Rajesh Kulkarni - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Rajesh Kulkarni

Mathematische Zeitschrift

We discuss the minimal model program for b-log varieties, which is a pair of a variety and a b-di... more We discuss the minimal model program for b-log varieties, which is a pair of a variety and a b-divisor, as a natural generalization of the minimal model program for ordinary log varieties. We show that the main theorems of the log MMP work in the setting of the b-log MMP. If we assume that the log MMP terminates, then so does the blog MMP. Furthermore, the b-log MMP includes both the log MMP and the equivariant MMP as special cases. There are various interesting b-log varieties arising from different objects, including the Brauer pairs, or "non-commutative algebraic varieties which are finite over their centres". The case of toric Brauer pairs is discussed in further detail. Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Minimal model theory with boundary b-divisors 4 2.A. Recap on b-divisors 4 2.B. b-discrepancy 8 3. The Minimal Model Program for b-log varieties 11 3.A. Fundamental theorems for b-log varieties 13 4. Toroidal b-log varieties 15 4.A. Snc stratifications 15 4.B. Toric b-log varieties 17 4.C. Toroidal b-log varieties 19 5. Toric Brauer Classes 21 References 24

Image retrieval and re-ranking as per user image query has become the popular and effective of im... more Image retrieval and re-ranking as per user image query has become the popular and effective of image retrieval techniques. Similar user query and click through log is important for the success of an image search engine. User search goal analysis will also enhance user experience of a search engine. Using this as a base and leveraging click logs we propose a new design in this paper. In this paper, we focus on designing a new machine learning approach for auto classification and grouping similar user queries for image search system to address a specific kind of image search. Our approach finds most relevant images for a user based on a given user query. Here, our focus is to evaluate the effective association between User Queries and Click through data and customizes search results according to each individual preferences/interests. We also present a ranking procedure to score the images that are retrieved using the proposed approach.

Pediatric Infectious Disease, 2020

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a global health crisis. Children account for 1-5% of diagn... more Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a global health crisis. Children account for 1-5% of diagnosed COVID-19 cases with relatively mild presentation and less mortality compared to adults. While patients typically present with fever, shortness of breath, and cough, neurologic manifestations have been reported, mainly in adults. We report a case of COVID-19-associated encephalopathy in an 11-year-old child who presented with altered sensorium and seizures.

Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 2020

Background COVID-19 is uncommon and less severe in children than adults. It is thought that infan... more Background COVID-19 is uncommon and less severe in children than adults. It is thought that infants may be at higher risk for severe disease than older children. There is a paucity of literature on infants with COVID, particularly those with severe disease. Objective We describe demographic, epidemiologic, clinical, radiological, laboratory features and outcomes of infants with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to a tertiary care teaching hospital in Pune, India Methodology Infants who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and were admitted between 1 April 2020 and 7 August 2020 were included in the study. Results A total of 13 infants were admitted during the study period. The median age was 8 months (IQR 6) and nine were male. Common presenting features were fever (n = 8, 62%), poor feeding, irritability, and runny nose (n = 3, 23%). Comorbidities noted were severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in three cases (23%) and nutritional megaloblastic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, sickle tha...

Journal of Clinical Neonatology, 2018

Surgery on an infant with factor VII deficiency is a risky affair, more so when the infant is pre... more Surgery on an infant with factor VII deficiency is a risky affair, more so when the infant is premature and low birth weight. A 2-month-old infant with factor VII deficiency presented with obstructed right inguinal hernia. He had features suggestive of intestinal obstruction. The hernia was reduced, and the infant was initially managed conservatively. He was operated upon after 72 h under cover of recombinant activated factor VII concentrate to control the bleeding and was closely monitored for bleeding in the postoperative period. After confirming optimal wound healing and no recurrence on 6-month follow-up, contralateral herniotomy for a reducible inguinal hernia was performed at the age of 9 months. Even on thorough literature search, no references have been found on the management of an infant with this rare coagulation disorder undergoing herniotomy during early infancy. Hence, the case is being reported.

Indian Journal of Child Health, 2019

Background: Early initiation of breastfeeding has many beneficial effects for both the mother and... more Background: Early initiation of breastfeeding has many beneficial effects for both the mother and the baby. The breast crawl has been established as the ideal method for promoting early skin-to-skin contact and early initiation of breastfeeding. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the feasibility of breast crawl in a busy tertiary care institute. Materials and Methods: An observational study was performed including 50 mother-baby pairs, admitted to the labor room of Sassoon General Hospital, Pune, from January 2018 for 6 months. Observations were made on patient and nurse attitude and behavior and were further analyzed. Results: Of the total subjects, 23 (46%) mothers had not received any counseling about breastfeeding during the antenatal period and none of them were familiar with the idea of breast crawl from the antenatal period. Of the 50 mothers, 27 mothers (54%) were concerned about privacy, 8 (16%) were concerned about environmental cold, 6 (12%) were worried about exposure, and 9 mothers (18%) were concerned about the baby, whereas 6 mothers (12%) had no concerns and 6 mothers had more than one concern. The attitude of the nursing staff was favorable (enthusiastic) 19 times, indifferent 23 times, reluctant 6 times, and unfavorable (uncooperative) 2 times. Conclusion: While it is highly desirable to implement breast crawl as a routine practice, there are several roadblocks such as lack of antenatal counseling, lack of awareness and motivation, lack of specific guidelines and instructions, skewed staff-to-patient and bed-to-patient ratio, and lack of privacy.

Journal of Intelligent Systems, 2017

Planning a trip not only depends on the traveling cost, time, and path, but also on the socio-eco... more Planning a trip not only depends on the traveling cost, time, and path, but also on the socio-economic status of the traveler. This paper attempts to introduce a new trip planning model that is able to work on real-time data with multiple socio-economic constraints. The proposed trip planning model processes real-time data to extract the relevant socio-economic attributes; later, it mines the most frequent as well as the feasible attributes to plan the trip. The relevance of the socio-economic constraints is defined using correlations, whereas the frequent as well as the feasible attributes are mined through the sequential pattern mining approach. Real-time travel information of about 38,303 trips was acquired from the Indian city of Hyderabad, and the proposed model was subjected to experimentation. The proposed model maintained a substantial trade-off between multiple performance metrics, though the trip mean model performed statistically.

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 2016

female infanticide has been practiced for centuries with the earliest evidence being provided by ... more female infanticide has been practiced for centuries with the earliest evidence being provided by Sir Jonathan Duncan in1789. 1 with the availability of new technology, the bias suffered by females from birth to grave is being extended to womb to tomb. 2 Skewed sex ratio is an issue of major concern and has long-term social and demographic consequences. At the heart of the problem is the low status of women in society, a ABSTRACT Background: Female infanticide has been practiced in India since 1789. The child sex ratio in India is declining from 947 to 927 girls for 1000 boys within a span of ten years. This decline can be attributed to arrival of affordable and widespread adoption of Ultrasound in the early 1990s in India. Like other countries around the world, India is patriarchal. A set hierarchy prevails in all tiers of its social order, and a fanatic preference for male children is especially common in India. Still in India value system based son mania prevails. In this view our study regarding awareness and attitude towards gender preferences was relevant. Objective of the study was to evaluate gender preference, awareness and attitude regarding sex determination among married women in rural field practice Areas of North Karnataka, India. Methods: Community based cross-sectional study conducted by interviewing married women of reproductive age group attending general OPD and antenatal clinics in rural field practice areas. Statistical analysis was done by tables and charts in percentage. Results: In this study when asked about gender preferences most (49.4%) of the study subjects showed interest towards male child. Majorities (91%) of study participants were unaware about the pre natal sex determination, 4.5% were aware and 3.8% knew that sex determination was done in both private and government hospitals. When enquired about the method of sex determination majority (84%) were unaware, 15% knew that it is done by Ultrasonography. Among the study participants 75% were unaware about the fact that sex determination is considered as a crime in India and in the remaining, only 13% knew that there is a 13% knew that there is a strict punishment or penalty exists in India for sex determination. Conclusions: In present study we found that son preference is still more in rural areas. Government should impose High fines and should take strict judicial action against parents who try to kill their unborn baby girl. More IEC activities to create awareness about ill effects of female feticide among rural women.

Journal of Intelligent Systems, 2017

Data mining techniques support numerous applications of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs)... more Data mining techniques support numerous applications of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). This paper critically reviews various data mining techniques for achieving trip planning in ITSs. The literature review starts with the discussion on the contributions of descriptive and predictive mining techniques in ITSs, and later continues on the contributions of the clustering techniques. Being the largely used approach, the use of cluster analysis in ITSs is assessed. However, big data analysis is risky with clustering methods. Thus, evolutionary computational algorithms are used for data mining. Though unsupervised clustering models are widely used, drawbacks such as selection of optimal number of clustering points, defining termination criterion, and lack of objective function also occur. Eventually, various drawbacks of evolutionary computational algorithm are also addressed in this paper.

Indian journal of pathology & microbiology

International journal of pharmaceutics, 2007

This work describes a melt granulation technique to improve the dissolution characteristics of a ... more This work describes a melt granulation technique to improve the dissolution characteristics of a poorly water-soluble drug, griseofulvin. Melt granulation technique is a process by which pharmaceutical powders are efficiently agglomerated by a meltable binder. The advantage of this technique compared to a conventional granulation is that no water or organic solvents is needed. Because there is no drying step, the process is less time consuming and uses less energy than wet granulation. Granules were prepared in a lab scale high shear mixer, using a jacket temperature of 60 degrees C and an impeller speed of approximately 20,000 rpm. The effect of drug loading (2.5/5%), binder (PEG 3350/Gelucire 44/14), filler (starch/lactose), and HPMC on the dissolution of griseofulvin was investigated using a half two level-four factor factorial design. The granules were characterized using powder XRD, DSC and SEM techniques. A significant enhancement in the in vitro dissolution profiles of the gr...

Pediatric Infectious Disease, 2013

Rickettsial infections are re-emerging and are prevalent throughout the world. Due to low index o... more Rickettsial infections are re-emerging and are prevalent throughout the world. Due to low index of suspicion, non-specific symptoms and signs and absence of widely available sensitive and specific diagnostic tests, these infections are notoriously difficult to diagnose. We report here a case of rickettsial encephalitis who presented with headache, fever with rash and which within a span of 2 days progressed to develop life threatening complications. With a high index of suspicion and timely diagnosis, she had a dramatic response to treatment and was cured. This case reiterates the importance of increased vigilance in clinical management of these infections.

The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 2010

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare disease in children with significant mortalit... more Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare disease in children with significant mortality in cases who do not receive appropriate treatment. The author describe a 3-year-old child who presented with skin bleeds, microangiopathic anemia, thrombocytopenia and right sided hemi paresis with aphasia and altered sensorium following platelet transfusion. A diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura was made and the child recovered dramatically after giving fresh frozen plasma and steroids.

The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 2011

Objective To assess the effectiveness of an indigenously assembled Nasal Bubble CPAP (NB-CPAP) in... more Objective To assess the effectiveness of an indigenously assembled Nasal Bubble CPAP (NB-CPAP) in children during present swine flu pandemic presenting with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure; in improving gas exchange and vital signs; and assess method safety. Methods Thirty Six children with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure admitted to swine flu ICU during the present H1NI pandemic were included (18 confirmed H1N1 positive and 18 confirmed H1N1 negative). After a baseline Arterial Blood Gas, all children received Oxygen via indigenous NB-CPAP Circuit which gave expiratory positive airway pressure of 5 cm water and delivered an FiO 2 of around 70%. Vital signs, pH, PaO 2 , PaCO 2 , PO 2 /FiO 2 and O 2 saturation were recorded at start and at 6 h into the study. Results Median age of the patients was 18 months (58% males, 42% females). Respiratory rate and heart rate improved significantly with indigenous NB-CPAP after 6 h of treatment compared with admission (p<0.0001 and p<0.001), respectively. At the end of 6 h on NB-CPAP, PaO 2 (p<0.0001), PCO 2 (p<0.0001), PO 2 /FiO 2 (p<0.0002) and O 2 saturation (p < 0.001) improved significantly. Median duration of NB-CPAP use was 2 days and none required endotracheal intubation. The median hospital stay was 7 days. Conclusions Indigenous NB-CPAP improves hypoxemia and signs and symptoms in hemodynamically stable children with acute respiratory failure due to influenza like illness. It is a cost-effective, safe, well tolerated circuit in highly demanding pandemic situations and may prevent progression to intubation.

Mathematische Zeitschrift

We discuss the minimal model program for b-log varieties, which is a pair of a variety and a b-di... more We discuss the minimal model program for b-log varieties, which is a pair of a variety and a b-divisor, as a natural generalization of the minimal model program for ordinary log varieties. We show that the main theorems of the log MMP work in the setting of the b-log MMP. If we assume that the log MMP terminates, then so does the blog MMP. Furthermore, the b-log MMP includes both the log MMP and the equivariant MMP as special cases. There are various interesting b-log varieties arising from different objects, including the Brauer pairs, or "non-commutative algebraic varieties which are finite over their centres". The case of toric Brauer pairs is discussed in further detail. Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Minimal model theory with boundary b-divisors 4 2.A. Recap on b-divisors 4 2.B. b-discrepancy 8 3. The Minimal Model Program for b-log varieties 11 3.A. Fundamental theorems for b-log varieties 13 4. Toroidal b-log varieties 15 4.A. Snc stratifications 15 4.B. Toric b-log varieties 17 4.C. Toroidal b-log varieties 19 5. Toric Brauer Classes 21 References 24

Image retrieval and re-ranking as per user image query has become the popular and effective of im... more Image retrieval and re-ranking as per user image query has become the popular and effective of image retrieval techniques. Similar user query and click through log is important for the success of an image search engine. User search goal analysis will also enhance user experience of a search engine. Using this as a base and leveraging click logs we propose a new design in this paper. In this paper, we focus on designing a new machine learning approach for auto classification and grouping similar user queries for image search system to address a specific kind of image search. Our approach finds most relevant images for a user based on a given user query. Here, our focus is to evaluate the effective association between User Queries and Click through data and customizes search results according to each individual preferences/interests. We also present a ranking procedure to score the images that are retrieved using the proposed approach.

Pediatric Infectious Disease, 2020

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a global health crisis. Children account for 1-5% of diagn... more Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a global health crisis. Children account for 1-5% of diagnosed COVID-19 cases with relatively mild presentation and less mortality compared to adults. While patients typically present with fever, shortness of breath, and cough, neurologic manifestations have been reported, mainly in adults. We report a case of COVID-19-associated encephalopathy in an 11-year-old child who presented with altered sensorium and seizures.

Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 2020

Background COVID-19 is uncommon and less severe in children than adults. It is thought that infan... more Background COVID-19 is uncommon and less severe in children than adults. It is thought that infants may be at higher risk for severe disease than older children. There is a paucity of literature on infants with COVID, particularly those with severe disease. Objective We describe demographic, epidemiologic, clinical, radiological, laboratory features and outcomes of infants with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to a tertiary care teaching hospital in Pune, India Methodology Infants who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and were admitted between 1 April 2020 and 7 August 2020 were included in the study. Results A total of 13 infants were admitted during the study period. The median age was 8 months (IQR 6) and nine were male. Common presenting features were fever (n = 8, 62%), poor feeding, irritability, and runny nose (n = 3, 23%). Comorbidities noted were severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in three cases (23%) and nutritional megaloblastic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, sickle tha...

Journal of Clinical Neonatology, 2018

Surgery on an infant with factor VII deficiency is a risky affair, more so when the infant is pre... more Surgery on an infant with factor VII deficiency is a risky affair, more so when the infant is premature and low birth weight. A 2-month-old infant with factor VII deficiency presented with obstructed right inguinal hernia. He had features suggestive of intestinal obstruction. The hernia was reduced, and the infant was initially managed conservatively. He was operated upon after 72 h under cover of recombinant activated factor VII concentrate to control the bleeding and was closely monitored for bleeding in the postoperative period. After confirming optimal wound healing and no recurrence on 6-month follow-up, contralateral herniotomy for a reducible inguinal hernia was performed at the age of 9 months. Even on thorough literature search, no references have been found on the management of an infant with this rare coagulation disorder undergoing herniotomy during early infancy. Hence, the case is being reported.

Indian Journal of Child Health, 2019

Background: Early initiation of breastfeeding has many beneficial effects for both the mother and... more Background: Early initiation of breastfeeding has many beneficial effects for both the mother and the baby. The breast crawl has been established as the ideal method for promoting early skin-to-skin contact and early initiation of breastfeeding. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the feasibility of breast crawl in a busy tertiary care institute. Materials and Methods: An observational study was performed including 50 mother-baby pairs, admitted to the labor room of Sassoon General Hospital, Pune, from January 2018 for 6 months. Observations were made on patient and nurse attitude and behavior and were further analyzed. Results: Of the total subjects, 23 (46%) mothers had not received any counseling about breastfeeding during the antenatal period and none of them were familiar with the idea of breast crawl from the antenatal period. Of the 50 mothers, 27 mothers (54%) were concerned about privacy, 8 (16%) were concerned about environmental cold, 6 (12%) were worried about exposure, and 9 mothers (18%) were concerned about the baby, whereas 6 mothers (12%) had no concerns and 6 mothers had more than one concern. The attitude of the nursing staff was favorable (enthusiastic) 19 times, indifferent 23 times, reluctant 6 times, and unfavorable (uncooperative) 2 times. Conclusion: While it is highly desirable to implement breast crawl as a routine practice, there are several roadblocks such as lack of antenatal counseling, lack of awareness and motivation, lack of specific guidelines and instructions, skewed staff-to-patient and bed-to-patient ratio, and lack of privacy.

Journal of Intelligent Systems, 2017

Planning a trip not only depends on the traveling cost, time, and path, but also on the socio-eco... more Planning a trip not only depends on the traveling cost, time, and path, but also on the socio-economic status of the traveler. This paper attempts to introduce a new trip planning model that is able to work on real-time data with multiple socio-economic constraints. The proposed trip planning model processes real-time data to extract the relevant socio-economic attributes; later, it mines the most frequent as well as the feasible attributes to plan the trip. The relevance of the socio-economic constraints is defined using correlations, whereas the frequent as well as the feasible attributes are mined through the sequential pattern mining approach. Real-time travel information of about 38,303 trips was acquired from the Indian city of Hyderabad, and the proposed model was subjected to experimentation. The proposed model maintained a substantial trade-off between multiple performance metrics, though the trip mean model performed statistically.

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 2016

female infanticide has been practiced for centuries with the earliest evidence being provided by ... more female infanticide has been practiced for centuries with the earliest evidence being provided by Sir Jonathan Duncan in1789. 1 with the availability of new technology, the bias suffered by females from birth to grave is being extended to womb to tomb. 2 Skewed sex ratio is an issue of major concern and has long-term social and demographic consequences. At the heart of the problem is the low status of women in society, a ABSTRACT Background: Female infanticide has been practiced in India since 1789. The child sex ratio in India is declining from 947 to 927 girls for 1000 boys within a span of ten years. This decline can be attributed to arrival of affordable and widespread adoption of Ultrasound in the early 1990s in India. Like other countries around the world, India is patriarchal. A set hierarchy prevails in all tiers of its social order, and a fanatic preference for male children is especially common in India. Still in India value system based son mania prevails. In this view our study regarding awareness and attitude towards gender preferences was relevant. Objective of the study was to evaluate gender preference, awareness and attitude regarding sex determination among married women in rural field practice Areas of North Karnataka, India. Methods: Community based cross-sectional study conducted by interviewing married women of reproductive age group attending general OPD and antenatal clinics in rural field practice areas. Statistical analysis was done by tables and charts in percentage. Results: In this study when asked about gender preferences most (49.4%) of the study subjects showed interest towards male child. Majorities (91%) of study participants were unaware about the pre natal sex determination, 4.5% were aware and 3.8% knew that sex determination was done in both private and government hospitals. When enquired about the method of sex determination majority (84%) were unaware, 15% knew that it is done by Ultrasonography. Among the study participants 75% were unaware about the fact that sex determination is considered as a crime in India and in the remaining, only 13% knew that there is a 13% knew that there is a strict punishment or penalty exists in India for sex determination. Conclusions: In present study we found that son preference is still more in rural areas. Government should impose High fines and should take strict judicial action against parents who try to kill their unborn baby girl. More IEC activities to create awareness about ill effects of female feticide among rural women.

Journal of Intelligent Systems, 2017

Data mining techniques support numerous applications of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs)... more Data mining techniques support numerous applications of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). This paper critically reviews various data mining techniques for achieving trip planning in ITSs. The literature review starts with the discussion on the contributions of descriptive and predictive mining techniques in ITSs, and later continues on the contributions of the clustering techniques. Being the largely used approach, the use of cluster analysis in ITSs is assessed. However, big data analysis is risky with clustering methods. Thus, evolutionary computational algorithms are used for data mining. Though unsupervised clustering models are widely used, drawbacks such as selection of optimal number of clustering points, defining termination criterion, and lack of objective function also occur. Eventually, various drawbacks of evolutionary computational algorithm are also addressed in this paper.

Indian journal of pathology & microbiology

International journal of pharmaceutics, 2007

This work describes a melt granulation technique to improve the dissolution characteristics of a ... more This work describes a melt granulation technique to improve the dissolution characteristics of a poorly water-soluble drug, griseofulvin. Melt granulation technique is a process by which pharmaceutical powders are efficiently agglomerated by a meltable binder. The advantage of this technique compared to a conventional granulation is that no water or organic solvents is needed. Because there is no drying step, the process is less time consuming and uses less energy than wet granulation. Granules were prepared in a lab scale high shear mixer, using a jacket temperature of 60 degrees C and an impeller speed of approximately 20,000 rpm. The effect of drug loading (2.5/5%), binder (PEG 3350/Gelucire 44/14), filler (starch/lactose), and HPMC on the dissolution of griseofulvin was investigated using a half two level-four factor factorial design. The granules were characterized using powder XRD, DSC and SEM techniques. A significant enhancement in the in vitro dissolution profiles of the gr...

Pediatric Infectious Disease, 2013

Rickettsial infections are re-emerging and are prevalent throughout the world. Due to low index o... more Rickettsial infections are re-emerging and are prevalent throughout the world. Due to low index of suspicion, non-specific symptoms and signs and absence of widely available sensitive and specific diagnostic tests, these infections are notoriously difficult to diagnose. We report here a case of rickettsial encephalitis who presented with headache, fever with rash and which within a span of 2 days progressed to develop life threatening complications. With a high index of suspicion and timely diagnosis, she had a dramatic response to treatment and was cured. This case reiterates the importance of increased vigilance in clinical management of these infections.

The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 2010

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare disease in children with significant mortalit... more Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare disease in children with significant mortality in cases who do not receive appropriate treatment. The author describe a 3-year-old child who presented with skin bleeds, microangiopathic anemia, thrombocytopenia and right sided hemi paresis with aphasia and altered sensorium following platelet transfusion. A diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura was made and the child recovered dramatically after giving fresh frozen plasma and steroids.

The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 2011

Objective To assess the effectiveness of an indigenously assembled Nasal Bubble CPAP (NB-CPAP) in... more Objective To assess the effectiveness of an indigenously assembled Nasal Bubble CPAP (NB-CPAP) in children during present swine flu pandemic presenting with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure; in improving gas exchange and vital signs; and assess method safety. Methods Thirty Six children with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure admitted to swine flu ICU during the present H1NI pandemic were included (18 confirmed H1N1 positive and 18 confirmed H1N1 negative). After a baseline Arterial Blood Gas, all children received Oxygen via indigenous NB-CPAP Circuit which gave expiratory positive airway pressure of 5 cm water and delivered an FiO 2 of around 70%. Vital signs, pH, PaO 2 , PaCO 2 , PO 2 /FiO 2 and O 2 saturation were recorded at start and at 6 h into the study. Results Median age of the patients was 18 months (58% males, 42% females). Respiratory rate and heart rate improved significantly with indigenous NB-CPAP after 6 h of treatment compared with admission (p<0.0001 and p<0.001), respectively. At the end of 6 h on NB-CPAP, PaO 2 (p<0.0001), PCO 2 (p<0.0001), PO 2 /FiO 2 (p<0.0002) and O 2 saturation (p < 0.001) improved significantly. Median duration of NB-CPAP use was 2 days and none required endotracheal intubation. The median hospital stay was 7 days. Conclusions Indigenous NB-CPAP improves hypoxemia and signs and symptoms in hemodynamically stable children with acute respiratory failure due to influenza like illness. It is a cost-effective, safe, well tolerated circuit in highly demanding pandemic situations and may prevent progression to intubation.