remained quite a homogeneous
composition. Published studies on the composition of bronze maces presents bronzes with a different percentage composition of alloy
elements. These bronzes typically contain a large amount of tin with added lead. This mace head is distinguished by the chemical composition
of the alloy. Macro and microscopic studies of the surface show that in order to produce the mace head the method of lost wax was used.
Macro and microscopic studies of the surface revealed some defects and mechanical damage. The conservation work secured the mace and
prepared for a museum exposition.
Materiały Archeologiczne, t. XXXV, 2005
Acta Militaria Mediaevalia, t. X, 2014
Acta Militaria Mediaevalia X, 2014
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 36, 2021
W Muzeum Archeologicznym w Krakowie pod nrami inwentarzowymi MAK/3478, 3664, 4255 przechowywane j... more W Muzeum Archeologicznym w Krakowie pod nrami inwentarzowymi MAK/3478, 3664, 4255 przechowywane jest wyposażenie z grobów w Siemienicach koło Kutna [...].
DAKOWIE NAD GÓRNYM DNIESTREM. EPONIMICZNE CMENTARZYSKO KULTURY LIPICKIEJ W LIPICY GÓRNEJ (UKRAINA) / THE DACIANS ON THE UPPER DNIESTER. THE EPONYMIC CEMETERY OF THE LIPITSA CULTURE IN VERHNÂ LIPICÂ (UKRAINE), 2024
Do druku recenzowali / Reviewed for publication TOMASZ BOCHNAK, ANDRZEJ MICHAŁOWSKI Tłumaczenia n... more Do druku recenzowali / Reviewed for publication TOMASZ BOCHNAK, ANDRZEJ MICHAŁOWSKI Tłumaczenia na język angielski / Translation ALEKSANDRA SABAT-MAJ Redakcja techniczna / Technical Editor MARZENA WOŹNY Zdjęcie na okładce / Cover photo AGNIESZKA SUSUŁ Opracowanie graficzne okładki / Graphic design of the cover ANNA PIWOWARCZYK Rysunki zabytków / Artefacts drawings ANDREA FOCHESATO, JAN KYSELA, JANA MATZNEROVÁ, JUSTYNA ROSOWSKA, CHARLINE RUET, MAŁGORZATA WAWER Opracowanie graficzne rycin / Graphic design of the figures PAWEŁ IWASZKO, RADOSŁAW LIWOCH, MAŁGORZATA WAWER, MICHAŁ ZAITZ Zdjęcia / Photos AGNIESZKA SUSUŁ
