Rafał Gieleciak - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Rafał Gieleciak
Energy & Fuels, Oct 15, 2019
In this study, we investigate the feasibility of co-processing biocrude in petroleum vacuum gas o... more In this study, we investigate the feasibility of co-processing biocrude in petroleum vacuum gas oil (VGO) hydroprocessing units. The biogenic component of the feed was biocrude produced by hydrothermal liquefaction of woody biomass, while VGO from oil sands bitumen was selected as the hydrocarbon feed. To improve its processability, the biocrude sample was distilled to remove high boiling components prior to testing. Systematic experiments were conducted in a continuous hydroprocessing pilot unit at co-processing ratios of up to 15 vol% biocrude and reaction temperatures of 350-380°C, including baseline tests with pure VGO, to understand process impacts. The operating range where there was minimal effect on hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) activity levels over the baseline was at co-processing ratios below 10 vol% biocrude and temperatures of 370°C and above. Monitoring of catalyst stability through check-back experiments with pure VGO revealed visible deactivation trends at co-processing ratios above 10 vol% biocrude. Radiocarbon analysis allowed the establishment of the fate of biogenic carbon added to the co-processing feed. This study suggests that VGO hydroprocessing units, as normally used at the front of fluid catalytic cracking and hydrocracking units in a refinery, could be a suitable cut-in point for biocrude within a carefully delimited operating window.
Fuel, Apr 1, 2019
Vacuum residue is the most diverse and structurally complex fraction of petroleum. In this work, ... more Vacuum residue is the most diverse and structurally complex fraction of petroleum. In this work, we develop a representation of the molecular composition of this petroleum fraction. The underlying assumption is that vacuum residue is a continuum in molecular structure that can be described using probability distribution functions. The structural definition of SARA classes (saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes) is formulated in consistency with recent findings in petroleomics and the chemistry of thermal cracking or conversion. Islandand archipelago-type structures are considered in the representation of resins and asphaltenes. The systematic assembly of residue molecules is executed using stochastic algorithms. The model is implemented with good results in simulating a vacuum residue from oil sand bitumen. The simulation allows visualization of detailed molecular distributions in vacuum residue and its SARA fractions. The model also gives acceptable predictions for the properties of the maltene and asphaltene fractions of the residue sample.
SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, Dec 8, 2022
Energy & Fuels, Mar 27, 2019
The stabilization of olefins in a thermally processed bitumen is a focal area for the development... more The stabilization of olefins in a thermally processed bitumen is a focal area for the development of bitumen partial upgrading technologies. Although a number of approaches have been proposed, including alkylation, oligomerization, and adsorption, hydrotreatment is still the most effective strategy for treating olefins in thermally cracked products such as coker naphtha. In our previous work, we studied the hydrogenation of model olefin compounds to understand their reactivity under mild conditions. This paper is a follow-up study focusing on the hydrotreatment of olefins in a thermally processed bitumen using a bench-scale continuous hydroprocessing unit. Two different scenarios were investigated: (1) hydrotreating the olefinrich light fraction (IBP-280°C) of the thermally processed bitumen product and (2) hydrotreating the whole product. The cracked feedstock was prepared by processing oil sand bitumen under visbreaking conditions. It was found that on-specification product for olefin content (<1.0 wt % 1-decene equivalent) could be obtained by hydrotreating the light fraction at lower temperatures (∼275−300°C) and with less hydrogen as compared to hydrotreating the whole bitumen product, for which temperatures close to 325°C are required in addition to about double the hydrogen input. Hydrotreating the whole product, however, brings the benefit of markedly reducing the total acid number and increasing the American Petroleum Institute gravity, which can be helpful to achieve the product quality goals of partial upgrading. Product characterization by advanced techniques such as 1 H NMR and two-dimensional gas chromatography has revealed interesting reactivity patterns of olefins, sulfur compounds, and aromatics during mild hydrotreatment.
Energy & Fuels, Dec 18, 2015
Advancing the capabilities of refinery process models requires fundamental knowledge of hydrocarb... more Advancing the capabilities of refinery process models requires fundamental knowledge of hydrocarbon composition and processing behavior at the molecular level. In common practice, however, the main obstacle to reaching such a level of understanding is the difficulty to characterize the molecular composition of petroleum and its derived products with current analytical methods. A different approach is through the use of hydrocarbon composition modeling techniques to derive the molecular make up of petroleum fractions, thus enabling the development of molecular reaction models. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the application of this concept to model and simulate the vacuum gas oil hydrocracking process at the molecular level. At first the analytical characterization of the feed sample is transformed into a computational mixture of hydrocarbon molecules that is consistent with the chemistry of the actual oil sample. This molecular representation is then used as input to model the chemical transformations occurring in the hydrocracking reactor. The reaction network is organized in terms of reaction families, and reactivity parameters are modeled with quantitative structure/reactivity correlations. The developed model is tuned using experimental data obtained from a bench-scale hydrocracking reactor. Simulations showed that the model reproduces the product distribution by boiling range and hydrocarbon type, relevant product properties (e.g., API gravity), and process parameters such as hydrogen consumption and hydrocarbon vaporization, over a wide range of operating conditions.
Energy & Fuels, Aug 27, 2020
Sulfur compounds in bitumen-derived gas oil undergo selective oxidation using a titaniumderived c... more Sulfur compounds in bitumen-derived gas oil undergo selective oxidation using a titaniumderived catalyst resulting in the formation of sulfones and sulfoxide species. Using caustic solution, the sulfones and sulfoxide species are then chemically converted to hydrocarbon compounds, by replacing C-S fragments with C-H fragments. In this study, we provide detailed chemical and structural hydrocarbon type information for the hydrocarbon streams. The results presented in this paper consist of data obtained using: elemental analysis; saturate-aromatic-resinasphaltene (SARA) separation; and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) with both flame ionization/sulfur chemiluminescence detectors (FID/SCD) and timeof-flight mass spectrometry detector (TOFMS). These techniques were used to track elemental composition as well as the speciation of sulfur-containing hydrocarbons, and their respective oxidized and desulfurized counterparts in three bitumen-derived gas oil samples. Based on the compositional data presented in this study, 87.5% of the sulfur compounds was converted to sulfone/sulfoxides compared to the original gas oil feed followed by 72.5% of the sulfones/sulfoxides conversion to sulfur-free hydrocarbons, resulting in a 63% reduction of the sulfur originally present in the sample. This work is the first known attempt to identify the broad range of species appearing during the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process of bitumen-derived gas oil feed with the use of GC×GC-TOFMS/SCD/FID techniques. The comprehensive characterization results of SARA fractions provide evidence of the existence of species from two consecutive stages of ODS reactions, oxidation and desulfurization, which is beneficial to further technology and process development.
Chemsuschem, Jan 30, 2023
Efficient cleavage of β‐O‐4 bonds in lignin to high‐yield aromatic compounds for the potential pr... more Efficient cleavage of β‐O‐4 bonds in lignin to high‐yield aromatic compounds for the potential production of fuels and chemicals is vital for the economics of the modern biorefinery industry. This work is distinct in that a detailed mechanistic analysis of the reaction pathways of veratrylglycero‐β‐guaiacyl ether (VGE) catalyzed by transition‐metal‐free solid acid zeolite in aqueous conditions at high hydrogen pressure has been performed. VGE degradation produced high monomers yields (≈87 %), including guaiacol (48.2 %), 1‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)ethanol (10.3 %), 1‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐2‐propanol (6.1 %), 3,4‐dimethoxyphenylpropanol (4.7 %), 3,4‐dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol (4.1 %), and 1,2‐dimethoxy‐4‐propylbenzene (2 %). The products were identified and confirmed by the in situ solid‐state magic angle spinning (MAS) 13C NMR spectroscopy in real‐time conditions and the two‐dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). A variety of products reveal the crucial role of hydrogen, water, and acid sites for heterolytic cleavage of the β‐O‐4 bond in VGE. Decarbonylation, hydrogenolysis, hydrogenation, and dehydration reaction pathways are proposed and further validated using first‐principles calculations.
Fuel, Apr 1, 2021
In this work, the fouling behaviour of thermally processed bitumen products obtained by visbreaki... more In this work, the fouling behaviour of thermally processed bitumen products obtained by visbreaking was studied. The feedstock was prepared by blending raw oil sands bitumen with 15 vol% hydrotreated light oil (HLO). The visbreaking products obtained at different pitch (525 • C + fraction) conversions were characterized and tested for fouling tendency. Test results showed that the fouling tendency linearly increased with total olefin content in visbreaking products. To further investigate the separate contributions of olefins and asphaltenes to fouling tendency, a selected visbreaking product was distilled into an olefin-rich 280 • C − fraction and a "heavy" 280 • C + fraction to avoid the loss of lighter fractions during the deasphalting process. To minimize the effect of interactions between olefins and asphaltenes on the fouling tendency, the 280 • C − fraction was hydrotreated and the 280 • C + fraction deasphalted. The deasphalted samples with different olefin contents and the hydrotreated samples with different asphaltene contents were obtained by blending the processed 280 • C − and 280 • C + fractions. Test results showed that deasphalting significantly reduced the fouling tendency of the visbreaking product. In the presence of olefins, asphaltenes have a significant effect on the fouling tendency of thermally processed products, whereas in the absence of olefins, the impact of asphaltenes on fouling tendency was limited. Similarly, olefins have a limited effect on the fouling tendency of visbreaking product in the absence of asphaltenes.
Energy & Fuels, Mar 21, 2019
The determination of olefin contents in liquid hydrocarbons by means of laser-based infrared spec... more The determination of olefin contents in liquid hydrocarbons by means of laser-based infrared spectroscopy was demonstrated for the first time in this work. This new technique utilizes a commercial mid-infrared External-Cavity Quantum Cascade Laser and a photoacoustic detector to monitor characteristic olefin C=C absorption bands in the ~1640-1680 cm-1 (5.95-6.1 µm) region. It is suitable for measurements of olefin concentrations in a variety of samples, including those derived from partially upgraded bitumen. To confirm this capability, olefin concentrations in solutions of model compounds, thermally cracked and hydrotreated naphthas, and actual olefin-rich distillate samples were measured. This investigation showed that infrared lasers create a viable alternative to the conventional NMR and chemical methods widely used to determine the olefin contents in hydrocarbon feedstocks and products.
Energy & Fuels, Nov 18, 2015
Characterization of the chemical composition of petroleum vacuum distillate fractions is essentia... more Characterization of the chemical composition of petroleum vacuum distillate fractions is essential to advance the understanding of the fundamental chemistry of refining processes, such as fluid catalytic cracking and hydrocracking. This is a challenging task, primarily as a result of the limitations of current analytical techniques to deal with heavy hydrocarbon samples. A different path toward this goal is through the use of hydrocarbon composition modeling techniques to derive the molecular make up of petroleum fractions with limited analytical data. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate this approach for simulating the molecular composition of vacuum distillates. The method consists of generating a computational mixture of representative hydrocarbon molecules that mimics the properties of an actual oil sample. Molecules are built according to the specific chemistry of vacuum distillates with a Monte Carlo algorithm, and the abundance of each molecule is optimized by entropy maximization. The mode...
Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences, Feb 26, 2002
International Journal of Thermophysics, May 1, 2014
Temperature coefficients of the refractive index (dn/dT) in the 25 • C to 35 • C temperature inte... more Temperature coefficients of the refractive index (dn/dT) in the 25 • C to 35 • C temperature interval for hydrocarbon mixtures containing as many as 14 compounds were investigated in this work. The measured −dn/dT of the mixtures were compared with calculations based on the values for each compound and their concentrations. Differences of about 1 % between measured and calculated values were observed for all mixtures. The additivity of −dn/dT for these hydrocarbons enables preparation of surrogate fuels that are formulated to have properties like those of specific diesel fuels. Keywords Additivity • Hydrocarbon mixtures • Mixing rule • Temperature coefficients of refractive index 1 Introduction Advanced combustion processes such as homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) and premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) offer the potential for
Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences, Feb 8, 2003
Energy & Fuels, Jul 19, 2021
Energy & Fuels, Oct 12, 2016
This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying... more This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes.
Energy & Fuels, Oct 15, 2019
In this study, we investigate the feasibility of co-processing biocrude in petroleum vacuum gas o... more In this study, we investigate the feasibility of co-processing biocrude in petroleum vacuum gas oil (VGO) hydroprocessing units. The biogenic component of the feed was biocrude produced by hydrothermal liquefaction of woody biomass, while VGO from oil sands bitumen was selected as the hydrocarbon feed. To improve its processability, the biocrude sample was distilled to remove high boiling components prior to testing. Systematic experiments were conducted in a continuous hydroprocessing pilot unit at co-processing ratios of up to 15 vol% biocrude and reaction temperatures of 350-380°C, including baseline tests with pure VGO, to understand process impacts. The operating range where there was minimal effect on hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) activity levels over the baseline was at co-processing ratios below 10 vol% biocrude and temperatures of 370°C and above. Monitoring of catalyst stability through check-back experiments with pure VGO revealed visible deactivation trends at co-processing ratios above 10 vol% biocrude. Radiocarbon analysis allowed the establishment of the fate of biogenic carbon added to the co-processing feed. This study suggests that VGO hydroprocessing units, as normally used at the front of fluid catalytic cracking and hydrocracking units in a refinery, could be a suitable cut-in point for biocrude within a carefully delimited operating window.
Fuel, Apr 1, 2019
Vacuum residue is the most diverse and structurally complex fraction of petroleum. In this work, ... more Vacuum residue is the most diverse and structurally complex fraction of petroleum. In this work, we develop a representation of the molecular composition of this petroleum fraction. The underlying assumption is that vacuum residue is a continuum in molecular structure that can be described using probability distribution functions. The structural definition of SARA classes (saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes) is formulated in consistency with recent findings in petroleomics and the chemistry of thermal cracking or conversion. Islandand archipelago-type structures are considered in the representation of resins and asphaltenes. The systematic assembly of residue molecules is executed using stochastic algorithms. The model is implemented with good results in simulating a vacuum residue from oil sand bitumen. The simulation allows visualization of detailed molecular distributions in vacuum residue and its SARA fractions. The model also gives acceptable predictions for the properties of the maltene and asphaltene fractions of the residue sample.
SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, Dec 8, 2022
Energy & Fuels, Mar 27, 2019
The stabilization of olefins in a thermally processed bitumen is a focal area for the development... more The stabilization of olefins in a thermally processed bitumen is a focal area for the development of bitumen partial upgrading technologies. Although a number of approaches have been proposed, including alkylation, oligomerization, and adsorption, hydrotreatment is still the most effective strategy for treating olefins in thermally cracked products such as coker naphtha. In our previous work, we studied the hydrogenation of model olefin compounds to understand their reactivity under mild conditions. This paper is a follow-up study focusing on the hydrotreatment of olefins in a thermally processed bitumen using a bench-scale continuous hydroprocessing unit. Two different scenarios were investigated: (1) hydrotreating the olefinrich light fraction (IBP-280°C) of the thermally processed bitumen product and (2) hydrotreating the whole product. The cracked feedstock was prepared by processing oil sand bitumen under visbreaking conditions. It was found that on-specification product for olefin content (<1.0 wt % 1-decene equivalent) could be obtained by hydrotreating the light fraction at lower temperatures (∼275−300°C) and with less hydrogen as compared to hydrotreating the whole bitumen product, for which temperatures close to 325°C are required in addition to about double the hydrogen input. Hydrotreating the whole product, however, brings the benefit of markedly reducing the total acid number and increasing the American Petroleum Institute gravity, which can be helpful to achieve the product quality goals of partial upgrading. Product characterization by advanced techniques such as 1 H NMR and two-dimensional gas chromatography has revealed interesting reactivity patterns of olefins, sulfur compounds, and aromatics during mild hydrotreatment.
Energy & Fuels, Dec 18, 2015
Advancing the capabilities of refinery process models requires fundamental knowledge of hydrocarb... more Advancing the capabilities of refinery process models requires fundamental knowledge of hydrocarbon composition and processing behavior at the molecular level. In common practice, however, the main obstacle to reaching such a level of understanding is the difficulty to characterize the molecular composition of petroleum and its derived products with current analytical methods. A different approach is through the use of hydrocarbon composition modeling techniques to derive the molecular make up of petroleum fractions, thus enabling the development of molecular reaction models. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the application of this concept to model and simulate the vacuum gas oil hydrocracking process at the molecular level. At first the analytical characterization of the feed sample is transformed into a computational mixture of hydrocarbon molecules that is consistent with the chemistry of the actual oil sample. This molecular representation is then used as input to model the chemical transformations occurring in the hydrocracking reactor. The reaction network is organized in terms of reaction families, and reactivity parameters are modeled with quantitative structure/reactivity correlations. The developed model is tuned using experimental data obtained from a bench-scale hydrocracking reactor. Simulations showed that the model reproduces the product distribution by boiling range and hydrocarbon type, relevant product properties (e.g., API gravity), and process parameters such as hydrogen consumption and hydrocarbon vaporization, over a wide range of operating conditions.
Energy & Fuels, Aug 27, 2020
Sulfur compounds in bitumen-derived gas oil undergo selective oxidation using a titaniumderived c... more Sulfur compounds in bitumen-derived gas oil undergo selective oxidation using a titaniumderived catalyst resulting in the formation of sulfones and sulfoxide species. Using caustic solution, the sulfones and sulfoxide species are then chemically converted to hydrocarbon compounds, by replacing C-S fragments with C-H fragments. In this study, we provide detailed chemical and structural hydrocarbon type information for the hydrocarbon streams. The results presented in this paper consist of data obtained using: elemental analysis; saturate-aromatic-resinasphaltene (SARA) separation; and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) with both flame ionization/sulfur chemiluminescence detectors (FID/SCD) and timeof-flight mass spectrometry detector (TOFMS). These techniques were used to track elemental composition as well as the speciation of sulfur-containing hydrocarbons, and their respective oxidized and desulfurized counterparts in three bitumen-derived gas oil samples. Based on the compositional data presented in this study, 87.5% of the sulfur compounds was converted to sulfone/sulfoxides compared to the original gas oil feed followed by 72.5% of the sulfones/sulfoxides conversion to sulfur-free hydrocarbons, resulting in a 63% reduction of the sulfur originally present in the sample. This work is the first known attempt to identify the broad range of species appearing during the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process of bitumen-derived gas oil feed with the use of GC×GC-TOFMS/SCD/FID techniques. The comprehensive characterization results of SARA fractions provide evidence of the existence of species from two consecutive stages of ODS reactions, oxidation and desulfurization, which is beneficial to further technology and process development.
Chemsuschem, Jan 30, 2023
Efficient cleavage of β‐O‐4 bonds in lignin to high‐yield aromatic compounds for the potential pr... more Efficient cleavage of β‐O‐4 bonds in lignin to high‐yield aromatic compounds for the potential production of fuels and chemicals is vital for the economics of the modern biorefinery industry. This work is distinct in that a detailed mechanistic analysis of the reaction pathways of veratrylglycero‐β‐guaiacyl ether (VGE) catalyzed by transition‐metal‐free solid acid zeolite in aqueous conditions at high hydrogen pressure has been performed. VGE degradation produced high monomers yields (≈87 %), including guaiacol (48.2 %), 1‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)ethanol (10.3 %), 1‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐2‐propanol (6.1 %), 3,4‐dimethoxyphenylpropanol (4.7 %), 3,4‐dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol (4.1 %), and 1,2‐dimethoxy‐4‐propylbenzene (2 %). The products were identified and confirmed by the in situ solid‐state magic angle spinning (MAS) 13C NMR spectroscopy in real‐time conditions and the two‐dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). A variety of products reveal the crucial role of hydrogen, water, and acid sites for heterolytic cleavage of the β‐O‐4 bond in VGE. Decarbonylation, hydrogenolysis, hydrogenation, and dehydration reaction pathways are proposed and further validated using first‐principles calculations.
Fuel, Apr 1, 2021
In this work, the fouling behaviour of thermally processed bitumen products obtained by visbreaki... more In this work, the fouling behaviour of thermally processed bitumen products obtained by visbreaking was studied. The feedstock was prepared by blending raw oil sands bitumen with 15 vol% hydrotreated light oil (HLO). The visbreaking products obtained at different pitch (525 • C + fraction) conversions were characterized and tested for fouling tendency. Test results showed that the fouling tendency linearly increased with total olefin content in visbreaking products. To further investigate the separate contributions of olefins and asphaltenes to fouling tendency, a selected visbreaking product was distilled into an olefin-rich 280 • C − fraction and a "heavy" 280 • C + fraction to avoid the loss of lighter fractions during the deasphalting process. To minimize the effect of interactions between olefins and asphaltenes on the fouling tendency, the 280 • C − fraction was hydrotreated and the 280 • C + fraction deasphalted. The deasphalted samples with different olefin contents and the hydrotreated samples with different asphaltene contents were obtained by blending the processed 280 • C − and 280 • C + fractions. Test results showed that deasphalting significantly reduced the fouling tendency of the visbreaking product. In the presence of olefins, asphaltenes have a significant effect on the fouling tendency of thermally processed products, whereas in the absence of olefins, the impact of asphaltenes on fouling tendency was limited. Similarly, olefins have a limited effect on the fouling tendency of visbreaking product in the absence of asphaltenes.
Energy & Fuels, Mar 21, 2019
The determination of olefin contents in liquid hydrocarbons by means of laser-based infrared spec... more The determination of olefin contents in liquid hydrocarbons by means of laser-based infrared spectroscopy was demonstrated for the first time in this work. This new technique utilizes a commercial mid-infrared External-Cavity Quantum Cascade Laser and a photoacoustic detector to monitor characteristic olefin C=C absorption bands in the ~1640-1680 cm-1 (5.95-6.1 µm) region. It is suitable for measurements of olefin concentrations in a variety of samples, including those derived from partially upgraded bitumen. To confirm this capability, olefin concentrations in solutions of model compounds, thermally cracked and hydrotreated naphthas, and actual olefin-rich distillate samples were measured. This investigation showed that infrared lasers create a viable alternative to the conventional NMR and chemical methods widely used to determine the olefin contents in hydrocarbon feedstocks and products.
Energy & Fuels, Nov 18, 2015
Characterization of the chemical composition of petroleum vacuum distillate fractions is essentia... more Characterization of the chemical composition of petroleum vacuum distillate fractions is essential to advance the understanding of the fundamental chemistry of refining processes, such as fluid catalytic cracking and hydrocracking. This is a challenging task, primarily as a result of the limitations of current analytical techniques to deal with heavy hydrocarbon samples. A different path toward this goal is through the use of hydrocarbon composition modeling techniques to derive the molecular make up of petroleum fractions with limited analytical data. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate this approach for simulating the molecular composition of vacuum distillates. The method consists of generating a computational mixture of representative hydrocarbon molecules that mimics the properties of an actual oil sample. Molecules are built according to the specific chemistry of vacuum distillates with a Monte Carlo algorithm, and the abundance of each molecule is optimized by entropy maximization. The mode...
Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences, Feb 26, 2002
International Journal of Thermophysics, May 1, 2014
Temperature coefficients of the refractive index (dn/dT) in the 25 • C to 35 • C temperature inte... more Temperature coefficients of the refractive index (dn/dT) in the 25 • C to 35 • C temperature interval for hydrocarbon mixtures containing as many as 14 compounds were investigated in this work. The measured −dn/dT of the mixtures were compared with calculations based on the values for each compound and their concentrations. Differences of about 1 % between measured and calculated values were observed for all mixtures. The additivity of −dn/dT for these hydrocarbons enables preparation of surrogate fuels that are formulated to have properties like those of specific diesel fuels. Keywords Additivity • Hydrocarbon mixtures • Mixing rule • Temperature coefficients of refractive index 1 Introduction Advanced combustion processes such as homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) and premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) offer the potential for
Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences, Feb 8, 2003
Energy & Fuels, Jul 19, 2021
Energy & Fuels, Oct 12, 2016
This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying... more This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes.