Ramesh Kanwar - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Ramesh Kanwar
2002 Chicago, IL July 28-31, 2002, 2002
Six lysimeters and eleven tile drained field plots were used to determine if the amount of contam... more Six lysimeters and eleven tile drained field plots were used to determine if the amount of contaminants leaching into tile water would increase after the application of poultry manure and urea ammonium nitrate fertilizer (UAN). There were three nitrogen based treatments applied to the lysimeters and fields: 168 kg N/ ha of UAN, 168 kg N/ha of poultry manure, and 336 kg N/ha of poultry manure. (One treatment per lysimeter/field plot.) Corn was planted in the lysimeters and field plots, as well as soybeans in the field plots, in order to simulate field conditions. Tile water samples were collected once a week and after rain events and tested for nitrate, total phosphate, orthophosphate, E. coli, and total coliform. Results thus far indicate that larger amounts of manure/fertilizer applied to lysimeters/field plots appear to predispose the lysimeters and field plot soils to greater contaminate leaching potential. E. coli, total coliform, and total phosphate leaching increased when heavy rain events occurred, while nitrate and orthophosphate leaching decreased.
Pollution Research, May 1, 2018
Soil fertilizing the old-fashioned way, with raw manure, is a well-known procedure to increase la... more Soil fertilizing the old-fashioned way, with raw manure, is a well-known procedure to increase land productivity. However, the fertilization value of organic amendment to the soil depends among others, on the composition of manure and manure application rates, timing and placement. When a rainfall event occurs soon after organic fertilizer application, it might help increase nutrient and pathogen concentrations in superficial runoff, carrying out negative consequences on water quality. The aim of this research was to study the effect of variable rates of poultry manure application and landscape slope on bacterial pathogens, nutrients and sediment transport with surface runoff. Experimental assays were performed with an indoor rainfall simulator; a constant 25 mm. h-1 intensity was applied for 2.5 hours. We evaluated interactions between slopes (2%, 4% and 9%) and application rates of poultry manure. Trial conditions tested tend to reproduce the typical farming practices applied in the central area of Iowa State, which is part of the productive area known as the Corn Belt (USA). Nutrient present in surface runoff showed a positive correlation with manure application rates. Also, when manure application rate was doubled, E. coli FCU increased correspondingly. This study emphasized the need for proper manure management (rate and timings of application) in order to optimize fertilization efficiency and to avoid negative impacts on downstream water quality of productive areas and on the ecological systems surrounding them.Fil: Delgado, María Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Kanwar, Ramesh. Lovely Professional University; India. University of Iowa; Estados UnidosFil: Pederson, Carl. University of Iowa; Estados UnidosFil: Hoang, Chi. University of Iowa; Estados UnidosFil: Nguye, Huy. University of Iowa; Estados Unido
Iowa State University does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, age, religion, national ... more Iowa State University does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, age, religion, national origin, sexual
Education must constantly be adapted to new needs. Educational tasks determine new styles of teac... more Education must constantly be adapted to new needs. Educational tasks determine new styles of teachers' work and also their competences, showing that the effects of the course of didactic process depend on the teacher's awareness to a large extent, way of understanding of the school's reality and the students themselves. Currently the media are ever-present. The teacher must be aware of the influence of outside school interference and psychological barriers related to the communication process. Mass media and hypermedia shape new patterns and new values. The 'overheated' and synthetic announcements often limit the intellectual effort and the critical thinking. On the other hand e-communication is a stimulator of mass education. It requires from teachers use of strategies leading to rebuilding the earlier structure of students' knowledge, creating different structures in connection with new students' concepts and needs in response to new information. The su...
Advances in Environmental Studies, 2017
Phytoparasitic nematodes are important pests that cause severe crop yield losses. In the past, me... more Phytoparasitic nematodes are important pests that cause severe crop yield losses. In the past, methyl bromide and other proprietary nematicides have been used as management practices, but these practices are unsustainable and lead to atmospheric pollution and ozone layer destruction. Ozonation was studied as an alternative management practice since it is highly effective against microorganisms and degenerates quickly to oxygen. Soil samples that were naturally infested with nematodes were treated with different levels of gaseous ozone at 21 º C and 5 º C. Regression analysis results show that a medium level of ozonation (2.1 g O 3 kg-1 for 15 min at a rate of ozonation 0.14 g O 3 kg-1 min-1) and low temperature (5 º C) resulted in 94% mean nematode inhibition. The data and analysis results imply that ozone may be an efficient and sustainable alternative to other practices.
Hydrological Sciences Journal, 1994
A study was conducted to develop a computer model to simulate the spatial variability of field-me... more A study was conducted to develop a computer model to simulate the spatial variability of field-measure d saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) using Fourier series analysis. Ks measurements, both in situ and in the laboratory, were made at 150 and 300 mm depths at regular intervals of 4.6 m on two perpendicular transects crossing each other at the centre of a
Nonpoint source nutrient pollution related to land application of manures is recognized as an imp... more Nonpoint source nutrient pollution related to land application of manures is recognized as an important environmental and social issue for several reasons. First,swine manure application to land can impact water quality. Second, several states are in the process of creating laws and/or regulations to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loadings from manure to soil and water resources. Third, the quality of water resources will help set parameters for developing public policies on management of manure.
2004, Ottawa, Canada August 1 - 4, 2004, 2004
ABSTRACT
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2006
Understanding the temporal distribution of NO 3-N leaching losses from subsurface drained 'tile' ... more Understanding the temporal distribution of NO 3-N leaching losses from subsurface drained 'tile' fields as a function of climate and management practices can help develop strategies for its mitigation. A field study was conducted from 1999 through 2003 to investigate effects of the most vulnerable application of pig manure (fall application and chisel plow), safe application of pig manure (spring application and no-tillage) and common application of artificial nitrogen (UAN spring application and chisel plow) on NO 3-N leaching losses to subsurface drainage water beneath corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation systems as a randomized complete block design. The N application rates averaged over five years ranged from 166 kg-N ha −1 for spring applied manure to 170 kg-N ha −1 for UAN and 172 kg-N ha −1 for fall applied manure. Tillage and nitrogen source effects on tile flow and NO 3-N leaching losses were not significant (P<0.05). Fall applied manure with CP resulted in significantly greater corn grain yield (10.8 vs 10.4 Mg ha −1) compared with the spring manure-NT system. Corn plots with the spring applied manure-NT system gave relatively lower flow weighted NO 3-N concentration of 13.2 mg l −1 in comparison to corn plots with fall manure-CP (21.6 mg l −1) and UAN-CP systems (15.9 mg l −1). Averaged across five years, about 60% of tile flow and NO 3-N leaching losses exited the fields during March through May. Growing season precipitation and cycles of wet and dry years primarily controlled NO 3-N leaching losses from tile drained fields. These results suggest that spring applied manure has potential to reduce NO 3-N concentrations in subsurface drainage water and also strategies need to be developed to reduce early spring NO 3-N leaching losses. Keywords subsurface drainage. water quality. liquid swine manure Abbreviations NT no-tillage CP chisel plow 28% UAN urea ammonium nitrate solution fertilizer PAN potentially available N during first cropping season CFMCP corn after soybeanfall applied manurechisel plow
Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 2001
Agricultural Water Management, 2014
Well tested agricultural system models can improve our understanding of the water quality effects... more Well tested agricultural system models can improve our understanding of the water quality effects of management practices under different conditions. The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) has been tested under a variety of conditions. However, the current model's ability to simulate pesticide transport to subsurface drain flow over a long term period under different tillage systems and application rates is not clear. Therefore, we calibrated and tested RZWQM using six years of data from Nashua, Iowa. In this experiment, atrazine was spring applied at 2.8 (1990-1992) and 0.6 kg/ha/yr (1993-1995) to two 0.4 ha plots with different tillage (till and no-till). The observed and simulated average annual flow weighted atrazine concentrations (FWAC) in subsurface drain flow from the no-till plot were 3.7 and 3.2 g/L, respectively for the period with high atrazine application rates, and 0.8 and 0.9 g/L, respectively for the period with low application rates. The 1990-1992 observed average annual FWAC difference between the no-till and tilled plot was 2.4 g/L while the simulated difference was 2.1 g/L. These observed and simulated differences for 1993-1995 were 0.1 and 0.1 g/L, respectively. The Nash-Sutcliffe model performance statistic (EF) for cumulative atrazine flux to subsurface drain flow was 0.93 for the no-till plot testing years (1993-1995), which is comparable to other recent model tests. The value of EF is 1.0 when simulated data perfectly match observed data. The order of selected parameter sensitivity for RZWQM simulated FWAC was atrazine partition coefficient > number of macropores > atrazine half life in soil > soil hydraulic conductivity. Simulations from 1990 to 1995 with four different atrazine application rates applied at a constant rate throughout the simulation period showed concentrations in drain flow for the no-till plot to be twice those of the tilled plot. The differences were more pronounced in the early simulation period (1990-1992), partly because of the characteristics of macropore flow during large storms. The results suggest that RZWQM is a promising tool to study pesticide transport to subsurface drain flow under different tillage systems and application rates over several years, the concentrations of atrazine in drain flow can be higher with no-till than tilled soil over a range of atrazine application rates, and atrazine concentrations in drain flow are sensitive to the macropore flow characteristics under different tillage systems and rainfall timing and intensity.
This is certified that the work described in this project report entitled "Formulation and evalua... more This is certified that the work described in this project report entitled "Formulation and evaluation of Sulfadiazine loaded Silver Nanoparticles" has been carried out by Chandra Prakash Jha, Registration No.
Phytoparasitic nematodes are important pests that cause severe crop yield losses. In the past, me... more Phytoparasitic nematodes are important pests that cause severe crop yield losses. In the past, methyl bromide and other proprietary nematicides have been used as management practices, but these practices are unsustainable and lead to atmospheric pollution and ozone layer destruction. Ozonation was studied as an alternative management practice since it is highly effective against microorganisms and degenerates quickly to oxygen. Soil samples that were naturally infested with nematodes were treated with different levels of gaseous ozone at 21 oC and 5 oC. Regression analysis results show that a medium level of ozonation (2.1 g O3 kg -1 for 15 min at a rate of ozonation 0.14 g O3 kg -1 min-1) and low temperature (5 oC) resulted in 94% mean nematode inhibition. The data and analysis results imply that ozone may be an efficient and sustainable alternative to other practices.
Ozone-science & Engineering, 2021
An ozonation study was conducted for inactivating Fusarium oxysporum, which causes Fusarium wilt,... more An ozonation study was conducted for inactivating Fusarium oxysporum, which causes Fusarium wilt, the most serious soil-borne disease in hydroponic cultivation systems. Samples of conidial suspensi...
Agricultural engineers made significant contributions to the farming community in the 21 century ... more Agricultural engineers made significant contributions to the farming community in the 21 century by improving efficiency of various farming operations, increasing farm incomes, and making life of a farmer more comfortable by mechanizing many of the labor intensive tasks of agricultural production. Mechanization of agriculture is considered to be one of the top 20 technological advancements of the 20 century. With the success of agricultural engineering profession in the 20 century to increase overall global food production, the future challenges of the 21 century still remain not only to feed the current population of 6.5 billion in 2009 but to feed an increasing population of 9.5 billion people in 2050. Despite huge gains in food production, there is still widespread hunger and malnutrition in the world. The problem of world hunger will not be solved until we solve the issue of poor man’s access to food and every farmer’s access to land, water, credit, and education on this planet....
2002 Chicago, IL July 28-31, 2002, 2002
Six lysimeters and eleven tile drained field plots were used to determine if the amount of contam... more Six lysimeters and eleven tile drained field plots were used to determine if the amount of contaminants leaching into tile water would increase after the application of poultry manure and urea ammonium nitrate fertilizer (UAN). There were three nitrogen based treatments applied to the lysimeters and fields: 168 kg N/ ha of UAN, 168 kg N/ha of poultry manure, and 336 kg N/ha of poultry manure. (One treatment per lysimeter/field plot.) Corn was planted in the lysimeters and field plots, as well as soybeans in the field plots, in order to simulate field conditions. Tile water samples were collected once a week and after rain events and tested for nitrate, total phosphate, orthophosphate, E. coli, and total coliform. Results thus far indicate that larger amounts of manure/fertilizer applied to lysimeters/field plots appear to predispose the lysimeters and field plot soils to greater contaminate leaching potential. E. coli, total coliform, and total phosphate leaching increased when heavy rain events occurred, while nitrate and orthophosphate leaching decreased.
Pollution Research, May 1, 2018
Soil fertilizing the old-fashioned way, with raw manure, is a well-known procedure to increase la... more Soil fertilizing the old-fashioned way, with raw manure, is a well-known procedure to increase land productivity. However, the fertilization value of organic amendment to the soil depends among others, on the composition of manure and manure application rates, timing and placement. When a rainfall event occurs soon after organic fertilizer application, it might help increase nutrient and pathogen concentrations in superficial runoff, carrying out negative consequences on water quality. The aim of this research was to study the effect of variable rates of poultry manure application and landscape slope on bacterial pathogens, nutrients and sediment transport with surface runoff. Experimental assays were performed with an indoor rainfall simulator; a constant 25 mm. h-1 intensity was applied for 2.5 hours. We evaluated interactions between slopes (2%, 4% and 9%) and application rates of poultry manure. Trial conditions tested tend to reproduce the typical farming practices applied in the central area of Iowa State, which is part of the productive area known as the Corn Belt (USA). Nutrient present in surface runoff showed a positive correlation with manure application rates. Also, when manure application rate was doubled, E. coli FCU increased correspondingly. This study emphasized the need for proper manure management (rate and timings of application) in order to optimize fertilization efficiency and to avoid negative impacts on downstream water quality of productive areas and on the ecological systems surrounding them.Fil: Delgado, María Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Kanwar, Ramesh. Lovely Professional University; India. University of Iowa; Estados UnidosFil: Pederson, Carl. University of Iowa; Estados UnidosFil: Hoang, Chi. University of Iowa; Estados UnidosFil: Nguye, Huy. University of Iowa; Estados Unido
Iowa State University does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, age, religion, national ... more Iowa State University does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, age, religion, national origin, sexual
Education must constantly be adapted to new needs. Educational tasks determine new styles of teac... more Education must constantly be adapted to new needs. Educational tasks determine new styles of teachers' work and also their competences, showing that the effects of the course of didactic process depend on the teacher's awareness to a large extent, way of understanding of the school's reality and the students themselves. Currently the media are ever-present. The teacher must be aware of the influence of outside school interference and psychological barriers related to the communication process. Mass media and hypermedia shape new patterns and new values. The 'overheated' and synthetic announcements often limit the intellectual effort and the critical thinking. On the other hand e-communication is a stimulator of mass education. It requires from teachers use of strategies leading to rebuilding the earlier structure of students' knowledge, creating different structures in connection with new students' concepts and needs in response to new information. The su...
Advances in Environmental Studies, 2017
Phytoparasitic nematodes are important pests that cause severe crop yield losses. In the past, me... more Phytoparasitic nematodes are important pests that cause severe crop yield losses. In the past, methyl bromide and other proprietary nematicides have been used as management practices, but these practices are unsustainable and lead to atmospheric pollution and ozone layer destruction. Ozonation was studied as an alternative management practice since it is highly effective against microorganisms and degenerates quickly to oxygen. Soil samples that were naturally infested with nematodes were treated with different levels of gaseous ozone at 21 º C and 5 º C. Regression analysis results show that a medium level of ozonation (2.1 g O 3 kg-1 for 15 min at a rate of ozonation 0.14 g O 3 kg-1 min-1) and low temperature (5 º C) resulted in 94% mean nematode inhibition. The data and analysis results imply that ozone may be an efficient and sustainable alternative to other practices.
Hydrological Sciences Journal, 1994
A study was conducted to develop a computer model to simulate the spatial variability of field-me... more A study was conducted to develop a computer model to simulate the spatial variability of field-measure d saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) using Fourier series analysis. Ks measurements, both in situ and in the laboratory, were made at 150 and 300 mm depths at regular intervals of 4.6 m on two perpendicular transects crossing each other at the centre of a
Nonpoint source nutrient pollution related to land application of manures is recognized as an imp... more Nonpoint source nutrient pollution related to land application of manures is recognized as an important environmental and social issue for several reasons. First,swine manure application to land can impact water quality. Second, several states are in the process of creating laws and/or regulations to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loadings from manure to soil and water resources. Third, the quality of water resources will help set parameters for developing public policies on management of manure.
2004, Ottawa, Canada August 1 - 4, 2004, 2004
ABSTRACT
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2006
Understanding the temporal distribution of NO 3-N leaching losses from subsurface drained 'tile' ... more Understanding the temporal distribution of NO 3-N leaching losses from subsurface drained 'tile' fields as a function of climate and management practices can help develop strategies for its mitigation. A field study was conducted from 1999 through 2003 to investigate effects of the most vulnerable application of pig manure (fall application and chisel plow), safe application of pig manure (spring application and no-tillage) and common application of artificial nitrogen (UAN spring application and chisel plow) on NO 3-N leaching losses to subsurface drainage water beneath corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation systems as a randomized complete block design. The N application rates averaged over five years ranged from 166 kg-N ha −1 for spring applied manure to 170 kg-N ha −1 for UAN and 172 kg-N ha −1 for fall applied manure. Tillage and nitrogen source effects on tile flow and NO 3-N leaching losses were not significant (P<0.05). Fall applied manure with CP resulted in significantly greater corn grain yield (10.8 vs 10.4 Mg ha −1) compared with the spring manure-NT system. Corn plots with the spring applied manure-NT system gave relatively lower flow weighted NO 3-N concentration of 13.2 mg l −1 in comparison to corn plots with fall manure-CP (21.6 mg l −1) and UAN-CP systems (15.9 mg l −1). Averaged across five years, about 60% of tile flow and NO 3-N leaching losses exited the fields during March through May. Growing season precipitation and cycles of wet and dry years primarily controlled NO 3-N leaching losses from tile drained fields. These results suggest that spring applied manure has potential to reduce NO 3-N concentrations in subsurface drainage water and also strategies need to be developed to reduce early spring NO 3-N leaching losses. Keywords subsurface drainage. water quality. liquid swine manure Abbreviations NT no-tillage CP chisel plow 28% UAN urea ammonium nitrate solution fertilizer PAN potentially available N during first cropping season CFMCP corn after soybeanfall applied manurechisel plow
Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 2001
Agricultural Water Management, 2014
Well tested agricultural system models can improve our understanding of the water quality effects... more Well tested agricultural system models can improve our understanding of the water quality effects of management practices under different conditions. The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) has been tested under a variety of conditions. However, the current model's ability to simulate pesticide transport to subsurface drain flow over a long term period under different tillage systems and application rates is not clear. Therefore, we calibrated and tested RZWQM using six years of data from Nashua, Iowa. In this experiment, atrazine was spring applied at 2.8 (1990-1992) and 0.6 kg/ha/yr (1993-1995) to two 0.4 ha plots with different tillage (till and no-till). The observed and simulated average annual flow weighted atrazine concentrations (FWAC) in subsurface drain flow from the no-till plot were 3.7 and 3.2 g/L, respectively for the period with high atrazine application rates, and 0.8 and 0.9 g/L, respectively for the period with low application rates. The 1990-1992 observed average annual FWAC difference between the no-till and tilled plot was 2.4 g/L while the simulated difference was 2.1 g/L. These observed and simulated differences for 1993-1995 were 0.1 and 0.1 g/L, respectively. The Nash-Sutcliffe model performance statistic (EF) for cumulative atrazine flux to subsurface drain flow was 0.93 for the no-till plot testing years (1993-1995), which is comparable to other recent model tests. The value of EF is 1.0 when simulated data perfectly match observed data. The order of selected parameter sensitivity for RZWQM simulated FWAC was atrazine partition coefficient > number of macropores > atrazine half life in soil > soil hydraulic conductivity. Simulations from 1990 to 1995 with four different atrazine application rates applied at a constant rate throughout the simulation period showed concentrations in drain flow for the no-till plot to be twice those of the tilled plot. The differences were more pronounced in the early simulation period (1990-1992), partly because of the characteristics of macropore flow during large storms. The results suggest that RZWQM is a promising tool to study pesticide transport to subsurface drain flow under different tillage systems and application rates over several years, the concentrations of atrazine in drain flow can be higher with no-till than tilled soil over a range of atrazine application rates, and atrazine concentrations in drain flow are sensitive to the macropore flow characteristics under different tillage systems and rainfall timing and intensity.
This is certified that the work described in this project report entitled "Formulation and evalua... more This is certified that the work described in this project report entitled "Formulation and evaluation of Sulfadiazine loaded Silver Nanoparticles" has been carried out by Chandra Prakash Jha, Registration No.
Phytoparasitic nematodes are important pests that cause severe crop yield losses. In the past, me... more Phytoparasitic nematodes are important pests that cause severe crop yield losses. In the past, methyl bromide and other proprietary nematicides have been used as management practices, but these practices are unsustainable and lead to atmospheric pollution and ozone layer destruction. Ozonation was studied as an alternative management practice since it is highly effective against microorganisms and degenerates quickly to oxygen. Soil samples that were naturally infested with nematodes were treated with different levels of gaseous ozone at 21 oC and 5 oC. Regression analysis results show that a medium level of ozonation (2.1 g O3 kg -1 for 15 min at a rate of ozonation 0.14 g O3 kg -1 min-1) and low temperature (5 oC) resulted in 94% mean nematode inhibition. The data and analysis results imply that ozone may be an efficient and sustainable alternative to other practices.
Ozone-science & Engineering, 2021
An ozonation study was conducted for inactivating Fusarium oxysporum, which causes Fusarium wilt,... more An ozonation study was conducted for inactivating Fusarium oxysporum, which causes Fusarium wilt, the most serious soil-borne disease in hydroponic cultivation systems. Samples of conidial suspensi...
Agricultural engineers made significant contributions to the farming community in the 21 century ... more Agricultural engineers made significant contributions to the farming community in the 21 century by improving efficiency of various farming operations, increasing farm incomes, and making life of a farmer more comfortable by mechanizing many of the labor intensive tasks of agricultural production. Mechanization of agriculture is considered to be one of the top 20 technological advancements of the 20 century. With the success of agricultural engineering profession in the 20 century to increase overall global food production, the future challenges of the 21 century still remain not only to feed the current population of 6.5 billion in 2009 but to feed an increasing population of 9.5 billion people in 2050. Despite huge gains in food production, there is still widespread hunger and malnutrition in the world. The problem of world hunger will not be solved until we solve the issue of poor man’s access to food and every farmer’s access to land, water, credit, and education on this planet....