Rainer Höfer - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Rainer Höfer

Comprehensive Polymer Science 2nd. Ed., 2024

Green Chemistry since decades now has become a leitmotif for academic and industrial research and... more Green Chemistry since decades now has become a leitmotif for academic and industrial research and marketing in chemistry.
The term green polymer chemistry emerged later when chemically designed green plastics or bioplastics where still an issue of
research and experimental production - and well knowing that Nature has permanently provided mankind with green
polymers and polymer composites as part of evolution. Bio-based plastics have been identified as a potential alternative to
conventional plastics because of the use of renewable resources as feedstock, therefore enabling a shift from a fossil economy
to a bioeconomy. Deviating from the traditional linear economy model based on a “take-make-consume-throw away”
approach of resources (i.e., resources are extracted, and products are produced; products are used until they are discarded and
disposed of as waste) in the circular economy, the value of products and materials is maintained for as long as possible. The
model minimizes and reuses waste and resources during manufacture, and when a product reaches the end of its life, it is
used again to create further value. In the end-of-life-scenario, biodegradable or compostable bioplastics offer additional
disposal options with regards to aerobic and anaerobic digestion. Green polymers in a circular economy thus encourage
sustainability in the long term. The different interconnecting and sometimes overlapping terms in the field of Green
Chemistry, Green Polymer Chemistry, Sustainability, and Circular Economy will be addressed and explained.

Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering , 2024

Comprehensively illustrate the role and importance of solvents in polymer synthesis, in the chemi... more Comprehensively illustrate the role and importance of solvents in polymer synthesis, in the chemical industry and beyond • Presentation of technical developments in fossil solvents, noting the regulatory environment, and the emergence of green solvent alternatives.

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Jun 15, 2000

RSC green chemistry series, 2019

Candle soot consists of hydrophobic carbon nanoparticles (diameter ∼40 ± 10 nm) that can be chief... more Candle soot consists of hydrophobic carbon nanoparticles (diameter ∼40 ± 10 nm) that can be chiefly collected from the candle flame. There is no other easier and cheaper way available to produce hydrophobic nanoparticles. The deposition of candle soot on any solid surface appears as a black layer with superhydrophobicity, however this layer is delicate and washed away with rolling water drops or by gentle finger touching. The sole use of hydrophobic candle soot nanoparticles could not achieve a durable as well as transparent coating. The candle soot is then used as a template as well as in combination with silica or polymers to achieve durable and transparent superhydrophobic coatings. Candle soot can prove to be an adequate precursor in the preparation of superhydrophobic coatings and oil–water separation sponges/meshes due to its easy availability for everyone. The researchers who are eager to jump into superhydrophobic surface research with a low level of funding can start with candle soot. Novel ideas and techniques should be adopted to fabricate candle soot based superhydrophobic surfaces. The use of candle soot nanoparticles in industrial products can reduce the price of the final product reasonably.

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, Sep 1, 1972

The Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks, Nov 20, 2009

Coal tar dyes mark the beginning of the chemical industry in the UK, in France and in the Rhine V... more Coal tar dyes mark the beginning of the chemical industry in the UK, in France and in the Rhine Valley with chemists like August Wilhelm Hofmann and William Henry Perkin and company names like Ciba, BASF, Hoechst and Bayer. Since the last century crude oil and natural gas have become the key raw mat...

Angewandte Chemie, Dec 1, 1973

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, Dec 1, 1974

Sulfuroxidedifluorideimides, Tin-nitrogen-compounds H NSOF2 reacts with metal carbonates to form ... more Sulfuroxidedifluorideimides, Tin-nitrogen-compounds H NSOF2 reacts with metal carbonates to form the salts Li+N SO F2_, Cs+N SO F2~ and Ag+NSOF2. The reaction of Ag+NSOF2~ with halides yields the new dimethyltin com pounds (CH3)2SnClNSOF2, (CH3)2SnBrNSOF2 and (CH3)2Sn(NSOF2)2. The IR spectra of the sulfuroxidedifluorideimide salts are compared with the isoelectronic S 0 2F 2. All compounds are characterized by analysis, IR , NMR and mass spectra.

Chemische Berichte, Feb 1, 1972

uber die Darstellung neuer Derivate des Thiazyltrifluorids durch SiN -Spaltungsreaktionen und Dar... more uber die Darstellung neuer Derivate des Thiazyltrifluorids durch SiN -Spaltungsreaktionen und Darstellung des N.N'-Bis(difluorphosphor y1)-schwefeldifluoriddiimids Aus dem Anorganisch-Chemischen Institut der Universitiit Gottingen (Eingegangen am 1 I. Oktober 1971) Durch SiN -Spaltungsreaktionen mit Thiazyltrifluorid wurden NSFz-N(CH& (3) und NSFz-N(C2H& (4) dargestellt. Aus (CH3)3Si-N=SF2=N-Si(CH3)3 (1) entsteht mit SF4 NSFz-N=SFz (3, mit P203F4 O = P F Z-N = S F~= N-P F~= O (6) neben geringen Mengen (CH&Si-N = SF2 N-PFz=O (7). Die Reaktionen von 1 mit Dimethylamin und mit Piperidinfuhrt zu [ (C H~)~S~-N = ] Z S [ N (C H~) Z ]~ (8) bzw. zu [ (C H~)~S~-N = ] Z S (N C~H , O)~ (9). Preparation of new Thiazyltrifluoride Derivatives by SiN Bond Cleavage Reactions. Preparation of N.N'-Bis(difluorophosphory1)sulfur Difluoride Diimide By SiN bond cleavage reactions with thiazyltrifluoride NSFz-N(CH& (3) and N S F~-N (C~H S)~ (4) were prepared. (CH3)3Si-N=SF2=N-Si(CH3)3 (1) reacts with SFdtoyield NSF2-N=SF2(5), with P203F4togiveO=PF2-N=SF2=N-PF2=0(6)and small amounts of (C H~)~S~-N = S F Z = N-P F~= O (7). By reaction of 1 with dimethylamine and piperidine [ (C H~)~S~-N N-]~S [ N (C H~)~]~ (8) and [(CH&Si-N =]zS(NCsH& (9) are formed. Wie bereits kurz mitgeteilt I) , entstehen bei der Umsetzung von Thiazyltrifluorid mit

The Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks, Nov 25, 2011

The handbook of environmental chemistry, 2009

Plastic additives are a diverse group of specialty chemicals that are used to manufacture polymer... more Plastic additives are a diverse group of specialty chemicals that are used to manufacture polymers (polymerization aids like initiators, surfactants and protective colloids) or are incorporated into the plastic product prior to or during processing. They may become part of the polymer network (like initiators do) or remain without a chemical linkage to the polymer. Additives aid in the processing of the polymer and in the manufacture of the plastic end product (lubricants, plasticizers) or improve characteristics and performance of the final product (flame retardants, antistatic agents, impact modifiers, and heat/light stabilizers). Additive manufacturers are faced with the imperative to develop products that not only enhance the overall processability and functionality of the plastic end products, but to satisfy environmental and health demands as well. Additives are regulated by national or international authorities in order to protect consumers, when leaching or extraction from elastomeric or plastic components or from a coating film occurs or when volatilization into the environment may happen.

Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, Sep 1, 1975

I n ha1 t s u b e r s i c h t. Durch Si-IV-Spaltungsreaktion von Peiitafluoroschwefelschwefeldifl... more I n ha1 t s u b e r s i c h t. Durch Si-IV-Spaltungsreaktion von Peiitafluoroschwefelschwefeldifluoridimid 1 mit Silylaminen entstehen die Verbindungen SF5-IS=S(F)NR, und SF,-N= S(NR,),. 1 gibt mit PCl, SF,-N=SCl,. Die IR-, MSund insbesondere die NMR-Spektren der neii dargestellten Verbindungen werden mitgeteilt und mit anderen SF,-Derivaten verglichen.

The Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks, Nov 11, 2022

In historical retrospect, the relationship between man and nature is viewed differently. At times... more In historical retrospect, the relationship between man and nature is viewed differently. At times, man saw himself as subject to the uncontrollable, superhuman forces of nature; at other times, the use and subjugation of nature by man became the leitmotif, and in many a retrospective the lost unity of man and nature is deplored. Renewable raw materials (RRM) have accompanied humanity since its beginnings. Linseed oil, creosote, tar, turpentine and pine oil, natural resins, and gums, amber and copal, egg white, and bone glues as renewable resources have been used for centuries, even millennia, as paints, writing, drawing, and printing inks, sealants, or adhesives. Renewable raw materials (RRM) are relatively new as a segment of chemistry. 1 The term arose in the 1970s in connection with the first oil crisis, and in the discussions on Sustainable Development and the Limits to Growth. 2 In the 1960s, relevant textbooks had described chemistry as, so to speak, static, as the teaching of materials and the transformation of materials, classified as inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry. 3 The Swedish physician and lecturer on chemistry Jöns Jacob Berzelius, who coined the term Organic Chemistry in 1807 as opposed to Inorganic Chemistry,

The Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks, Nov 20, 2009

Coating additives are indispensable ingredients for any kind of coating. Coating additives improv... more Coating additives are indispensable ingredients for any kind of coating. Coating additives improve substrate wetting, pigment dispersion, film formation, surface integrity, and appearance. Like in the case of plastics additives, coating additives are not chemically bound to the polymer coating film. Environmental compatibility and harmlessness are thus basic requirements.

Elsevier eBooks, 2012

Plastic additives are key ingredients that assist manufacturing and processing, assure longevity ... more Plastic additives are key ingredients that assist manufacturing and processing, assure longevity under temperature stress, sunlight, or microbial attack, and improve the performance characteristics of plastic materials. Normally, additives are not chemically bound to the polymer network. They may thus have a tendency to migrate into the environment or into goods that are in contact with the surface of plastics. Environmental compatibility, harmlessness, and safe to use are thus basic requirements.

Angewandte Chemie, Dec 1, 1973

Comprehensive Polymer Science 2nd. Ed., 2024

Green Chemistry since decades now has become a leitmotif for academic and industrial research and... more Green Chemistry since decades now has become a leitmotif for academic and industrial research and marketing in chemistry.
The term green polymer chemistry emerged later when chemically designed green plastics or bioplastics where still an issue of
research and experimental production - and well knowing that Nature has permanently provided mankind with green
polymers and polymer composites as part of evolution. Bio-based plastics have been identified as a potential alternative to
conventional plastics because of the use of renewable resources as feedstock, therefore enabling a shift from a fossil economy
to a bioeconomy. Deviating from the traditional linear economy model based on a “take-make-consume-throw away”
approach of resources (i.e., resources are extracted, and products are produced; products are used until they are discarded and
disposed of as waste) in the circular economy, the value of products and materials is maintained for as long as possible. The
model minimizes and reuses waste and resources during manufacture, and when a product reaches the end of its life, it is
used again to create further value. In the end-of-life-scenario, biodegradable or compostable bioplastics offer additional
disposal options with regards to aerobic and anaerobic digestion. Green polymers in a circular economy thus encourage
sustainability in the long term. The different interconnecting and sometimes overlapping terms in the field of Green
Chemistry, Green Polymer Chemistry, Sustainability, and Circular Economy will be addressed and explained.

Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering , 2024

Comprehensively illustrate the role and importance of solvents in polymer synthesis, in the chemi... more Comprehensively illustrate the role and importance of solvents in polymer synthesis, in the chemical industry and beyond • Presentation of technical developments in fossil solvents, noting the regulatory environment, and the emergence of green solvent alternatives.

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Jun 15, 2000

RSC green chemistry series, 2019

Candle soot consists of hydrophobic carbon nanoparticles (diameter ∼40 ± 10 nm) that can be chief... more Candle soot consists of hydrophobic carbon nanoparticles (diameter ∼40 ± 10 nm) that can be chiefly collected from the candle flame. There is no other easier and cheaper way available to produce hydrophobic nanoparticles. The deposition of candle soot on any solid surface appears as a black layer with superhydrophobicity, however this layer is delicate and washed away with rolling water drops or by gentle finger touching. The sole use of hydrophobic candle soot nanoparticles could not achieve a durable as well as transparent coating. The candle soot is then used as a template as well as in combination with silica or polymers to achieve durable and transparent superhydrophobic coatings. Candle soot can prove to be an adequate precursor in the preparation of superhydrophobic coatings and oil–water separation sponges/meshes due to its easy availability for everyone. The researchers who are eager to jump into superhydrophobic surface research with a low level of funding can start with candle soot. Novel ideas and techniques should be adopted to fabricate candle soot based superhydrophobic surfaces. The use of candle soot nanoparticles in industrial products can reduce the price of the final product reasonably.

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, Sep 1, 1972

The Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks, Nov 20, 2009

Coal tar dyes mark the beginning of the chemical industry in the UK, in France and in the Rhine V... more Coal tar dyes mark the beginning of the chemical industry in the UK, in France and in the Rhine Valley with chemists like August Wilhelm Hofmann and William Henry Perkin and company names like Ciba, BASF, Hoechst and Bayer. Since the last century crude oil and natural gas have become the key raw mat...

Angewandte Chemie, Dec 1, 1973

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, Dec 1, 1974

Sulfuroxidedifluorideimides, Tin-nitrogen-compounds H NSOF2 reacts with metal carbonates to form ... more Sulfuroxidedifluorideimides, Tin-nitrogen-compounds H NSOF2 reacts with metal carbonates to form the salts Li+N SO F2_, Cs+N SO F2~ and Ag+NSOF2. The reaction of Ag+NSOF2~ with halides yields the new dimethyltin com pounds (CH3)2SnClNSOF2, (CH3)2SnBrNSOF2 and (CH3)2Sn(NSOF2)2. The IR spectra of the sulfuroxidedifluorideimide salts are compared with the isoelectronic S 0 2F 2. All compounds are characterized by analysis, IR , NMR and mass spectra.

Chemische Berichte, Feb 1, 1972

uber die Darstellung neuer Derivate des Thiazyltrifluorids durch SiN -Spaltungsreaktionen und Dar... more uber die Darstellung neuer Derivate des Thiazyltrifluorids durch SiN -Spaltungsreaktionen und Darstellung des N.N'-Bis(difluorphosphor y1)-schwefeldifluoriddiimids Aus dem Anorganisch-Chemischen Institut der Universitiit Gottingen (Eingegangen am 1 I. Oktober 1971) Durch SiN -Spaltungsreaktionen mit Thiazyltrifluorid wurden NSFz-N(CH& (3) und NSFz-N(C2H& (4) dargestellt. Aus (CH3)3Si-N=SF2=N-Si(CH3)3 (1) entsteht mit SF4 NSFz-N=SFz (3, mit P203F4 O = P F Z-N = S F~= N-P F~= O (6) neben geringen Mengen (CH&Si-N = SF2 N-PFz=O (7). Die Reaktionen von 1 mit Dimethylamin und mit Piperidinfuhrt zu [ (C H~)~S~-N = ] Z S [ N (C H~) Z ]~ (8) bzw. zu [ (C H~)~S~-N = ] Z S (N C~H , O)~ (9). Preparation of new Thiazyltrifluoride Derivatives by SiN Bond Cleavage Reactions. Preparation of N.N'-Bis(difluorophosphory1)sulfur Difluoride Diimide By SiN bond cleavage reactions with thiazyltrifluoride NSFz-N(CH& (3) and N S F~-N (C~H S)~ (4) were prepared. (CH3)3Si-N=SF2=N-Si(CH3)3 (1) reacts with SFdtoyield NSF2-N=SF2(5), with P203F4togiveO=PF2-N=SF2=N-PF2=0(6)and small amounts of (C H~)~S~-N = S F Z = N-P F~= O (7). By reaction of 1 with dimethylamine and piperidine [ (C H~)~S~-N N-]~S [ N (C H~)~]~ (8) and [(CH&Si-N =]zS(NCsH& (9) are formed. Wie bereits kurz mitgeteilt I) , entstehen bei der Umsetzung von Thiazyltrifluorid mit

The Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks, Nov 25, 2011

The handbook of environmental chemistry, 2009

Plastic additives are a diverse group of specialty chemicals that are used to manufacture polymer... more Plastic additives are a diverse group of specialty chemicals that are used to manufacture polymers (polymerization aids like initiators, surfactants and protective colloids) or are incorporated into the plastic product prior to or during processing. They may become part of the polymer network (like initiators do) or remain without a chemical linkage to the polymer. Additives aid in the processing of the polymer and in the manufacture of the plastic end product (lubricants, plasticizers) or improve characteristics and performance of the final product (flame retardants, antistatic agents, impact modifiers, and heat/light stabilizers). Additive manufacturers are faced with the imperative to develop products that not only enhance the overall processability and functionality of the plastic end products, but to satisfy environmental and health demands as well. Additives are regulated by national or international authorities in order to protect consumers, when leaching or extraction from elastomeric or plastic components or from a coating film occurs or when volatilization into the environment may happen.

Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, Sep 1, 1975

I n ha1 t s u b e r s i c h t. Durch Si-IV-Spaltungsreaktion von Peiitafluoroschwefelschwefeldifl... more I n ha1 t s u b e r s i c h t. Durch Si-IV-Spaltungsreaktion von Peiitafluoroschwefelschwefeldifluoridimid 1 mit Silylaminen entstehen die Verbindungen SF5-IS=S(F)NR, und SF,-N= S(NR,),. 1 gibt mit PCl, SF,-N=SCl,. Die IR-, MSund insbesondere die NMR-Spektren der neii dargestellten Verbindungen werden mitgeteilt und mit anderen SF,-Derivaten verglichen.

The Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks, Nov 11, 2022

In historical retrospect, the relationship between man and nature is viewed differently. At times... more In historical retrospect, the relationship between man and nature is viewed differently. At times, man saw himself as subject to the uncontrollable, superhuman forces of nature; at other times, the use and subjugation of nature by man became the leitmotif, and in many a retrospective the lost unity of man and nature is deplored. Renewable raw materials (RRM) have accompanied humanity since its beginnings. Linseed oil, creosote, tar, turpentine and pine oil, natural resins, and gums, amber and copal, egg white, and bone glues as renewable resources have been used for centuries, even millennia, as paints, writing, drawing, and printing inks, sealants, or adhesives. Renewable raw materials (RRM) are relatively new as a segment of chemistry. 1 The term arose in the 1970s in connection with the first oil crisis, and in the discussions on Sustainable Development and the Limits to Growth. 2 In the 1960s, relevant textbooks had described chemistry as, so to speak, static, as the teaching of materials and the transformation of materials, classified as inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry. 3 The Swedish physician and lecturer on chemistry Jöns Jacob Berzelius, who coined the term Organic Chemistry in 1807 as opposed to Inorganic Chemistry,

The Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks, Nov 20, 2009

Coating additives are indispensable ingredients for any kind of coating. Coating additives improv... more Coating additives are indispensable ingredients for any kind of coating. Coating additives improve substrate wetting, pigment dispersion, film formation, surface integrity, and appearance. Like in the case of plastics additives, coating additives are not chemically bound to the polymer coating film. Environmental compatibility and harmlessness are thus basic requirements.

Elsevier eBooks, 2012

Plastic additives are key ingredients that assist manufacturing and processing, assure longevity ... more Plastic additives are key ingredients that assist manufacturing and processing, assure longevity under temperature stress, sunlight, or microbial attack, and improve the performance characteristics of plastic materials. Normally, additives are not chemically bound to the polymer network. They may thus have a tendency to migrate into the environment or into goods that are in contact with the surface of plastics. Environmental compatibility, harmlessness, and safe to use are thus basic requirements.

Angewandte Chemie, Dec 1, 1973

How to obtain future titles on publication: A standing order plan is available for this series. A... more How to obtain future titles on publication: A standing order plan is available for this series. A standing order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately on publication.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the P... more This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

Green Chemistry for Surface Coatings, Inks and Adhesives: Sustainable Applications, 2019

Candle soot consists of hydrophobic carbon nanoparticles (diameter ∼40 ± 10 nm) that can be chief... more Candle soot consists of hydrophobic carbon nanoparticles (diameter ∼40 ± 10 nm) that can be chiefly collected from the candle flame. There is no other easier and cheaper way available to produce hydrophobic nanoparticles. The deposition of candle soot on any solid surface appears as a black layer with superhydrophobicity, however this layer is delicate and washed away with rolling water drops or by gentle finger touching. The sole use of hydrophobic candle soot nanoparticles could not achieve a durable as well as transparent coating. The candle soot is then used as a template as well as in combination with silica or polymers to achieve durable and transparent superhydrophobic coatings. Candle soot can prove to be an adequate precursor in the preparation of superhydrophobic coatings and oil–water separation sponges/meshes due to its easy availability for everyone. The researchers who are eager to jump into superhydrophobic surface research with a low level of funding can start with candle soot. Novel ideas and techniques should be adopted to fabricate candle soot based superhydrophobic surfaces. The use of candle soot nanoparticles in industrial products can reduce the price of the final product reasonably.

Green Chemistry Series No. 60 Print ISBN: 978-1-78262-994-8 PDF ISBN: 978-1-78801-299-7 EPUB ISBN... more Green Chemistry Series No. 60 Print ISBN: 978-1-78262-994-8 PDF ISBN: 978-1-78801-299-7 EPUB ISBN: 978-1-78801-800-5 Print