Rakesh Singhai - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Rakesh Singhai
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022
The 5G system requires an optimum coding technique to achieve the high diversity gain, low bit er... more The 5G system requires an optimum coding technique to achieve the high diversity gain, low bit error rate (BER), and low detection complexity. Various coding techniques were developed in recent times for improving the diversity performance of the MIMO systems. Space-time-coding (STC) is used to fulfill the requirement of handling large data flow in the 5G wireless communications. It is highly required to optimize the orthogonal nature of STC. The paper proposed a novel design of the optimum linearly scalable dispersion code (O-LSDC). In this paper, an optimum coefficient-based O-LSDC is designed based on the elementary matrix operations, unitary matrix normalization technique, and coefficient mapping strategy. Mapped coefficients are linearly solved for optimum value estimation. To find the optimum solution of the LSDC codes, five cases of LSDC are defined based on the scaling coefficients and then performance is evaluated against the BER vs. SNR. Evaluating the simulation results i...
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2018
An effective congestion control algorithm should ensure reliable message delivery, quality of ser... more An effective congestion control algorithm should ensure reliable message delivery, quality of service, and energy optimization. This paper presents a method in which data rate and control packets such as Hello packet interval is selected according to the channel conditions depending on the node mobility and energy consumed by the nodes in transmission. The method enables nodes to adjust their data rate and frequency of their Hello messages depending on the transmission power and current speed of the nodes. The improved protocol detects and reacts to congested parts of the network by using adaptive data rate and Hello packet interval. This helps in reducing congestion and improve throughput. The functionality of the proposed method is tested using the Network simulation tool. The results have been analyzed in various scenarios to evaluate the performance parameters. This mainly improves throughput and reduces end-to-end delay and jitter in high mobility cases. The average queue length is also controlled.
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, Mar 1, 2016
—Wireless communication is a key area of research with increasing demand of high data rate applic... more —Wireless communication is a key area of research with increasing demand of high data rate applications at a low cost. Multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) is the most promising technology for high spectral efficiency and for very high data throughput. Despite of being an emerging technology, it has to face a major challenge of carrier frequency offset (CFO) error, which causes inter carrier interference that ultimately leads to loss of orthogonality. This paper provides an intuitive knowledge of the concept used in the estimation of Channel distortion and CFO.
Design Engineering, Sep 27, 2021
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering, 2021
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 2019
Ad-hoc network is vulnerable to different types of attacks because of its vigorously changing top... more Ad-hoc network is vulnerable to different types of attacks because of its vigorously changing topology, limited storage capacity, absence of centralized infrastructure etc. Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is established protocol for routing for this type of networks. AODV is exposed to black hole attack due to the inadequacy of security consideration. The malicious nodes drop all information packets rather than sending it to the neighboring node. In this research paper, Anomaly based intrusion detection system (IDS) known as Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is purposefully utilized to detect the misbehavior activities in the network. In AODV routing protocol, swarm agents are used for identifying misbehavior activities of nodes based on dropping behavior of data packets. An intrusion response system (IRS) is activated after the detection of an intrusion. It is necessary to take action against black hole attack or reduce the effect of the damage caused by the attack. IDS and...
In MANET, the routing issue is solved by the nodes themselves, thus reducing computational and re... more In MANET, the routing issue is solved by the nodes themselves, thus reducing computational and resource costs. The particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) is utilized in the research work, to choose the propitious value of parameters for ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol to improve the quality of service (QoS) in MANET. The routing problem is solved where PSO uses agents like entities from insect communities as a metaphor. Swarm agents based on routing explain a collection of rules for the participating nodes to pursue. Swarm agents interchange information about their behavior adaptively and efficiently for the successful completion of their assigned tasks. PSO algorithm uses the maximum flow objective to prefer the best locations of the swarm agents during each step of network operation. MATLAB language is used for implementation of PSO, and the results of it are used for simulation of routing protocol AODV in QUALNET software. PSO is used for majoring the perfo...
2017 International Conference on Recent Innovations in Signal processing and Embedded Systems (RISE), 2017
Satellite communication systems e.g. digital video broadcast satellite/terrestrial (DVB-S2/T2) ha... more Satellite communication systems e.g. digital video broadcast satellite/terrestrial (DVB-S2/T2) have readily adopted LDPC code for Forward Error Correction (FEC), mostly due to its near Shannon performance at very low signal to noise. This paper summarizes the differences across FEC subsystems adopted in worldwide standards for next generation fixed satellite broadcasting. The goal of this analysis is to provide system designers an objective view of the different choices made in these standards and facilitate an easier system implementation for the same.
The mobile ad hoc network (MANET) wireless system offers a few favorable circumstances, including... more The mobile ad hoc network (MANET) wireless system offers a few favorable circumstances, including minimal effort, basic system support, and helpful administration scope. In these systems, congestion can happen anywhere in the route while information getting forwarded from source node to destination node. These nodes can introduce long delays, which affect the overall efficiency of a system. Congestion leads to high data loss, long postponement, and time misuse of asset. To avoid it, effective congestion control mechanism should be applied that makes best use the accessible system assets and keeps the load underneath the limit. This paper proposed a mechanism to control the congestion as well as bestow better performance with respect to network parameters under dynamic behavior. Existing on-demand routing protocol is modified with local route establishment process and fuzzy-based reliable node detection mechanism is used to resolve the collision. The result taken in different scenari...
With the advancement in wireless communication systems and the increase in demand for high data r... more With the advancement in wireless communication systems and the increase in demand for high data rates, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has proved to be a key technology for the future 3G and 4G wireless communication system. OFDM offers a considerable high spectral efficiency, multipath delay tolerance, immunity to the frequency selective fading channels and power efficiency. However, one major disadvantage of OFDM system is the high PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) of the transmitted signal. A number of techniques are employed to reduce PAPR ratio. In this paper, various techniques proposed for PAPR reduction techniques have been discussed along with the criteria of their selection. This paper provides an intuitive knowledge of the concept used with the comprehensive and comparative review of some PAPR reduction techniques.
Image Registration is the process of determining a transform that provides the most accurate matc... more Image Registration is the process of determining a transform that provides the most accurate match between two images. The search for matching transformation can be automated with the use of suitable metric, but it is difficult to determine local maxima with direct search methods. In this paper a simple and powerful search strategy based on genetic algorithm is proposed to register satellite images. This method applies mutual information (MI) to measure statistical dependence of information redundancy between the image intensities of corresponding voxels in both floating image and reference image. Partial Volume distribution interpolation (PV) is used to compute the MI criterion. Scope of the paper is limited to pair of images, which are misaligned by rigid transformation (i.e. rotation and/or translation). Performance of genetic algorithm based proposed approach is compared with existing search methods, which shows that the proposed approach overcomes the limitation of local maxima...
Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 2006
Data compression is one of the enabling technologies for the application of communication technol... more Data compression is one of the enabling technologies for the application of communication technology with ever growing Internet, explosive development of mobile communication and the ever-increasing impact of video communication to store the data in a compact way for minimum cost of storage and transmission. There are various compression techniques available which are capable of application specific large compression ratios. This paper presents the Multi Stage Vector Quantization (MSVQ) based on LBG algorithm and Partial Distance Search (PDS) method, which is most suitable for faster encoding required in multimedia applications.
An effective congestion control algorithm should ensure reliable message delivery, quality of ser... more An effective congestion control algorithm should ensure reliable message delivery, quality of service, and energy optimization. This paper presents a method in which data rate and control packets such as Hello packet interval is selected according to the channel conditions depending on the node mobility and energy consumed by the nodes in transmission. The method enables nodes to adjust their data rate and frequency of their Hello messages depending on the transmission power and current speed of the nodes. The improved protocol detects and reacts to congested parts of the network by using adaptive data rate and Hello packet interval. This helps in reducing congestion and improve throughput. The functionality of the proposed method is tested using the Network simulation tool. The results have been analyzed in various scenarios to evaluate the performance parameters. This mainly improves throughput and reduces end-to-end delay and jitter in high mobility cases. The average queue lengt...
European Journal of Immunology, 1985
A monoclonal antibody (Fd-B2) to ferredoxin, which bears an idiotype scarcely expressed in any of... more A monoclonal antibody (Fd-B2) to ferredoxin, which bears an idiotype scarcely expressed in any of a wide variety of mouse strains, is able to markedly enhance the response to ferredoxin of both high-responder and intermediate-responder strains. A rabbit anti-idiotype serum to Fd-B2 also specifically enhances the response to ferredoxin in such mice. Most remarkably, the treatment of nonresponder T cells by either the idiotype (Fd-B2) plus complement or anti-idiotype antiserum plus complement causes them to be responsive in adoptive transfer experiments. The two responding populations (idiotype-treated and anti-idiotype-treated) can then be combined to reconstitute the nonresponsive state. When the nonresponders are treated with either Fd-B2 idiotype plus complement or anti-idiotype plus complement and subsequently respond, the idiotype of the anti-ferredoxin antibody produced does not bear the Fd-B2 idiotype. We interpret the results as being consistent with a model in which the unresponsive state for ferredoxin is a state of high network connectivity of the ferredoxin-specific T cells.
Network traffic ismodeled asPoisson processoneofthefirst models that considered heavy tail nature... more Network traffic ismodeled asPoisson processoneofthefirst models that considered heavy tail nature foranalytic simplicity, eventhougha numberoftrafficofthedataasoneoftheprincipal reasons forthelong studies haveshownthatpacket interarrivals arenot range innetwork traffic. TheON-OFFmodelconsiders N exponentially distributed. Packetarrivals deviateindependent traffic sources Xi(t) whereeachsourceisa considerably fromPoissonity andfollow statistical self-renewal process withi.i.d. ON andOFFperiods. Each similar andlong-range dependent behavior (LRD).We source Xi(t) will alternate between 1(ON)or0(OFF)in propose a noveldiscrete distribution forthecountingnon-overlapping intervals withthevalue1indicating a process andshowthat forsuchaprocess theinterarrivals packet transmission and0indicating that thesource isnot arePareto distributed. Thisnewprocess isself-similar and generating anydata.The ON-OFF process behaves exhibits long-range dependent behavior. asymptotically asfBMwithlongrangepro...
Scientific Programming
Data mining is mostly utilized for a huge variety of applications in several fields like educatio... more Data mining is mostly utilized for a huge variety of applications in several fields like education, medical, surveillance, and industries. The clustering is an important method of data mining, in which data elements are divided into groups (clusters) to provide better quality data analysis. The Biogeography-Based Optimization (BO) is the latest metaheuristic approach, which is applied to resolve several complex optimization problems. Here, a Chaotic Biogeography-Based Optimization approach using Information Entropy (CBO-IE) is implemented to perform clustering over healthcare IoT datasets. The main objective of CBO-IE is to provide proficient and precise data point distribution in datasets by using Information Entropy concepts and to initialize the population by using chaos theory. Both Information Entropy and chaos theory are facilitated to improve the convergence speed of BO in global search area for selecting the cluster heads and cluster members more accurately. The CBO-IE is im...
International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology
Wireless Personal Communications
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022
The 5G system requires an optimum coding technique to achieve the high diversity gain, low bit er... more The 5G system requires an optimum coding technique to achieve the high diversity gain, low bit error rate (BER), and low detection complexity. Various coding techniques were developed in recent times for improving the diversity performance of the MIMO systems. Space-time-coding (STC) is used to fulfill the requirement of handling large data flow in the 5G wireless communications. It is highly required to optimize the orthogonal nature of STC. The paper proposed a novel design of the optimum linearly scalable dispersion code (O-LSDC). In this paper, an optimum coefficient-based O-LSDC is designed based on the elementary matrix operations, unitary matrix normalization technique, and coefficient mapping strategy. Mapped coefficients are linearly solved for optimum value estimation. To find the optimum solution of the LSDC codes, five cases of LSDC are defined based on the scaling coefficients and then performance is evaluated against the BER vs. SNR. Evaluating the simulation results i...
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2018
An effective congestion control algorithm should ensure reliable message delivery, quality of ser... more An effective congestion control algorithm should ensure reliable message delivery, quality of service, and energy optimization. This paper presents a method in which data rate and control packets such as Hello packet interval is selected according to the channel conditions depending on the node mobility and energy consumed by the nodes in transmission. The method enables nodes to adjust their data rate and frequency of their Hello messages depending on the transmission power and current speed of the nodes. The improved protocol detects and reacts to congested parts of the network by using adaptive data rate and Hello packet interval. This helps in reducing congestion and improve throughput. The functionality of the proposed method is tested using the Network simulation tool. The results have been analyzed in various scenarios to evaluate the performance parameters. This mainly improves throughput and reduces end-to-end delay and jitter in high mobility cases. The average queue length is also controlled.
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, Mar 1, 2016
—Wireless communication is a key area of research with increasing demand of high data rate applic... more —Wireless communication is a key area of research with increasing demand of high data rate applications at a low cost. Multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) is the most promising technology for high spectral efficiency and for very high data throughput. Despite of being an emerging technology, it has to face a major challenge of carrier frequency offset (CFO) error, which causes inter carrier interference that ultimately leads to loss of orthogonality. This paper provides an intuitive knowledge of the concept used in the estimation of Channel distortion and CFO.
Design Engineering, Sep 27, 2021
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering, 2021
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 2019
Ad-hoc network is vulnerable to different types of attacks because of its vigorously changing top... more Ad-hoc network is vulnerable to different types of attacks because of its vigorously changing topology, limited storage capacity, absence of centralized infrastructure etc. Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is established protocol for routing for this type of networks. AODV is exposed to black hole attack due to the inadequacy of security consideration. The malicious nodes drop all information packets rather than sending it to the neighboring node. In this research paper, Anomaly based intrusion detection system (IDS) known as Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is purposefully utilized to detect the misbehavior activities in the network. In AODV routing protocol, swarm agents are used for identifying misbehavior activities of nodes based on dropping behavior of data packets. An intrusion response system (IRS) is activated after the detection of an intrusion. It is necessary to take action against black hole attack or reduce the effect of the damage caused by the attack. IDS and...
In MANET, the routing issue is solved by the nodes themselves, thus reducing computational and re... more In MANET, the routing issue is solved by the nodes themselves, thus reducing computational and resource costs. The particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) is utilized in the research work, to choose the propitious value of parameters for ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol to improve the quality of service (QoS) in MANET. The routing problem is solved where PSO uses agents like entities from insect communities as a metaphor. Swarm agents based on routing explain a collection of rules for the participating nodes to pursue. Swarm agents interchange information about their behavior adaptively and efficiently for the successful completion of their assigned tasks. PSO algorithm uses the maximum flow objective to prefer the best locations of the swarm agents during each step of network operation. MATLAB language is used for implementation of PSO, and the results of it are used for simulation of routing protocol AODV in QUALNET software. PSO is used for majoring the perfo...
2017 International Conference on Recent Innovations in Signal processing and Embedded Systems (RISE), 2017
Satellite communication systems e.g. digital video broadcast satellite/terrestrial (DVB-S2/T2) ha... more Satellite communication systems e.g. digital video broadcast satellite/terrestrial (DVB-S2/T2) have readily adopted LDPC code for Forward Error Correction (FEC), mostly due to its near Shannon performance at very low signal to noise. This paper summarizes the differences across FEC subsystems adopted in worldwide standards for next generation fixed satellite broadcasting. The goal of this analysis is to provide system designers an objective view of the different choices made in these standards and facilitate an easier system implementation for the same.
The mobile ad hoc network (MANET) wireless system offers a few favorable circumstances, including... more The mobile ad hoc network (MANET) wireless system offers a few favorable circumstances, including minimal effort, basic system support, and helpful administration scope. In these systems, congestion can happen anywhere in the route while information getting forwarded from source node to destination node. These nodes can introduce long delays, which affect the overall efficiency of a system. Congestion leads to high data loss, long postponement, and time misuse of asset. To avoid it, effective congestion control mechanism should be applied that makes best use the accessible system assets and keeps the load underneath the limit. This paper proposed a mechanism to control the congestion as well as bestow better performance with respect to network parameters under dynamic behavior. Existing on-demand routing protocol is modified with local route establishment process and fuzzy-based reliable node detection mechanism is used to resolve the collision. The result taken in different scenari...
With the advancement in wireless communication systems and the increase in demand for high data r... more With the advancement in wireless communication systems and the increase in demand for high data rates, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has proved to be a key technology for the future 3G and 4G wireless communication system. OFDM offers a considerable high spectral efficiency, multipath delay tolerance, immunity to the frequency selective fading channels and power efficiency. However, one major disadvantage of OFDM system is the high PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) of the transmitted signal. A number of techniques are employed to reduce PAPR ratio. In this paper, various techniques proposed for PAPR reduction techniques have been discussed along with the criteria of their selection. This paper provides an intuitive knowledge of the concept used with the comprehensive and comparative review of some PAPR reduction techniques.
Image Registration is the process of determining a transform that provides the most accurate matc... more Image Registration is the process of determining a transform that provides the most accurate match between two images. The search for matching transformation can be automated with the use of suitable metric, but it is difficult to determine local maxima with direct search methods. In this paper a simple and powerful search strategy based on genetic algorithm is proposed to register satellite images. This method applies mutual information (MI) to measure statistical dependence of information redundancy between the image intensities of corresponding voxels in both floating image and reference image. Partial Volume distribution interpolation (PV) is used to compute the MI criterion. Scope of the paper is limited to pair of images, which are misaligned by rigid transformation (i.e. rotation and/or translation). Performance of genetic algorithm based proposed approach is compared with existing search methods, which shows that the proposed approach overcomes the limitation of local maxima...
Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 2006
Data compression is one of the enabling technologies for the application of communication technol... more Data compression is one of the enabling technologies for the application of communication technology with ever growing Internet, explosive development of mobile communication and the ever-increasing impact of video communication to store the data in a compact way for minimum cost of storage and transmission. There are various compression techniques available which are capable of application specific large compression ratios. This paper presents the Multi Stage Vector Quantization (MSVQ) based on LBG algorithm and Partial Distance Search (PDS) method, which is most suitable for faster encoding required in multimedia applications.
An effective congestion control algorithm should ensure reliable message delivery, quality of ser... more An effective congestion control algorithm should ensure reliable message delivery, quality of service, and energy optimization. This paper presents a method in which data rate and control packets such as Hello packet interval is selected according to the channel conditions depending on the node mobility and energy consumed by the nodes in transmission. The method enables nodes to adjust their data rate and frequency of their Hello messages depending on the transmission power and current speed of the nodes. The improved protocol detects and reacts to congested parts of the network by using adaptive data rate and Hello packet interval. This helps in reducing congestion and improve throughput. The functionality of the proposed method is tested using the Network simulation tool. The results have been analyzed in various scenarios to evaluate the performance parameters. This mainly improves throughput and reduces end-to-end delay and jitter in high mobility cases. The average queue lengt...
European Journal of Immunology, 1985
A monoclonal antibody (Fd-B2) to ferredoxin, which bears an idiotype scarcely expressed in any of... more A monoclonal antibody (Fd-B2) to ferredoxin, which bears an idiotype scarcely expressed in any of a wide variety of mouse strains, is able to markedly enhance the response to ferredoxin of both high-responder and intermediate-responder strains. A rabbit anti-idiotype serum to Fd-B2 also specifically enhances the response to ferredoxin in such mice. Most remarkably, the treatment of nonresponder T cells by either the idiotype (Fd-B2) plus complement or anti-idiotype antiserum plus complement causes them to be responsive in adoptive transfer experiments. The two responding populations (idiotype-treated and anti-idiotype-treated) can then be combined to reconstitute the nonresponsive state. When the nonresponders are treated with either Fd-B2 idiotype plus complement or anti-idiotype plus complement and subsequently respond, the idiotype of the anti-ferredoxin antibody produced does not bear the Fd-B2 idiotype. We interpret the results as being consistent with a model in which the unresponsive state for ferredoxin is a state of high network connectivity of the ferredoxin-specific T cells.
Network traffic ismodeled asPoisson processoneofthefirst models that considered heavy tail nature... more Network traffic ismodeled asPoisson processoneofthefirst models that considered heavy tail nature foranalytic simplicity, eventhougha numberoftrafficofthedataasoneoftheprincipal reasons forthelong studies haveshownthatpacket interarrivals arenot range innetwork traffic. TheON-OFFmodelconsiders N exponentially distributed. Packetarrivals deviateindependent traffic sources Xi(t) whereeachsourceisa considerably fromPoissonity andfollow statistical self-renewal process withi.i.d. ON andOFFperiods. Each similar andlong-range dependent behavior (LRD).We source Xi(t) will alternate between 1(ON)or0(OFF)in propose a noveldiscrete distribution forthecountingnon-overlapping intervals withthevalue1indicating a process andshowthat forsuchaprocess theinterarrivals packet transmission and0indicating that thesource isnot arePareto distributed. Thisnewprocess isself-similar and generating anydata.The ON-OFF process behaves exhibits long-range dependent behavior. asymptotically asfBMwithlongrangepro...
Scientific Programming
Data mining is mostly utilized for a huge variety of applications in several fields like educatio... more Data mining is mostly utilized for a huge variety of applications in several fields like education, medical, surveillance, and industries. The clustering is an important method of data mining, in which data elements are divided into groups (clusters) to provide better quality data analysis. The Biogeography-Based Optimization (BO) is the latest metaheuristic approach, which is applied to resolve several complex optimization problems. Here, a Chaotic Biogeography-Based Optimization approach using Information Entropy (CBO-IE) is implemented to perform clustering over healthcare IoT datasets. The main objective of CBO-IE is to provide proficient and precise data point distribution in datasets by using Information Entropy concepts and to initialize the population by using chaos theory. Both Information Entropy and chaos theory are facilitated to improve the convergence speed of BO in global search area for selecting the cluster heads and cluster members more accurately. The CBO-IE is im...
International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology
Wireless Personal Communications