Rachida Justo - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Rachida Justo

Existing studies on entrepreneurship in family firms seem to agree on that the unique nature of t... more Existing studies on entrepreneurship in family firms seem to agree on that the unique nature of these type of companies offers a distinct context for entrepreneurship. Specifically, while some depicts family firms as a context where entrepreneurship flourishes, others view them as too conservative and inflexible to take the risk associated with entrepreneurship. We believe that part of this controversy

En los inicios del siglo XXI se asiste a una aceleración de la tendencia hacia la globalización p... more En los inicios del siglo XXI se asiste a una aceleración de la tendencia hacia la globalización pero, durante las últimas décadas, esta evolución se ha visto acompañada por la extensión de los bloques comerciales regionales. La regionalización ha avanzado en paralelo a la globalización. En 1995, todos los miembros de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) declaraban haber firmado al menos un acuerdo regional. La Unión Europea y el NAFTA (Acuerdo Norteamericano de Libre Comercio) representan los ejemplos de regionalización más emblemáticos. La regionalización también se ha dado entre los países en desarrollo, que desde principios de los años sesenta emprendieron varias formas de integración comercial. Sin embargo, y al contrario de lo ocurrido con la CEE, ninguna de las agrupaciones formadas alcanzaron las metas que se habían fijado para sus procesos de desarrollo y la mayoría de ellas se saldaron con f racasos. El reciente éxito del MERCOSUR, que agrupa a Brasil, Argentina, Uruguay y Paraguay, ha revitalizado el interés por el regionalismo entre países en desarrollo.

Entrepreneurship research has in recent years examined women entrepreneur’s perceptions and expec... more Entrepreneurship research has in recent years examined women entrepreneur’s perceptions and expectations from the entrepreneurial experience (Bird and Brush, 2002; Cliff, 1998; Olson and Currie, 1992). Despite these efforts, there is a lack of agreement on the existence of gender-related differences in psychological and motivational patterns of entrepreneurs. Some authors argue that compared to men, women managers´ definition of success

Our study examines to what extent female and male entrepreneurs differ in the way they perceive a... more Our study examines to what extent female and male entrepreneurs differ in the way they perceive and assess entrepreneurial success, measured by extrinsic or intrinsic dimensions. Our results indicate a number of similarities between men and women entrepreneurs but also reveal interesting gender-based differences related to family status. Rather than assuming that women entrepreneurs are a homogeneous group, we found

Although there is a high level of practitioner, policymaker, and scholar interest in social entre... more Although there is a high level of practitioner, policymaker, and scholar interest in social entrepreneurship, most research is based on case studies and success stories of successful social entrepreneurs in a single country. We develop a methodology to measure population-based social entrepreneurship activity (SEA) prevalence rates and test it in 49 countries. Our results provide insights into institutional and individual

This paper analyzes the effect of family employment on performance in micro and small enterprises... more This paper analyzes the effect of family employment on performance in micro and small enterprises (MSEs) by combining two research perspectives that, until now, have been conducted separately: the family embeddedness perspective of entrepreneurship and the socioemotional wealth (SEW) approach to family business (Gomez-Mejia et al 2007). Our integrated perspective allows us to highlight how the nature of the employment relationships in MSEs enhances the benefits derived from the socioemotional endowment associated with family labor, and reduces the opportunity costs of employing relatives. Moreover, we assert that this relationship is moderated by specific family characteristics that determine the firm's ability to preserve the SEW, while at the same time pursuing financial goals. Our results provide partial support to the enhancing role of family labour on MSEs performance: employing family members increases sales but decreases profitability as measured by ROA. This effect also results in improved performance for women-led firms and for firms that have received family funding, but impairs MSEs performance when the business is the main source of the owner´s household income.

A recent stream of research, the family embeddedness perspective on entrepreneurship, proposed by... more A recent stream of research, the family embeddedness perspective on entrepreneurship, proposed by Cliff and Aldrich (2003) and extended by Jennings and McDougald (2007) in their Work Family Interface (WFI) framework, calls for research into the interface of family and work as an important situational factor that can affect entrepreneurial decision making and outcomes. This interface is maximized when the

Handbook of Research on European Business and Entrepreneurship, 2008

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

Our study examines to what extent female and male entrepreneurs differ in the way they perceive a... more Our study examines to what extent female and male entrepreneurs differ in the way they perceive and assess entrepreneurial success, measured by extrinsic or intrinsic dimensions. Our results indicate a number of similarities between men and women entrepreneurs but also reveal interesting gender-based differences related to family status. Rather than assuming that women entrepreneurs are a homogeneous group, we found that family factors, and especially parental status, play a key role in shaping fundamentally different perceptions of entrepreneurial success amongst different types of women entrepreneurs. In particular, women entrepreneurs with dependent children placed more emphasis on independence as a measure of success than other types of entrepreneurs.

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

In this paper we re-examine the measurement of entrepreneurial activity and provide a model-based... more In this paper we re-examine the measurement of entrepreneurial activity and provide a model-based approach at measure. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) project has been a key addition to our ability to measure and compare rates of entrepreneurial activity. But even though there is consensus about the importance of measuring entrepreneurial activity, researchers differ about the appropriate ways to measure the breadth of entrepreneurial activity. We analyze the GEM's measure of entrepreneurial activity (TEA), address limitations in its design and development and provide an alternative measure of entrepreneurial activity, which includes entrepreneurial environment. We use a model-based approach to measure entrepreneurship activity and our results indicate that the model provides support for the combined use of entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurial environment.

Small Business Economics, 2013

Although there is a high level of practitioner, policymaker, and scholar interest in social entre... more Although there is a high level of practitioner, policymaker, and scholar interest in social entrepreneurship, most research is based on case studies and success stories of successful social entrepreneurs in a single country. We develop a methodology to measure population-based social entrepreneurship activity (SEA) prevalence rates and test it in 49 countries. Our results provide insights into institutional and individual drivers of SEA. Using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) methodology of Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA), we find that countries with higher rates of traditional entrepreneurial activity also tend to have higher rates of social entrepreneurial activity. We develop a broad definition of social entrepreneurship and then explore types based on social mission, revenue model, and innovativeness.

Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 2008

... Taoufik Mathlouthi. ... Working as a hotel receptionist at nights, Mathlouthi struck up a fri... more ... Taoufik Mathlouthi. ... Working as a hotel receptionist at nights, Mathlouthi struck up a friendship with a Saudi tourist who eventually agreed to finance Mathlouthi's project: a consultancy firm named SOCOFRAR to help French entrepreneurs who wanted to invest in Arab countries. ...

Journal of Business Venturing, 2012

This paper analyzes the effect of family employment on performance in micro and small enterprises... more This paper analyzes the effect of family employment on performance in micro and small enterprises (MSEs) by combining two research perspectives that, until now, have been conducted separately: the family embeddedness perspective of entrepreneurship and the socioemotional wealth (SEW) approach to family business (Gomez-Mejia et al 2007). Our integrated perspective allows us to highlight how the nature of the employment relationships in MSEs enhances the benefits derived from the socioemotional endowment associated with family labor, and reduces the opportunity costs of employing relatives. Moreover, we assert that this relationship is moderated by specific family characteristics that determine the firm's ability to preserve the SEW, while at the same time pursuing financial goals. Our results provide partial support to the enhancing role of family labour on MSEs performance: employing family members increases sales but decreases profitability as measured by ROA. This effect also results in improved performance for women-led firms and for firms that have received family funding, but impairs MSEs performance when the business is the main source of the owner´s household income.

Working Papers Economia, 2008

This paper uses f amily embeddedness (Cliff and Aldrich, 2003) and Work Family Interface (WFI) (J... more This paper uses f amily embeddedness (Cliff and Aldrich, 2003) and Work Family Interface (WFI) (Jennings and McDougald, 2007) to analyze the effect of gender and income on the relationship between family employment and firm performance in the context of micro and small family enterprises. Our results indicate that family employment contributed to increase sales but was negatively related to f irm's profitability. Moreover, the results indicate that when the business is t he main source of ho usehold income the fa mily employee's positive impact on per formance is r educed, and that the positive relationship between family employment and firm performance is stron ger in woman run firms.

Int. J. Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 2008

Using a model-based approach, this paper reexamines the measurement of entrepreneurial activity a... more Using a model-based approach, this paper reexamines the measurement of entrepreneurial activity at the national level. Our contribution centres on two main aspects. First, our study allows for the measurement of the likelihood of entrepreneurial behaviour, or entrepreneurial propensity. Second, utilising the social network theory, we introduce the social entrepreneurial environment as a key indicator of the likelihood of entrepreneurial activity. Using the data provided by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) project, we provide an alternative measure of entrepreneurial activity, which includes entrepreneurial social environment, assumes the existence of a continuum in entrepreneurial behaviour and provides a measure of entrepreneurial propensity. Results indicate that our model provides support for the combined use of entrepreneurial propensity and the entrepreneur’s social context.

Existing studies on entrepreneurship in family firms seem to agree on that the unique nature of t... more Existing studies on entrepreneurship in family firms seem to agree on that the unique nature of these type of companies offers a distinct context for entrepreneurship. Specifically, while some depicts family firms as a context where entrepreneurship flourishes, others view them as too conservative and inflexible to take the risk associated with entrepreneurship. We believe that part of this controversy

En los inicios del siglo XXI se asiste a una aceleración de la tendencia hacia la globalización p... more En los inicios del siglo XXI se asiste a una aceleración de la tendencia hacia la globalización pero, durante las últimas décadas, esta evolución se ha visto acompañada por la extensión de los bloques comerciales regionales. La regionalización ha avanzado en paralelo a la globalización. En 1995, todos los miembros de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) declaraban haber firmado al menos un acuerdo regional. La Unión Europea y el NAFTA (Acuerdo Norteamericano de Libre Comercio) representan los ejemplos de regionalización más emblemáticos. La regionalización también se ha dado entre los países en desarrollo, que desde principios de los años sesenta emprendieron varias formas de integración comercial. Sin embargo, y al contrario de lo ocurrido con la CEE, ninguna de las agrupaciones formadas alcanzaron las metas que se habían fijado para sus procesos de desarrollo y la mayoría de ellas se saldaron con f racasos. El reciente éxito del MERCOSUR, que agrupa a Brasil, Argentina, Uruguay y Paraguay, ha revitalizado el interés por el regionalismo entre países en desarrollo.

Entrepreneurship research has in recent years examined women entrepreneur’s perceptions and expec... more Entrepreneurship research has in recent years examined women entrepreneur’s perceptions and expectations from the entrepreneurial experience (Bird and Brush, 2002; Cliff, 1998; Olson and Currie, 1992). Despite these efforts, there is a lack of agreement on the existence of gender-related differences in psychological and motivational patterns of entrepreneurs. Some authors argue that compared to men, women managers´ definition of success

Our study examines to what extent female and male entrepreneurs differ in the way they perceive a... more Our study examines to what extent female and male entrepreneurs differ in the way they perceive and assess entrepreneurial success, measured by extrinsic or intrinsic dimensions. Our results indicate a number of similarities between men and women entrepreneurs but also reveal interesting gender-based differences related to family status. Rather than assuming that women entrepreneurs are a homogeneous group, we found

Although there is a high level of practitioner, policymaker, and scholar interest in social entre... more Although there is a high level of practitioner, policymaker, and scholar interest in social entrepreneurship, most research is based on case studies and success stories of successful social entrepreneurs in a single country. We develop a methodology to measure population-based social entrepreneurship activity (SEA) prevalence rates and test it in 49 countries. Our results provide insights into institutional and individual

This paper analyzes the effect of family employment on performance in micro and small enterprises... more This paper analyzes the effect of family employment on performance in micro and small enterprises (MSEs) by combining two research perspectives that, until now, have been conducted separately: the family embeddedness perspective of entrepreneurship and the socioemotional wealth (SEW) approach to family business (Gomez-Mejia et al 2007). Our integrated perspective allows us to highlight how the nature of the employment relationships in MSEs enhances the benefits derived from the socioemotional endowment associated with family labor, and reduces the opportunity costs of employing relatives. Moreover, we assert that this relationship is moderated by specific family characteristics that determine the firm's ability to preserve the SEW, while at the same time pursuing financial goals. Our results provide partial support to the enhancing role of family labour on MSEs performance: employing family members increases sales but decreases profitability as measured by ROA. This effect also results in improved performance for women-led firms and for firms that have received family funding, but impairs MSEs performance when the business is the main source of the owner´s household income.

A recent stream of research, the family embeddedness perspective on entrepreneurship, proposed by... more A recent stream of research, the family embeddedness perspective on entrepreneurship, proposed by Cliff and Aldrich (2003) and extended by Jennings and McDougald (2007) in their Work Family Interface (WFI) framework, calls for research into the interface of family and work as an important situational factor that can affect entrepreneurial decision making and outcomes. This interface is maximized when the

Handbook of Research on European Business and Entrepreneurship, 2008

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

Our study examines to what extent female and male entrepreneurs differ in the way they perceive a... more Our study examines to what extent female and male entrepreneurs differ in the way they perceive and assess entrepreneurial success, measured by extrinsic or intrinsic dimensions. Our results indicate a number of similarities between men and women entrepreneurs but also reveal interesting gender-based differences related to family status. Rather than assuming that women entrepreneurs are a homogeneous group, we found that family factors, and especially parental status, play a key role in shaping fundamentally different perceptions of entrepreneurial success amongst different types of women entrepreneurs. In particular, women entrepreneurs with dependent children placed more emphasis on independence as a measure of success than other types of entrepreneurs.

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

In this paper we re-examine the measurement of entrepreneurial activity and provide a model-based... more In this paper we re-examine the measurement of entrepreneurial activity and provide a model-based approach at measure. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) project has been a key addition to our ability to measure and compare rates of entrepreneurial activity. But even though there is consensus about the importance of measuring entrepreneurial activity, researchers differ about the appropriate ways to measure the breadth of entrepreneurial activity. We analyze the GEM's measure of entrepreneurial activity (TEA), address limitations in its design and development and provide an alternative measure of entrepreneurial activity, which includes entrepreneurial environment. We use a model-based approach to measure entrepreneurship activity and our results indicate that the model provides support for the combined use of entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurial environment.

Small Business Economics, 2013

Although there is a high level of practitioner, policymaker, and scholar interest in social entre... more Although there is a high level of practitioner, policymaker, and scholar interest in social entrepreneurship, most research is based on case studies and success stories of successful social entrepreneurs in a single country. We develop a methodology to measure population-based social entrepreneurship activity (SEA) prevalence rates and test it in 49 countries. Our results provide insights into institutional and individual drivers of SEA. Using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) methodology of Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA), we find that countries with higher rates of traditional entrepreneurial activity also tend to have higher rates of social entrepreneurial activity. We develop a broad definition of social entrepreneurship and then explore types based on social mission, revenue model, and innovativeness.

Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 2008

... Taoufik Mathlouthi. ... Working as a hotel receptionist at nights, Mathlouthi struck up a fri... more ... Taoufik Mathlouthi. ... Working as a hotel receptionist at nights, Mathlouthi struck up a friendship with a Saudi tourist who eventually agreed to finance Mathlouthi's project: a consultancy firm named SOCOFRAR to help French entrepreneurs who wanted to invest in Arab countries. ...

Journal of Business Venturing, 2012

This paper analyzes the effect of family employment on performance in micro and small enterprises... more This paper analyzes the effect of family employment on performance in micro and small enterprises (MSEs) by combining two research perspectives that, until now, have been conducted separately: the family embeddedness perspective of entrepreneurship and the socioemotional wealth (SEW) approach to family business (Gomez-Mejia et al 2007). Our integrated perspective allows us to highlight how the nature of the employment relationships in MSEs enhances the benefits derived from the socioemotional endowment associated with family labor, and reduces the opportunity costs of employing relatives. Moreover, we assert that this relationship is moderated by specific family characteristics that determine the firm's ability to preserve the SEW, while at the same time pursuing financial goals. Our results provide partial support to the enhancing role of family labour on MSEs performance: employing family members increases sales but decreases profitability as measured by ROA. This effect also results in improved performance for women-led firms and for firms that have received family funding, but impairs MSEs performance when the business is the main source of the owner´s household income.

Working Papers Economia, 2008

This paper uses f amily embeddedness (Cliff and Aldrich, 2003) and Work Family Interface (WFI) (J... more This paper uses f amily embeddedness (Cliff and Aldrich, 2003) and Work Family Interface (WFI) (Jennings and McDougald, 2007) to analyze the effect of gender and income on the relationship between family employment and firm performance in the context of micro and small family enterprises. Our results indicate that family employment contributed to increase sales but was negatively related to f irm's profitability. Moreover, the results indicate that when the business is t he main source of ho usehold income the fa mily employee's positive impact on per formance is r educed, and that the positive relationship between family employment and firm performance is stron ger in woman run firms.

Int. J. Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 2008

Using a model-based approach, this paper reexamines the measurement of entrepreneurial activity a... more Using a model-based approach, this paper reexamines the measurement of entrepreneurial activity at the national level. Our contribution centres on two main aspects. First, our study allows for the measurement of the likelihood of entrepreneurial behaviour, or entrepreneurial propensity. Second, utilising the social network theory, we introduce the social entrepreneurial environment as a key indicator of the likelihood of entrepreneurial activity. Using the data provided by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) project, we provide an alternative measure of entrepreneurial activity, which includes entrepreneurial social environment, assumes the existence of a continuum in entrepreneurial behaviour and provides a measure of entrepreneurial propensity. Results indicate that our model provides support for the combined use of entrepreneurial propensity and the entrepreneur’s social context.