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Journal Articles by Ramesh Krishnamurti

A unified algebraic foundation for shape computation is presented wherein the description of a sh... more A unified algebraic foundation for shape computation is presented wherein the description of a shape is explored as a sum of disjoint segments and the result of shape computation is expressed in terms of a classification of the boundaries of these segments. Shapes are considered as collections of spatial elements of limited but nonzero measure, independently of dimensionality or shape type. A spatial element is itself specified by two shapes: a carrier and a boundary. The carrier is a shape in which the element is embedded and is of the same type as the element. The boundary represents the form of the element and is a shape of a different type. A particular kind of spatial element or shape is a segment that has no nonempty proper subshape, the boundary of which is a subshape of the boundary of the segment. It is shown that a shape is the sum of a unique finite set of disjoint segments with disjoint boundaries. Then, the shape is said to be maximal and the boundary of a maximal shape is the sum of the boundaries of its maximal segments. Boundary segments of a shape can be classified with respect to another shape as to be inside or outside the other shape, or shared in the same way or shared oppositely between the two shapes. From this classification, the boundary of a shape resulting from a shape operation on two shapes is determined by summing appropriate classes of segments. In a similar way, shape relations between two shapes are shown to depend on the distribution of the boundary segments of each shape into these classes.

Spatial composition can be viewed as computation involving spatial changes each expressed as s - ... more Spatial composition can be viewed as computation involving spatial changes each expressed as s - f( a )+f( b ), where s is a shape, and f( a ) is a representation of the emergent part (shape) that is altered by replacing it with the shape f( b ). We examine this formula in three distinct but related ways. We begin by exploring the conditions under which a sequence of spatial changes is continuous. We next consider the conditions under which such changes are reversible. We conclude with the recognition of emergent shapes, that is, the determination of transformations f that make f( a ) a part of s . We enumerate the cases for shape recognition within algebras Uij , 0 <= i <= j <= 3, and within Cartesian products of these algebras.

We present a formal approach to representational flexibility, sorts, to support alternative repre... more We present a formal approach to representational flexibility, sorts, to support alternative representations of an entity. The approach is constructive, based on a part relation on elements within a sort, which enables the recognition of emergent information. The use of data functions as a sort provides for the embedding of data queries within a representational structure. We discuss the application of sorts to supporting alternative data views, illustrating this through a case study in building construction.

Papers by Ramesh Krishnamurti

CAADRIA proceedings

We consider a digital diary of a building to be a system for flexibly retrieving and updating bui... more We consider a digital diary of a building to be a system for flexibly retrieving and updating building information over the life cycle of the building-a system that is independent of any task-centric use. The key challenges to realizing such a system are the users and their intensions. For a practical demonstration of the notion we use IFC as the protocol for representing a building information model space and the concept of sorts to embrace representational flexibility. The ideas for the digital diary stem from four real construction case studies which we undertook as part of an ongoing research project.

In this paper we review the research on multi-agent space planning (MASP) during the period of 20... more In this paper we review the research on multi-agent space planning (MASP) during the period of 2008-2017. By MASP, we refer to space planning (SP) methods based on online mobile agents that map local perceptions to actions in the environment, generating spatial representation. We group two precedents and sixteen recent MASP prototypes into three categories: (1) agents as moving spatial units, (2) agents that occupy a space, and (3) agents that partition a space. In order to compare the prototypes, we identify the occurrence of features in terms of representation, objectives, and control procedures. Upon analysis of occurrences and correlations of features in the types, we present gaps and challenges for future MASP research. We point to the limits of current systems to solve spatial conflicts and to incorporate architectural knowledge. Finally, we suggest that behavioral learning offers a promising path for robust and autonomous MASP systems in the architectural domain.

Computer-Aided Architectural Design. "Hello, Culture", 2019

The use of programming languages in design opens up unexplored and previously unworkable territor... more The use of programming languages in design opens up unexplored and previously unworkable territories, mainly, in conventional architectural practice. In the 1990s, languages of continuity, smoothness and seamlessness dominated the architectural inquiry with the CNC milling machine as its manufacturing tool. Today's computational design and fabrication technology look at languages of synthesis of fragments or particles, with the 3D printer as its fabrication archetype. Fundamental to this idea is the concept of resolutionthe amount of information stored at any localized area. Construction of a shape is then based on multiple areas of resolution. This paper explores a novel design methodology that takes this concept of resolutions on discrete elements as a design driver for architectural practice. This research has been tested primarily through additive manufacturing techniques.

Computer-Aided Architectural Design. "Hello, Culture", 2019

In the realm of digitally assisted sustainable building design, computational tools, mostly simul... more In the realm of digitally assisted sustainable building design, computational tools, mostly simulations, are invoked to find loads and predict system performances in terms of energy use. These tools also provide a way of envisioning the effects of choices made during the design process, say, of materials; of heating and cooling systems; and of methods of construction that may detrimentally effect the environment. Although, ensuring energy efficiency is one of many indicators of sustainability, other requirements have to be met in order for a building to be deemed sustainable. Currently, sustainability in the building domain is judged by reference to a standard or rating system by which a building is measured. (Yudelson, 2008) Rating systems, however, "are a moving goal post." (Walker, 2006) Being able to use the requirements set out by a rating system during design can offer a comprehensive guide towards sustainable design. Taking this into consideration, this paper presen...

Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 2007

Automation in Construction, 1994

A rule-based simulation program is developed for application to building construction. From a spe... more A rule-based simulation program is developed for application to building construction. From a specified task schedule, the program generates and simulates a motion path for each robot action, avoiding obstacles and incorporating interaction, safety and other considerations.

… on Computing in Civil and Building …, 1996

Computational design relies on effective models of geometry, for the creation of (geometries of) ... more Computational design relies on effective models of geometry, for the creation of (geometries of) design artifacts and the querying of the characteristics of these (geometries). In the search for appropriate solid models, there is a consensus-namely, a solid model has to be complete-that is, the corresponding representations are ``adequate for answering arbitrary geometric questions algorithmically''. However, this statement becomes more difficult to qualify as users and, in particular, designers pose new questions that go beyond geometry and require other information to be included.

Design Computing and Cognition ’04, 2004

Sorts present a constructive approach to representational structures and provide a uniform approa... more Sorts present a constructive approach to representational structures and provide a uniform approach to handling various design data. In this way, sorts offer support for multiple, alternative data views and for data exchange between these views. The representation of sorts extends on a maximal element representation for shapes that supports shape recognition and shape rules. In the same way, sorts offer support for data recognition, for querying design information and for expressing design rules. In this paper, we present an overview of the use of sorts to support these functionalities. Each of these relies on the ability to alter representational structures or sorts, and to manipulate the composition of data forms. In this regard, we briefly consider the user interaction aspect of utilizing sorts.

J. of Design Research, 2004

A unified algebraic foundation for shape computation is presented wherein the description of a sh... more A unified algebraic foundation for shape computation is presented wherein the description of a shape is explored as a sum of disjoint segments and theresult of shape computation is expressed in terms of a classification of the boundaries of these segments. Shapes are considered as collections of spatial elements of limited but nonzero measure, independently of dimensionality or shape type. A spatial element is itself specified by two shapes: a carrier and a boundary. The carrier is a shape in which the element is embedded and is of the same type as the element. The boundary represents the form of the element and is a shape of a different type. A particular kind of spatial element or shape is a segment that has no nonempty proper subshape, the boundary of which is a subshape of the boundary of the segment. It is shown that a shape is the sum of a unique finite set of disjoint segments with disjoint boundaries. Then, the shape is said to be maximal and the boundary of a maximal shape is the sum of the boundaries of its maximal segments. Boundary segments of a shape can be classified with respect to another shape as to be inside or outside the other shape, or shared in the same way or shared oppositely between the two shapes. From this classification, the boundary of a shape resulting from a shape operation on two shapes is determined by summing appropriate classes of segments. In a similar way, shape relations between two shapes are shown to depend on the distribution of the boundary segments of each shape into these classes.

Design Computing and …, 2008

This paper discusses information flow between knowledge-based models and shape grammars for gener... more This paper discusses information flow between knowledge-based models and shape grammars for generation of building designs, explaining the interaction, system and implementation. The benefit for using the interactive system is that the complementary properties of the two schemes are used to strengthen the overall process. Shape grammar contains rules about the geometric organization, while knowledge-based model supports the contextual information.

CAADRIA'08, 2008

∗Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon University, ramesh@cmu.e... more ∗Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon University, ramesh@cmu.edu This paper is posted at Research Showcase. http://repository.cmu.edu/architecture /44 ... DETERMINING THE INTERIOR LAYOUT OF BUILDINGS DESCRIBABLE BY ...

CAAD Futures, 1997

This work is based on the recognition that there will always be a need for different representati... more This work is based on the recognition that there will always be a need for different representations of the same entity, albeit a building or building part, a shape or other complex attribute. This exigency ensues, formally, to define the relations between alternative representations, in order to support translation and identify where exact translation is possible, and to define coverage of different representations. We consider an abstraction of representations to model sorts that allows us to define algebraic operations on sorts and recognize algebraic relationships between sorts, providing us with a method for the analysis of representations, and the comparison of their coverage. We present the basis of support for a multi-representational environment.

... Following Plato, philosophers from Descartes to Hume to Collingwood have continued to render ... more ... Following Plato, philosophers from Descartes to Hume to Collingwood have continued to render aesthetics' meaning in the domains ... casual relationships can be identified and formalized for the purpose of enhancing the experience, the aesthetic sensing, of architecture. ...

CAADRIA proceedings

Computer-Aided Architectural Design. "Hello, Culture", 2019

Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 2007

Automation in Construction, 1994

… on Computing in Civil and Building …, 1996

Design Computing and Cognition ’04, 2004

J. of Design Research, 2004

A unified algebraic foundation for shape computation is presented wherein the description of a sh... more A unified algebraic foundation for shape computation is presented wherein the description of a shape is explored as a sum of disjoint segments and theresult of shape computation is expressed in terms of a classification of the boundaries of these segments. Shapes are considered as collections of spatial elements of limited but nonzero measure, independently of dimensionality or shape type. A spatial element is itself specified by two shapes: a carrier and a boundary. The carrier is a shape in which the element is embedded and is of the same type as the element. The boundary represents the form of the element and is a shape of a different type. A particular kind of spatial element or shape is a segment that has no nonempty proper subshape, the boundary of which is a subshape of the boundary of the segment. It is shown that a shape is the sum of a unique finite set of disjoint segments with disjoint boundaries. Then, the shape is said to be maximal and the boundary of a maximal shape is the sum of the boundaries of its maximal segments. Boundary segments of a shape can be classified with respect to another shape as to be inside or outside the other shape, or shared in the same way or shared oppositely between the two shapes. From this classification, the boundary of a shape resulting from a shape operation on two shapes is determined by summing appropriate classes of segments. In a similar way, shape relations between two shapes are shown to depend on the distribution of the boundary segments of each shape into these classes.

Design Computing and …, 2008

CAADRIA'08, 2008

CAAD Futures, 1997

Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 1978

ABSTRACT

Techniques for three dimensional (3D) imaging and analysis of as-built conditions of buildings ar... more Techniques for three dimensional (3D) imaging and analysis of as-built conditions of buildings are gaining acceptance in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) community. Early detection of defects on construction sites is one domain where these techniques have the potential to revolutionize an industry, since construction defects can consume a significant portion of a project's budget. The ASDMCon project is developing methods to aid site managers in detecting and managing construction defects using 3D imaging and other advanced sensor technologies. This paper presents an overview of the project, its 4D visualization environment, and the 3D segmentation and recognition strategies that are being employed to automate defect detection.

Standardization is often touted as the ultimate solution for electronic data exchange. With respe... more Standardization is often touted as the ultimate solution for electronic data exchange. With respect to design, it is arguable that while standardization can improve the design process through effective data exchange, it may also hinder the process by imposing a specific language for designers to express their ideas and concepts. With respect to architectural design, to support the dynamic nature of design, flexibility and extensibility are factors that must be considered in any standardization effort. We contend that a syntactic approach specifying a framework for expressing and comparing various representations holds more promise. In this paper, we describe a framework for representational flexibility, which borrows from various existing approaches and technologies.