Rahat Zubair Malik - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Rahat Zubair Malik
Pakistan Perspective, Sep 23, 2020
It is generally believed that the Constitution of 1973 was passed unanimously by the parliament o... more It is generally believed that the Constitution of 1973 was passed unanimously by the parliament of Pakistan and was equally acceptable for all the federating units. While studying the processes of the approval of the said constitution inside the assembly, it becomes evident that the reality was quite different. There exists an argument that most of the Opposition members were not allowed to join the parliament's session while the final approval of the constitution was processed. The present paper is an effort to analyse the developments that took place inside the National Assembly to pass this document which was to serve as the fundamental document of the state system in forthcoming years. In other words, the present article analyses the course of action through which the Constitution was framed. This is an analytical study primarily based on the National Assembly debates supported by the secondary sources, biographies, and autobiographies of the contemporary politicians to understand how far the amendments suggested by the then opposition were accommodated by the ruling party. Furthermore, this paper analyses the reasons for which each government has to amend the basic structure of the constitution to make it more practical and acceptable for its units. For instance the Eighteenth Amendment removed the concurrent list of the constitution but now the following governments are facing issues to implement the Amendment in detail.
Culture is the unique human attribute which is result of a relation of humans with their environm... more Culture is the unique human attribute which is result of a relation of humans with their environment for the sake of security to survive in this world. It is an integrated pattern of human knowledge, beliefs and behaviours. Culture, thus defined, consists of language, ideas, beliefs, customs, taboos, codes, institutions, tools, techniques, works of art, rituals, ceremonies and other related components embracing all spheres of life. The development of culture depends, generally, upon human capacity to learn and to transmit knowledge to the succeeding generations. Every human society has its own particular culture or sociocultural system which overlaps other cultures to some extent. Variation in the cultural systems can be due to ground realities like physical existence of a particular region on the globe. Pakistan is no exception; growth and development of the Pakistani culture seems, somewhat, an amalgamation of the interaction of humans and their environment for centuries along with the impact of religious beliefs on their life. It also borrowed certain practices and traditions from Hindu Culture with which the people, now residing in Pakistan, have been sharing their lives for centuries. The other important feature is the local culture of different regions i.e. the Punjabi Culture, the Balochi Culture, the Sindhi Culture and the Pakhtoon Culture. Almost similar things attracted people to write about the culture and they opted to explain the culture of Pakistan with reference to religion, region and historical evolution. They also focused on the growth of culture with reference to previously existing cultures. In other words, the culture of this region has been studied with different ideological dimensions like religion (Islam), Modernism and the traditions prevailing in this region. Prioritization of the perspectives is according to the worldview of the writers. Keeping these perspectives in mind, the study of cultural historiography of Pakistan and comparative analysis of different writings will make it interesting to study the growth of diverse culture of this heterogeneous region.
Global social sciences review, Jun 30, 2017
The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart ... more The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart on the globe, having multiple social and regional identities, and claiming being a federation has been a unique experience. After getting independence from the British, Pakistan decided to opt for a parliamentary form of government. The process was based on single house i.e. legislative assembly which was entrusted with dual responsibilities of framing the constitution and making legislation to run the state system. Initially, its membership was based on indirect elections through the elected representative on provincial basis in the elections of 1946 conducted by the British government. This system of indirect elections for national legislature was kept in practice till 1970 general elections after twenty three years of independence of Pakistan. First and second decades experienced multiple changes of electoral process and that of the practices of the floor of the constituent assembly. Apparently it is claimed that there had been major changes in the parliament of Pakistan with reference to the system of elections, and membership but certain practices seem consistent till date. The present study is an effort to analyse the early phase of the parliament which provided the basis for the parliamentary system of Pakistan.
Journal of European Studies (JES)
The parliamentary form of government is one of the systems to govern the states among many other ... more The parliamentary form of government is one of the systems to govern the states among many other systems that developed over the process of centuries, evolving from social contracts, customs to traditional linkages, reaching, finally, at modern state system. It can further be divided into single national parliament (Unicameral) and a system consisting of two houses (Bicameral). Having diverse systems of governance, every state is working to keep peace and stability and create a progressive society that can ultimately attain a better world to live in. Pakistan got its independence in 1947 and adopted the Westminster system of governance which Britain had attained after a process of centuries since the signing of Magna Carta on June 15, 1215. Pakistan has been in struggle since its inception for a viable system of governance starting from a constitution borrowed from the Government of India Act 1935 to its own constitution approved in 1973. It shifted from a unicameral system of gover...
The article aims at assessing the general elections of 1990 with reference to discussions about r... more The article aims at assessing the general elections of 1990 with reference to discussions about rigging. It studies different methods of rigging that are generally used in the elections. The rigging methods can be divided into the common practices of rigging and the sophisticated methods that are used to get the desired results through apparently a fair and free electoral process. Elections of 1990 were conducted in a highly polarized environment after the dismissal of the government of Benazir Bhutto. Benazir Bhutto and her party i.e. the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) were under pressure with reference to the cases that were filed against the dismissed government. At the same time, its opponent the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) was a major component of the caretaker government and enjoyed support of the then President Ghulam Ishaque Khan. It was believed that Ghulam Ishaque Khan did not dissolve the government to welcome the PPP again in the seat of government so he made arrangement...
Culture is the unique human attribute which is result of a relation of humans with their environm... more Culture is the unique human attribute which is result of a relation of humans with their environment for the sake of security to survive in this world.It is an integrated pattern of human knowledge, beliefs and behaviours. Culture, thus defined, consists of language, ideas, beliefs, customs, taboos, codes, institutions, tools, techniques, works of art, rituals, ceremonies and other related components embracing all spheres of life.The development of culture depends, generally, upon human capacity to learn and to transmit knowledge to the succeeding generations. Every human society has its own particular culture or socio cultural system which overlaps other cultures to some extent.Variation in the cultural systems can be due to ground realities like physical existence of a particular region on the globe.Pakistan is no exception; growth and development of the Pakistani culture seems, somewhat, an amalgamation of the interaction of humans and their environment for centuries along with t...
Pakistan Perspective, Sep 23, 2020
Alliance politics is one of the prominent features of democratic form of government. Pakistan is ... more Alliance politics is one of the prominent features of democratic form of government. Pakistan is an example of such democracies where alliances of political parties play an important and at times decisive role. In Pakistan, there exists a large number of regional and national political parties. The division on the basis of various ethnicities and regions is the greatest hindrance in the nativity of national political parties representing the whole country. Another phenomenon that has severely struck the political developments in the country is suspension of democratic rule by military dictators off and on. That resulted in long intervals of democratic rule and prevented the natural growth of political parties which would, otherwise have evolved to a national stature. In Pakistan, political parties are mainly personality oriented and are generally formed for attaining petty objectives. Many of the parties get divided into further factions due to internal differences of party's le...
Global Social Sciences Review
The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart ... more The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart on the globe, having multiple social and regional identities, and claiming being a federation has been a unique experience. After getting independence from the British, Pakistan decided to opt for a parliamentary form of government. The process was based on single house i.e. legislative assembly which was entrusted with dual responsibilities of framing the constitution and making legislation to run the state system. Initially, its membership was based on indirect elections through the elected representative on provincial basis in the elections of 1946 conducted by the British government. This system of indirect elections for national legislature was kept in practice till 1970 general elections after twenty three years of independence of Pakistan. First and second decades experienced multiple changes of electoral process and that of the practices of the floor of the constituent assembly. ...
Global Social Sciences Review
The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart ... more The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart on the globe, having multiple social and regional identities, and claiming being a federation has been a unique experience. After getting independence from the British, Pakistan decided to opt for a parliamentary form of government. The process was based on single house i.e. legislative assembly which was entrusted with dual responsibilities of framing the constitution and making legislation to run the state system. Initially, its membership was based on indirect elections through the elected representative on provincial basis in the elections of 1946 conducted by the British government. This system of indirect elections for national legislature was kept in practice till 1970 general elections after twenty three years of independence of Pakistan. First and second decades experienced multiple changes of electoral process and that of the practices of the floor of the constituent assembly. ...
Global Social Sciences Review
The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart ... more The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart on the globe, having multiple social and regional identities, and claiming being a federation has been a unique experience. After getting independence from the British, Pakistan decided to opt for a parliamentary form of government. The process was based on single house i.e. legislative assembly which was entrusted with dual responsibilities of framing the constitution and making legislation to run the state system. Initially, its membership was based on indirect elections through the elected representative on provincial basis in the elections of 1946 conducted by the British government. This system of indirect elections for national legislature was kept in practice till 1970 general elections after twenty three years of independence of Pakistan. First and second decades experienced multiple changes of electoral process and that of the practices of the floor of the constituent assembly. ...
Global Social Sciences Review
The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart ... more The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart on the globe, having multiple social and regional identities, and claiming being a federation has been a unique experience. After getting independence from the British, Pakistan decided to opt for a parliamentary form of government. The process was based on single house i.e. legislative assembly which was entrusted with dual responsibilities of framing the constitution and making legislation to run the state system. Initially, its membership was based on indirect elections through the elected representative on provincial basis in the elections of 1946 conducted by the British government. This system of indirect elections for national legislature was kept in practice till 1970 general elections after twenty three years of independence of Pakistan. First and second decades experienced multiple changes of electoral process and that of the practices of the floor of the constituent assembly. ...
Global Social Sciences Review
The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart ... more The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart on the globe, having multiple social and regional identities, and claiming being a federation has been a unique experience. After getting independence from the British, Pakistan decided to opt for a parliamentary form of government. The process was based on single house i.e. legislative assembly which was entrusted with dual responsibilities of framing the constitution and making legislation to run the state system. Initially, its membership was based on indirect elections through the elected representative on provincial basis in the elections of 1946 conducted by the British government. This system of indirect elections for national legislature was kept in practice till 1970 general elections after twenty three years of independence of Pakistan. First and second decades experienced multiple changes of electoral process and that of the practices of the floor of the constituent assembly. ...
Global Social Sciences Review
The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart ... more The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart on the globe, having multiple social and regional identities, and claiming being a federation has been a unique experience. After getting independence from the British, Pakistan decided to opt for a parliamentary form of government. The process was based on single house i.e. legislative assembly which was entrusted with dual responsibilities of framing the constitution and making legislation to run the state system. Initially, its membership was based on indirect elections through the elected representative on provincial basis in the elections of 1946 conducted by the British government. This system of indirect elections for national legislature was kept in practice till 1970 general elections after twenty three years of independence of Pakistan. First and second decades experienced multiple changes of electoral process and that of the practices of the floor of the constituent assembly. ...
Pakistan Perspective, Sep 23, 2020
It is generally believed that the Constitution of 1973 was passed unanimously by the parliament o... more It is generally believed that the Constitution of 1973 was passed unanimously by the parliament of Pakistan and was equally acceptable for all the federating units. While studying the processes of the approval of the said constitution inside the assembly, it becomes evident that the reality was quite different. There exists an argument that most of the Opposition members were not allowed to join the parliament's session while the final approval of the constitution was processed. The present paper is an effort to analyse the developments that took place inside the National Assembly to pass this document which was to serve as the fundamental document of the state system in forthcoming years. In other words, the present article analyses the course of action through which the Constitution was framed. This is an analytical study primarily based on the National Assembly debates supported by the secondary sources, biographies, and autobiographies of the contemporary politicians to understand how far the amendments suggested by the then opposition were accommodated by the ruling party. Furthermore, this paper analyses the reasons for which each government has to amend the basic structure of the constitution to make it more practical and acceptable for its units. For instance the Eighteenth Amendment removed the concurrent list of the constitution but now the following governments are facing issues to implement the Amendment in detail.
Culture is the unique human attribute which is result of a relation of humans with their environm... more Culture is the unique human attribute which is result of a relation of humans with their environment for the sake of security to survive in this world. It is an integrated pattern of human knowledge, beliefs and behaviours. Culture, thus defined, consists of language, ideas, beliefs, customs, taboos, codes, institutions, tools, techniques, works of art, rituals, ceremonies and other related components embracing all spheres of life. The development of culture depends, generally, upon human capacity to learn and to transmit knowledge to the succeeding generations. Every human society has its own particular culture or sociocultural system which overlaps other cultures to some extent. Variation in the cultural systems can be due to ground realities like physical existence of a particular region on the globe. Pakistan is no exception; growth and development of the Pakistani culture seems, somewhat, an amalgamation of the interaction of humans and their environment for centuries along with the impact of religious beliefs on their life. It also borrowed certain practices and traditions from Hindu Culture with which the people, now residing in Pakistan, have been sharing their lives for centuries. The other important feature is the local culture of different regions i.e. the Punjabi Culture, the Balochi Culture, the Sindhi Culture and the Pakhtoon Culture. Almost similar things attracted people to write about the culture and they opted to explain the culture of Pakistan with reference to religion, region and historical evolution. They also focused on the growth of culture with reference to previously existing cultures. In other words, the culture of this region has been studied with different ideological dimensions like religion (Islam), Modernism and the traditions prevailing in this region. Prioritization of the perspectives is according to the worldview of the writers. Keeping these perspectives in mind, the study of cultural historiography of Pakistan and comparative analysis of different writings will make it interesting to study the growth of diverse culture of this heterogeneous region.
Global social sciences review, Jun 30, 2017
The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart ... more The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart on the globe, having multiple social and regional identities, and claiming being a federation has been a unique experience. After getting independence from the British, Pakistan decided to opt for a parliamentary form of government. The process was based on single house i.e. legislative assembly which was entrusted with dual responsibilities of framing the constitution and making legislation to run the state system. Initially, its membership was based on indirect elections through the elected representative on provincial basis in the elections of 1946 conducted by the British government. This system of indirect elections for national legislature was kept in practice till 1970 general elections after twenty three years of independence of Pakistan. First and second decades experienced multiple changes of electoral process and that of the practices of the floor of the constituent assembly. Apparently it is claimed that there had been major changes in the parliament of Pakistan with reference to the system of elections, and membership but certain practices seem consistent till date. The present study is an effort to analyse the early phase of the parliament which provided the basis for the parliamentary system of Pakistan.
Journal of European Studies (JES)
The parliamentary form of government is one of the systems to govern the states among many other ... more The parliamentary form of government is one of the systems to govern the states among many other systems that developed over the process of centuries, evolving from social contracts, customs to traditional linkages, reaching, finally, at modern state system. It can further be divided into single national parliament (Unicameral) and a system consisting of two houses (Bicameral). Having diverse systems of governance, every state is working to keep peace and stability and create a progressive society that can ultimately attain a better world to live in. Pakistan got its independence in 1947 and adopted the Westminster system of governance which Britain had attained after a process of centuries since the signing of Magna Carta on June 15, 1215. Pakistan has been in struggle since its inception for a viable system of governance starting from a constitution borrowed from the Government of India Act 1935 to its own constitution approved in 1973. It shifted from a unicameral system of gover...
The article aims at assessing the general elections of 1990 with reference to discussions about r... more The article aims at assessing the general elections of 1990 with reference to discussions about rigging. It studies different methods of rigging that are generally used in the elections. The rigging methods can be divided into the common practices of rigging and the sophisticated methods that are used to get the desired results through apparently a fair and free electoral process. Elections of 1990 were conducted in a highly polarized environment after the dismissal of the government of Benazir Bhutto. Benazir Bhutto and her party i.e. the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) were under pressure with reference to the cases that were filed against the dismissed government. At the same time, its opponent the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) was a major component of the caretaker government and enjoyed support of the then President Ghulam Ishaque Khan. It was believed that Ghulam Ishaque Khan did not dissolve the government to welcome the PPP again in the seat of government so he made arrangement...
Culture is the unique human attribute which is result of a relation of humans with their environm... more Culture is the unique human attribute which is result of a relation of humans with their environment for the sake of security to survive in this world.It is an integrated pattern of human knowledge, beliefs and behaviours. Culture, thus defined, consists of language, ideas, beliefs, customs, taboos, codes, institutions, tools, techniques, works of art, rituals, ceremonies and other related components embracing all spheres of life.The development of culture depends, generally, upon human capacity to learn and to transmit knowledge to the succeeding generations. Every human society has its own particular culture or socio cultural system which overlaps other cultures to some extent.Variation in the cultural systems can be due to ground realities like physical existence of a particular region on the globe.Pakistan is no exception; growth and development of the Pakistani culture seems, somewhat, an amalgamation of the interaction of humans and their environment for centuries along with t...
Pakistan Perspective, Sep 23, 2020
Alliance politics is one of the prominent features of democratic form of government. Pakistan is ... more Alliance politics is one of the prominent features of democratic form of government. Pakistan is an example of such democracies where alliances of political parties play an important and at times decisive role. In Pakistan, there exists a large number of regional and national political parties. The division on the basis of various ethnicities and regions is the greatest hindrance in the nativity of national political parties representing the whole country. Another phenomenon that has severely struck the political developments in the country is suspension of democratic rule by military dictators off and on. That resulted in long intervals of democratic rule and prevented the natural growth of political parties which would, otherwise have evolved to a national stature. In Pakistan, political parties are mainly personality oriented and are generally formed for attaining petty objectives. Many of the parties get divided into further factions due to internal differences of party's le...
Global Social Sciences Review
The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart ... more The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart on the globe, having multiple social and regional identities, and claiming being a federation has been a unique experience. After getting independence from the British, Pakistan decided to opt for a parliamentary form of government. The process was based on single house i.e. legislative assembly which was entrusted with dual responsibilities of framing the constitution and making legislation to run the state system. Initially, its membership was based on indirect elections through the elected representative on provincial basis in the elections of 1946 conducted by the British government. This system of indirect elections for national legislature was kept in practice till 1970 general elections after twenty three years of independence of Pakistan. First and second decades experienced multiple changes of electoral process and that of the practices of the floor of the constituent assembly. ...
Global Social Sciences Review
The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart ... more The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart on the globe, having multiple social and regional identities, and claiming being a federation has been a unique experience. After getting independence from the British, Pakistan decided to opt for a parliamentary form of government. The process was based on single house i.e. legislative assembly which was entrusted with dual responsibilities of framing the constitution and making legislation to run the state system. Initially, its membership was based on indirect elections through the elected representative on provincial basis in the elections of 1946 conducted by the British government. This system of indirect elections for national legislature was kept in practice till 1970 general elections after twenty three years of independence of Pakistan. First and second decades experienced multiple changes of electoral process and that of the practices of the floor of the constituent assembly. ...
Global Social Sciences Review
The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart ... more The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart on the globe, having multiple social and regional identities, and claiming being a federation has been a unique experience. After getting independence from the British, Pakistan decided to opt for a parliamentary form of government. The process was based on single house i.e. legislative assembly which was entrusted with dual responsibilities of framing the constitution and making legislation to run the state system. Initially, its membership was based on indirect elections through the elected representative on provincial basis in the elections of 1946 conducted by the British government. This system of indirect elections for national legislature was kept in practice till 1970 general elections after twenty three years of independence of Pakistan. First and second decades experienced multiple changes of electoral process and that of the practices of the floor of the constituent assembly. ...
Global Social Sciences Review
The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart ... more The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart on the globe, having multiple social and regional identities, and claiming being a federation has been a unique experience. After getting independence from the British, Pakistan decided to opt for a parliamentary form of government. The process was based on single house i.e. legislative assembly which was entrusted with dual responsibilities of framing the constitution and making legislation to run the state system. Initially, its membership was based on indirect elections through the elected representative on provincial basis in the elections of 1946 conducted by the British government. This system of indirect elections for national legislature was kept in practice till 1970 general elections after twenty three years of independence of Pakistan. First and second decades experienced multiple changes of electoral process and that of the practices of the floor of the constituent assembly. ...
Global Social Sciences Review
The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart ... more The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart on the globe, having multiple social and regional identities, and claiming being a federation has been a unique experience. After getting independence from the British, Pakistan decided to opt for a parliamentary form of government. The process was based on single house i.e. legislative assembly which was entrusted with dual responsibilities of framing the constitution and making legislation to run the state system. Initially, its membership was based on indirect elections through the elected representative on provincial basis in the elections of 1946 conducted by the British government. This system of indirect elections for national legislature was kept in practice till 1970 general elections after twenty three years of independence of Pakistan. First and second decades experienced multiple changes of electoral process and that of the practices of the floor of the constituent assembly. ...
Global Social Sciences Review
The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart ... more The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart on the globe, having multiple social and regional identities, and claiming being a federation has been a unique experience. After getting independence from the British, Pakistan decided to opt for a parliamentary form of government. The process was based on single house i.e. legislative assembly which was entrusted with dual responsibilities of framing the constitution and making legislation to run the state system. Initially, its membership was based on indirect elections through the elected representative on provincial basis in the elections of 1946 conducted by the British government. This system of indirect elections for national legislature was kept in practice till 1970 general elections after twenty three years of independence of Pakistan. First and second decades experienced multiple changes of electoral process and that of the practices of the floor of the constituent assembly. ...