Ramez Daoud - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Ramez Daoud

2023 12th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO)

2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), 2018

Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology plays a critical role in maintaining road safety, avoiding... more Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology plays a critical role in maintaining road safety, avoiding accidents and controlling traffic flow. As self driving cars are expected to take over the roads, this paper discusses the intermediate phase in which manned and unmanned cars coexist. A heterogeneous network architecture that simultaneously serves manned and unmanned cars' different requirements in a suburban area is proposed and simulated using Riverbed Modeler. The feasibility of this architecture is examined in three different scenarios: Normal operation, congestion in both directions and Road Side Units (RSU) failure. In normal operation mode, traffic data is sent through Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure/Infrastructure-to-Vehicle (V2I/I2V or to RSU) using IEEE 802.11p and infotainment information is communicated as V2I/I2V using Long Term Evolution (LTE). A special case is highlighted and tested, in which congestion is in both directions. In such situation...

The use of robotics in Search and Rescue operations is a topic that is gaining momentum in the sc... more The use of robotics in Search and Rescue operations is a topic that is gaining momentum in the scientific community. One aspect of such operations that has yet to be explored is that of wireless communication between the various robotic elements operating in the disaster area. This paper presents a model consisting of 15 Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs), two Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and one Cell On Wheels (COW). This configuration explores the nature of such communication in the form of a network with payloads of sensor data, video data and telemetry bursts being sent from the UGVs via the UAV to the COW, and with telecommands being sent via the downlink. Another issue explored is that of horizontal handover that occurs when one UGV moves out of its home UAV's coverage and moves into another UAV's coverage. The results of the paper show that the network is fully functional with benchmark compliant video latency and jitter. Moreover, it is shown that the handover that occurs between the two coverage areas experiences no loss of useful information.

IEEE EUROCON 2017 -17th International Conference on Smart Technologies

Railway communications are essential nowadays enabling passengers to stay connected to entertainm... more Railway communications are essential nowadays enabling passengers to stay connected to entertainment as well as other bandwidth-demanding applications. This is particularly challenging because wireless communication standards are not fully customized to overcome railway environment challenges including high handover frequency, group handover and Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. In this paper, a novel system architecture for railway wireless communications is proposed. The proposed heterogeneous system utilizes the Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP), the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular protocol and as well as the IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi) wireless protocol. The goal of the proposed system is to quantify the overall system performance through several metrics (such as the data loss ratio, average packets dropped, handover delay and LTE delay) thereby ensuring that the proposed system can meet the required entertainment benchmarks. A performance simulation-based study is conducted to validate the feasibility of the proposed system in an urban railway environment. Simulation results show that the proposed architecture achieves improved performance for a high-load scenario even with added background traffic as compared to a conventional railway architecture for wireless communications.

IEEE EUROCON 2017 -17th International Conference on Smart Technologies, 2017

In buildings with enough network infrastructure, there is a fire alarm network controlled by a Fi... more In buildings with enough network infrastructure, there is a fire alarm network controlled by a Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP) and interfaced with the overall building network. When a fire starts in the building, the FACP takes some actions to facilitate evacuation and firefighting procedures. The fire alarm network, already fire protected, continues to operate on batteries. The fire department dispatches fire fighters to the site. Often, fire fighters can suffer from many injuries and fatalities due to the lack of information about the fire site. This paper proposes a fault-tolerant network of robots to be deployed in a building with any number of floors and communicate with the fire alarm network through the FACP. Wi-Fi and LTE interfaces need to be added to the FACP to allow for this functionality. The main purpose of the robots is to scout the region, send live video stream as well as different measurements from the site to the Incident Commander (IC) while other firefighting pr...

2015 IEEE 20th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA), 2015

Fault-tolerance is becoming an essential feature in the design of Networked Control Systems (NCSs... more Fault-tolerance is becoming an essential feature in the design of Networked Control Systems (NCSs). Furthermore, Sensor-to-Actuator (S2A) architectures have shown some advantages over conventional In-Loop architectures. This paper focuses on fault-tolerant controllers in the context of S2A systems. It proposes the use of Triple Modular Redundancy at the controller level. The fault-tolerant controller will be hosted in an FPGA that has a spare location. The voter in this TMR scheme is fault-secure to guarantee that the controllers never produce an undetected incorrect control action. Finally, system reliability is calculated using Markov models to quantitatively show, via case studies, the advantage of the proposed technique in terms of extended lifetime.

2018 International Conference on Computer and Applications (ICCA), 2018

Precision agriculture systems are usually studied in the context of Wireless Sensor Networks. In ... more Precision agriculture systems are usually studied in the context of Wireless Sensor Networks. In this paper, a hierarchical Networked Control System (NCS) is proposed for two Greenhouses. This system is built on top of switched Ethernet and Wi-Fi, and is IoT-based. Fire and CO2 sensors imposed a 1s real-time deadline. It is shown how to allocate Wi-Fi channels to prevent interference in this relatively large NCS. Riverbed simulations proved that the two-Greenhouse NCS did not suffer any packet loss and was able to meet real-time constraints. Fault Tolerance at the controller level is then added to the system. Riverbed simulations again proved that the system can operate as a 1-out-of-2 system; if one controller fails, the other controller can operate both greenhouses. A case study is then presented to show that fault tolerance can decrease downtime which is a very important advantage especially in developing countries.

IEEE EUROCON 2021 - 19th International Conference on Smart Technologies

SN Applied Sciences

Wireless Sensor Networks have been often used in the context of Greenhouse architectures. In this... more Wireless Sensor Networks have been often used in the context of Greenhouse architectures. In this paper, an architecture is proposed for two Greenhouses based on Networked Control Systems. This architecture is IoT-based and built on top of switched Ethernet and Wi-Fi. Some sensors in the proposed architecture require a one-second real-time deadline. Riverbed simulations prove that there is zero packet loss and no over-delayed packets. An important contribution of this work is the design of a channel allocation scheme that prevents interference in this relatively large Greenhouse system. Another contribution of this work is the introduction of fault tolerance at the controller level. If one controller fails in one of the Greenhouses, the other controller automatically takes over the entire operation of the two-Greenhouse system. Riverbed simulations again show that this fault-tolerant system does not suffer any packet loss or over-delayed packets. Continuous Time Markov Chains are then developed to calculate the reliability as well as the steady state availability of the two-Greenhouse system. The Coverage parameter is taken into account. Finally, a case study is presented to quantitatively assess the advantage of fault tolerance in terms of downtime reduction; this is expected to be attractive especially in developing countries.

International Journal of Handheld Computing Research

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely used in numerous critical applications, and require th... more Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely used in numerous critical applications, and require the network to have a prolonged lifetime and high tolerance to failures. However, the battery-operated sensor nodes used in WSNs cause the network to be resource-constrained. On the one hand, there is a continuous urge to efficiently exploit the WSN energy, and hence, prolong the network lifetime. On the other hand, WSN node failures are not only attributed to battery drain. Node failures can be caused by hardware or software malfunctioning. In this article, the authors assess the impact of the death criterion on the network lifetime and reliability. It is related how the data from the different sensors are aggregated to the death criterion. Additionally, the impact of the number of sensing cycles per network master on the network lifetime and energy efficiency for the different considered death criteria. The effect of the network master selection process on the energy efficiency is also e...

Journal of Advanced Research, 2016

Signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) Fractional frequency reuse (FFR) Soft frequency reu... more Signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) Fractional frequency reuse (FFR) Soft frequency reuse (SFR) Heterogeneous network performance of the different methods. Therefore, this paper introduces general expressions for the SINR in homogeneous and in heterogeneous networks. In homogeneous networks, the expression was applied for the most common types of frequency reuse techniques: soft frequency reuse (SFR) and fractional frequency reuse (FFR). The expression was examined by comparing it with previously developed ones in the literature and the comparison showed that the expression is valid for any type of frequency reuse scheme and any network topology. Furthermore, the expression was extended to include the heterogeneous network; the expression includes the problem of co-tier and cross-tier interference in heterogeneous networks (HetNet) and it was examined by the same method of the homogeneous one.

2016 24th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED), 2016

2008 IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, 2008

In this paper, the repair process for fault-tolerant industrial production lines is investigated.... more In this paper, the repair process for fault-tolerant industrial production lines is investigated. The type of failure may significantly affect the repair time because of travel time, customs, … A modified Markov model is developed that takes into account these different repair times. The availability of a two-machine production line is then calculated using this model and is compared to the availability obtained from conventional models for the same production line. A case study shows that the results from the two models may vary significantly indicating that a more accurate description of the repair process was indeed necessary.

Proceedings of the 2014 Ieee Emerging Technology and Factory Automation, Sep 1, 2014

2011 3rd International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops, 2011

... Esraa A. Makled IEEE Stundent Member Electronics Engineering Department American University i... more ... Esraa A. Makled IEEE Stundent Member Electronics Engineering Department American University in Cairo Cairo, Egypt esraa.makled@gmail.com ... Among the potential protocols, such as Bluetooth, ZigBee, WiFi, the most often used are the small range ones [25-27]. ...

Wireless Sensor Network, 2016

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have recently become one of the major research areas in the wirele... more Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have recently become one of the major research areas in the wireless communication field and are implemented in a variety of applications. One of these applications that will be tackled in this paper is monitoring electromagnetic (EM) pollution that is mostly caused by a variety of wireless devices that we use in our daily life. This paper presents a generic algorithm that uses a WSN to monitor EM hazardous emissions and reports variation caused by four violators. Additionally it calculates the network's lifetime and simultaneously studies the effect of random parameters and their distributions on the network. Finally the different combinations of the random parameters and the altered distributions are compared together to achieve the combination that can prolong the network's lifetime.

2006 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, May 1, 2006

... 2608-2620. [2] RM Daoud, HH Amer, and HM Elsayed, “Fault-tolerant two-level pyramid networked... more ... 2608-2620. [2] RM Daoud, HH Amer, and HM Elsayed, “Fault-tolerant two-level pyramid networked control systems,” 10th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation ETFA, Catania-Italy, September 2005. ...

Intelligent Control and Automation, 2016

This paper presents a novel fault-tolerant networked control system architecture consisting of tw... more This paper presents a novel fault-tolerant networked control system architecture consisting of two cells working in-line. This architecture is fault-tolerant at the level of the controllers as well as the sensors. Each cell is based on the sensor-to-actuator approach and has an additional supervisor node. It is proven, via analysis as well as OMNeT++ simulations that the production line succeeds in meeting all control system requirements with no dropped or over-delayed packets. A reliability analysis is then undertaken to quantitatively estimate the increase in reliability due to the introduction of fault-tolerance.

2006 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, May 1, 2006

... twisted pair or POF, with a maximum number of 63 embedded devices. ... Eid, “Performance of F... more ... twisted pair or POF, with a maximum number of 63 embedded devices. ... Eid, “Performance of Fast and Gigabit Ethernet Network Controlled System,” 46th International ... Systems,” 10th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, IEEE ETFA ...

2023 12th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO)

2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), 2018

Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology plays a critical role in maintaining road safety, avoiding... more Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology plays a critical role in maintaining road safety, avoiding accidents and controlling traffic flow. As self driving cars are expected to take over the roads, this paper discusses the intermediate phase in which manned and unmanned cars coexist. A heterogeneous network architecture that simultaneously serves manned and unmanned cars' different requirements in a suburban area is proposed and simulated using Riverbed Modeler. The feasibility of this architecture is examined in three different scenarios: Normal operation, congestion in both directions and Road Side Units (RSU) failure. In normal operation mode, traffic data is sent through Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure/Infrastructure-to-Vehicle (V2I/I2V or to RSU) using IEEE 802.11p and infotainment information is communicated as V2I/I2V using Long Term Evolution (LTE). A special case is highlighted and tested, in which congestion is in both directions. In such situation...

The use of robotics in Search and Rescue operations is a topic that is gaining momentum in the sc... more The use of robotics in Search and Rescue operations is a topic that is gaining momentum in the scientific community. One aspect of such operations that has yet to be explored is that of wireless communication between the various robotic elements operating in the disaster area. This paper presents a model consisting of 15 Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs), two Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and one Cell On Wheels (COW). This configuration explores the nature of such communication in the form of a network with payloads of sensor data, video data and telemetry bursts being sent from the UGVs via the UAV to the COW, and with telecommands being sent via the downlink. Another issue explored is that of horizontal handover that occurs when one UGV moves out of its home UAV's coverage and moves into another UAV's coverage. The results of the paper show that the network is fully functional with benchmark compliant video latency and jitter. Moreover, it is shown that the handover that occurs between the two coverage areas experiences no loss of useful information.

IEEE EUROCON 2017 -17th International Conference on Smart Technologies

Railway communications are essential nowadays enabling passengers to stay connected to entertainm... more Railway communications are essential nowadays enabling passengers to stay connected to entertainment as well as other bandwidth-demanding applications. This is particularly challenging because wireless communication standards are not fully customized to overcome railway environment challenges including high handover frequency, group handover and Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. In this paper, a novel system architecture for railway wireless communications is proposed. The proposed heterogeneous system utilizes the Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP), the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular protocol and as well as the IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi) wireless protocol. The goal of the proposed system is to quantify the overall system performance through several metrics (such as the data loss ratio, average packets dropped, handover delay and LTE delay) thereby ensuring that the proposed system can meet the required entertainment benchmarks. A performance simulation-based study is conducted to validate the feasibility of the proposed system in an urban railway environment. Simulation results show that the proposed architecture achieves improved performance for a high-load scenario even with added background traffic as compared to a conventional railway architecture for wireless communications.

IEEE EUROCON 2017 -17th International Conference on Smart Technologies, 2017

In buildings with enough network infrastructure, there is a fire alarm network controlled by a Fi... more In buildings with enough network infrastructure, there is a fire alarm network controlled by a Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP) and interfaced with the overall building network. When a fire starts in the building, the FACP takes some actions to facilitate evacuation and firefighting procedures. The fire alarm network, already fire protected, continues to operate on batteries. The fire department dispatches fire fighters to the site. Often, fire fighters can suffer from many injuries and fatalities due to the lack of information about the fire site. This paper proposes a fault-tolerant network of robots to be deployed in a building with any number of floors and communicate with the fire alarm network through the FACP. Wi-Fi and LTE interfaces need to be added to the FACP to allow for this functionality. The main purpose of the robots is to scout the region, send live video stream as well as different measurements from the site to the Incident Commander (IC) while other firefighting pr...

2015 IEEE 20th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA), 2015

Fault-tolerance is becoming an essential feature in the design of Networked Control Systems (NCSs... more Fault-tolerance is becoming an essential feature in the design of Networked Control Systems (NCSs). Furthermore, Sensor-to-Actuator (S2A) architectures have shown some advantages over conventional In-Loop architectures. This paper focuses on fault-tolerant controllers in the context of S2A systems. It proposes the use of Triple Modular Redundancy at the controller level. The fault-tolerant controller will be hosted in an FPGA that has a spare location. The voter in this TMR scheme is fault-secure to guarantee that the controllers never produce an undetected incorrect control action. Finally, system reliability is calculated using Markov models to quantitatively show, via case studies, the advantage of the proposed technique in terms of extended lifetime.

2018 International Conference on Computer and Applications (ICCA), 2018

Precision agriculture systems are usually studied in the context of Wireless Sensor Networks. In ... more Precision agriculture systems are usually studied in the context of Wireless Sensor Networks. In this paper, a hierarchical Networked Control System (NCS) is proposed for two Greenhouses. This system is built on top of switched Ethernet and Wi-Fi, and is IoT-based. Fire and CO2 sensors imposed a 1s real-time deadline. It is shown how to allocate Wi-Fi channels to prevent interference in this relatively large NCS. Riverbed simulations proved that the two-Greenhouse NCS did not suffer any packet loss and was able to meet real-time constraints. Fault Tolerance at the controller level is then added to the system. Riverbed simulations again proved that the system can operate as a 1-out-of-2 system; if one controller fails, the other controller can operate both greenhouses. A case study is then presented to show that fault tolerance can decrease downtime which is a very important advantage especially in developing countries.

IEEE EUROCON 2021 - 19th International Conference on Smart Technologies

SN Applied Sciences

Wireless Sensor Networks have been often used in the context of Greenhouse architectures. In this... more Wireless Sensor Networks have been often used in the context of Greenhouse architectures. In this paper, an architecture is proposed for two Greenhouses based on Networked Control Systems. This architecture is IoT-based and built on top of switched Ethernet and Wi-Fi. Some sensors in the proposed architecture require a one-second real-time deadline. Riverbed simulations prove that there is zero packet loss and no over-delayed packets. An important contribution of this work is the design of a channel allocation scheme that prevents interference in this relatively large Greenhouse system. Another contribution of this work is the introduction of fault tolerance at the controller level. If one controller fails in one of the Greenhouses, the other controller automatically takes over the entire operation of the two-Greenhouse system. Riverbed simulations again show that this fault-tolerant system does not suffer any packet loss or over-delayed packets. Continuous Time Markov Chains are then developed to calculate the reliability as well as the steady state availability of the two-Greenhouse system. The Coverage parameter is taken into account. Finally, a case study is presented to quantitatively assess the advantage of fault tolerance in terms of downtime reduction; this is expected to be attractive especially in developing countries.

International Journal of Handheld Computing Research

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely used in numerous critical applications, and require th... more Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely used in numerous critical applications, and require the network to have a prolonged lifetime and high tolerance to failures. However, the battery-operated sensor nodes used in WSNs cause the network to be resource-constrained. On the one hand, there is a continuous urge to efficiently exploit the WSN energy, and hence, prolong the network lifetime. On the other hand, WSN node failures are not only attributed to battery drain. Node failures can be caused by hardware or software malfunctioning. In this article, the authors assess the impact of the death criterion on the network lifetime and reliability. It is related how the data from the different sensors are aggregated to the death criterion. Additionally, the impact of the number of sensing cycles per network master on the network lifetime and energy efficiency for the different considered death criteria. The effect of the network master selection process on the energy efficiency is also e...

Journal of Advanced Research, 2016

Signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) Fractional frequency reuse (FFR) Soft frequency reu... more Signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) Fractional frequency reuse (FFR) Soft frequency reuse (SFR) Heterogeneous network performance of the different methods. Therefore, this paper introduces general expressions for the SINR in homogeneous and in heterogeneous networks. In homogeneous networks, the expression was applied for the most common types of frequency reuse techniques: soft frequency reuse (SFR) and fractional frequency reuse (FFR). The expression was examined by comparing it with previously developed ones in the literature and the comparison showed that the expression is valid for any type of frequency reuse scheme and any network topology. Furthermore, the expression was extended to include the heterogeneous network; the expression includes the problem of co-tier and cross-tier interference in heterogeneous networks (HetNet) and it was examined by the same method of the homogeneous one.

2016 24th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED), 2016

2008 IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, 2008

In this paper, the repair process for fault-tolerant industrial production lines is investigated.... more In this paper, the repair process for fault-tolerant industrial production lines is investigated. The type of failure may significantly affect the repair time because of travel time, customs, … A modified Markov model is developed that takes into account these different repair times. The availability of a two-machine production line is then calculated using this model and is compared to the availability obtained from conventional models for the same production line. A case study shows that the results from the two models may vary significantly indicating that a more accurate description of the repair process was indeed necessary.

Proceedings of the 2014 Ieee Emerging Technology and Factory Automation, Sep 1, 2014

2011 3rd International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops, 2011

... Esraa A. Makled IEEE Stundent Member Electronics Engineering Department American University i... more ... Esraa A. Makled IEEE Stundent Member Electronics Engineering Department American University in Cairo Cairo, Egypt esraa.makled@gmail.com ... Among the potential protocols, such as Bluetooth, ZigBee, WiFi, the most often used are the small range ones [25-27]. ...

Wireless Sensor Network, 2016

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have recently become one of the major research areas in the wirele... more Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have recently become one of the major research areas in the wireless communication field and are implemented in a variety of applications. One of these applications that will be tackled in this paper is monitoring electromagnetic (EM) pollution that is mostly caused by a variety of wireless devices that we use in our daily life. This paper presents a generic algorithm that uses a WSN to monitor EM hazardous emissions and reports variation caused by four violators. Additionally it calculates the network's lifetime and simultaneously studies the effect of random parameters and their distributions on the network. Finally the different combinations of the random parameters and the altered distributions are compared together to achieve the combination that can prolong the network's lifetime.

2006 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, May 1, 2006

... 2608-2620. [2] RM Daoud, HH Amer, and HM Elsayed, “Fault-tolerant two-level pyramid networked... more ... 2608-2620. [2] RM Daoud, HH Amer, and HM Elsayed, “Fault-tolerant two-level pyramid networked control systems,” 10th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation ETFA, Catania-Italy, September 2005. ...

Intelligent Control and Automation, 2016

This paper presents a novel fault-tolerant networked control system architecture consisting of tw... more This paper presents a novel fault-tolerant networked control system architecture consisting of two cells working in-line. This architecture is fault-tolerant at the level of the controllers as well as the sensors. Each cell is based on the sensor-to-actuator approach and has an additional supervisor node. It is proven, via analysis as well as OMNeT++ simulations that the production line succeeds in meeting all control system requirements with no dropped or over-delayed packets. A reliability analysis is then undertaken to quantitatively estimate the increase in reliability due to the introduction of fault-tolerance.

2006 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, May 1, 2006

... twisted pair or POF, with a maximum number of 63 embedded devices. ... Eid, “Performance of F... more ... twisted pair or POF, with a maximum number of 63 embedded devices. ... Eid, “Performance of Fast and Gigabit Ethernet Network Controlled System,” 46th International ... Systems,” 10th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, IEEE ETFA ...