Randolph Ware - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Randolph Ware

Fossil fuels currently supply about 80% of humankind's primary energy. Given the imperatives ... more Fossil fuels currently supply about 80% of humankind's primary energy. Given the imperatives of climate change, pollution, energy security and dwindling supplies, and enormous technical, logistical and economic challenges of scaling up coal or gas power plants with carbon capture and storage to sequester all that carbon, we are faced with the necessity of a nearly complete transformation of the world's energy systems. Objective analyses of the inherent constraints on wind, solar, and other less-mature renewable energy technologies inevitably demonstrate that they will fall far short of meeting today's energy demands, let alone the certain increased demands of the future. Nuclear power, however, is capable of providing all the carbon-free energy that mankind requires, although the prospect of such a massive deployment raises questions of uranium shortages, increased energy and environmental impacts from mining and fuel enrichment, and so on. These potential roadblocks can...

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II

The GPS/MET (Global Positioning System/Meteorology) experiment was carried out between April 1995... more The GPS/MET (Global Positioning System/Meteorology) experiment was carried out between April 1995 and February 1997. Height profiles of the atmospheric refractive index were obatined at 1-60km from the active limb sounding of occulted radio signals from the GPS satellites. By assuming the hydrostatic relation for a dry atmosphere, a new global data set of high resolution temperature profiles has become available. This paper deals with the determination of the thermal structure near the tropopause in the equatorial region using the GPS/MET data. First, we have compared the GPS/MET profiles with troposphere when effects of humidity are small, and about 2K in the lower stratosphere. The GPS/MET profiles are found to be very unique in revealing detailed temperature structure, including sharp inversions and step-wise increase of temperature gradient near the tropical tropopause, which has not been achieved by a conventional satellite measurement. The monthly mean value of the minimum temperature (Tmin) near the tropopause agreed well between radiosonde profiles at Bandung and the GPS/MET results, showing an annual variation with warm enhancements in August-September, and broader cold periods from January to April. The altitude corresponding to Tmin became lower/higher for warmer/colder Tmin. Taking advantage of the global coverage of the GPS/MET data, we have investigated the longitude distribution of Tmin and Hmin , which generally agreed well with earlier studies.

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions

Today, commercial microwave radiometers profilers (MWRP) are robust and unattended instruments pr... more Today, commercial microwave radiometers profilers (MWRP) are robust and unattended instruments providing real time accurate atmospheric observations at ~ 1 min temporal resolution under nearly all-weather conditions. Common commercial units operate in the 20–60 GHz frequency range and are able to retrieve profiles of temperature, vapour density, and relative humidity. Temperature and humidity profiles retrieved from MWRP data are used here to feed tools developed for processing radiosonde observations to obtain values of forecast indices (FI) commonly used in operational meteorology. The FI considered here include <i>K</i> index, Total Totals, KO index, Showalter index, T1 Gust, Fog Threat, Lifted Index, <i>S</i> Index (STT), Jefferson Index, MDPI, Thompson Index, TQ Index, and CAPE. Values of FI computed from radiosonde and MWRP-retrieved temperature and humidity profiles are compared in order to quantitatively demonstrate the level of agreement and the valu...

Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 2000

The roots of GPS sounding go back to the first days of interplanetary flight. In the early 1960's... more The roots of GPS sounding go back to the first days of interplanetary flight. In the early 1960's teams from Stanford University and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory exploited radio links between Earth and the Mariner 3 and 4 spacecraft to probe the atmosphere and other properties of Mars. Radio science has since been a staple of planetary exploration. Before the advent of GPS, application of radio occultation to Earth was deemed impractical, and it was not immediately evident that even GPS could be usefully adapted. Techniques devised for geodesy in the 1980's, including "codeless" carrier reconstruction, clock elimination by double differencing, GPSbased precise orbit determination, and compact, low-cost receivers, set the stage. JPL submitted the first GPS occultation proposal to NASA in 1988. Though that "GPS Geoscience Instrument" did not fly, it established the concept and led soon to the GPS/MET experiment, conceived by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research and sponsored by the US National Science Foundation. The remarkable success of GPS/MET has led NASA to mount follow-on experiments on five international missions, launching between 1999 and 2001. Those will refine the systems and techniques of GPS sounding, setting the stage for COSMIC-the first operational GPS occultation constellation.

Atmospheric Research, 2016

The Global Positioning System For the Geosciences Summary and Proceedings of a Workshop on Improving the Gps Reference Station Infrastructure For Earth Oceanic and Atmospheric Science Applications, 1996

ABSTRACT The goal is to develop GPS remote sensing techniques to determine atmospheric refractivi... more ABSTRACT The goal is to develop GPS remote sensing techniques to determine atmospheric refractivity profiles and to aid in the detection of oceanic boundary layers from a ship. The primary scientific objective of this research is to develop GPS sounding techniques for ground based atmospheric profiling. Atmospheric profiling with GPS from space has been demonstrated (i.e. Ware et al. 1996, Rocken et al., 1997). Ground based GPS receivers have been used to determine integrated atmospheric water vapor above a site (i.e. Rocken et al., 1993), and along the ray paths to GPS satellites (Ware et al., 1997), but profiling techniques with ground-based GPS observations are still under development. Because of the large number of globally operating permanent GPS networks, ground-based profiling, if it proves feasible and accurate, will provide a large additional data set for atmospheric science and weather prediction applications. This data set will be especially useful for detailed monitoring of water vapor, one of the most important and yet least well defined atmospheric constituents.

Applications of Constellation Observing System For Meteorology Ionosphere Climate, 2001

The roots of GPS sounding go back to the first days of interplanetary flight. In the early 1960's... more The roots of GPS sounding go back to the first days of interplanetary flight. In the early 1960's teams from Stanford University and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory exploited radio links between Earth and the Mariner 3 and 4 spacecraft to probe the atmosphere and other properties of Mars. Radio science has since been a staple of planetary exploration. Before the advent of GPS, application of radio occultation to Earth was deemed impractical, and it was not immediately evident that even GPS could be usefully adapted. Techniques devised for geodesy in the 1980's, including "codeless" carrier reconstruction, clock elimination by double differencing, GPSbased precise orbit determination, and compact, low-cost receivers, set the stage. JPL submitted the first GPS occultation proposal to NASA in 1988. Though that "GPS Geoscience Instrument" did not fly, it established the concept and led soon to the GPS/MET experiment, conceived by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research and sponsored by the US National Science Foundation. The remarkable success of GPS/MET has led NASA to mount follow-on experiments on five international missions, launching between 1999 and 2001. Those will refine the systems and techniques of GPS sounding, setting the stage for COSMIC-the first operational GPS occultation constellation.

Thesis University of Colorado at Boulder 1974 Source Dissertation Abstracts International Volume 35 04 Section B Page 1855, 1974

Proceedings of Spie the International Society For Optical Engineering, Dec 1, 2000

We describe a passive microwave radiometer that provides continuous unattended atmospheric temper... more We describe a passive microwave radiometer that provides continuous unattended atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles up to 10 km in height, and low resolution liquid water profiles. Profile accuracies in cloudy and clear conditions up to 7 km height are better than 2.5 K (temperature) and 1.1 g/m3 (humidity) as determined by statistical comparison with radiosondes. The microwave profiler observes

Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union, 1991

Fossil fuels currently supply about 80% of humankind's primary energy. Given the imperatives ... more Fossil fuels currently supply about 80% of humankind's primary energy. Given the imperatives of climate change, pollution, energy security and dwindling supplies, and enormous technical, logistical and economic challenges of scaling up coal or gas power plants with carbon capture and storage to sequester all that carbon, we are faced with the necessity of a nearly complete transformation of the world's energy systems. Objective analyses of the inherent constraints on wind, solar, and other less-mature renewable energy technologies inevitably demonstrate that they will fall far short of meeting today's energy demands, let alone the certain increased demands of the future. Nuclear power, however, is capable of providing all the carbon-free energy that mankind requires, although the prospect of such a massive deployment raises questions of uranium shortages, increased energy and environmental impacts from mining and fuel enrichment, and so on. These potential roadblocks can...

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II

The GPS/MET (Global Positioning System/Meteorology) experiment was carried out between April 1995... more The GPS/MET (Global Positioning System/Meteorology) experiment was carried out between April 1995 and February 1997. Height profiles of the atmospheric refractive index were obatined at 1-60km from the active limb sounding of occulted radio signals from the GPS satellites. By assuming the hydrostatic relation for a dry atmosphere, a new global data set of high resolution temperature profiles has become available. This paper deals with the determination of the thermal structure near the tropopause in the equatorial region using the GPS/MET data. First, we have compared the GPS/MET profiles with troposphere when effects of humidity are small, and about 2K in the lower stratosphere. The GPS/MET profiles are found to be very unique in revealing detailed temperature structure, including sharp inversions and step-wise increase of temperature gradient near the tropical tropopause, which has not been achieved by a conventional satellite measurement. The monthly mean value of the minimum temperature (Tmin) near the tropopause agreed well between radiosonde profiles at Bandung and the GPS/MET results, showing an annual variation with warm enhancements in August-September, and broader cold periods from January to April. The altitude corresponding to Tmin became lower/higher for warmer/colder Tmin. Taking advantage of the global coverage of the GPS/MET data, we have investigated the longitude distribution of Tmin and Hmin , which generally agreed well with earlier studies.

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions

Today, commercial microwave radiometers profilers (MWRP) are robust and unattended instruments pr... more Today, commercial microwave radiometers profilers (MWRP) are robust and unattended instruments providing real time accurate atmospheric observations at ~ 1 min temporal resolution under nearly all-weather conditions. Common commercial units operate in the 20–60 GHz frequency range and are able to retrieve profiles of temperature, vapour density, and relative humidity. Temperature and humidity profiles retrieved from MWRP data are used here to feed tools developed for processing radiosonde observations to obtain values of forecast indices (FI) commonly used in operational meteorology. The FI considered here include <i>K</i> index, Total Totals, KO index, Showalter index, T1 Gust, Fog Threat, Lifted Index, <i>S</i> Index (STT), Jefferson Index, MDPI, Thompson Index, TQ Index, and CAPE. Values of FI computed from radiosonde and MWRP-retrieved temperature and humidity profiles are compared in order to quantitatively demonstrate the level of agreement and the valu...

Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 2000

The roots of GPS sounding go back to the first days of interplanetary flight. In the early 1960's... more The roots of GPS sounding go back to the first days of interplanetary flight. In the early 1960's teams from Stanford University and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory exploited radio links between Earth and the Mariner 3 and 4 spacecraft to probe the atmosphere and other properties of Mars. Radio science has since been a staple of planetary exploration. Before the advent of GPS, application of radio occultation to Earth was deemed impractical, and it was not immediately evident that even GPS could be usefully adapted. Techniques devised for geodesy in the 1980's, including "codeless" carrier reconstruction, clock elimination by double differencing, GPSbased precise orbit determination, and compact, low-cost receivers, set the stage. JPL submitted the first GPS occultation proposal to NASA in 1988. Though that "GPS Geoscience Instrument" did not fly, it established the concept and led soon to the GPS/MET experiment, conceived by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research and sponsored by the US National Science Foundation. The remarkable success of GPS/MET has led NASA to mount follow-on experiments on five international missions, launching between 1999 and 2001. Those will refine the systems and techniques of GPS sounding, setting the stage for COSMIC-the first operational GPS occultation constellation.

Atmospheric Research, 2016

The Global Positioning System For the Geosciences Summary and Proceedings of a Workshop on Improving the Gps Reference Station Infrastructure For Earth Oceanic and Atmospheric Science Applications, 1996

ABSTRACT The goal is to develop GPS remote sensing techniques to determine atmospheric refractivi... more ABSTRACT The goal is to develop GPS remote sensing techniques to determine atmospheric refractivity profiles and to aid in the detection of oceanic boundary layers from a ship. The primary scientific objective of this research is to develop GPS sounding techniques for ground based atmospheric profiling. Atmospheric profiling with GPS from space has been demonstrated (i.e. Ware et al. 1996, Rocken et al., 1997). Ground based GPS receivers have been used to determine integrated atmospheric water vapor above a site (i.e. Rocken et al., 1993), and along the ray paths to GPS satellites (Ware et al., 1997), but profiling techniques with ground-based GPS observations are still under development. Because of the large number of globally operating permanent GPS networks, ground-based profiling, if it proves feasible and accurate, will provide a large additional data set for atmospheric science and weather prediction applications. This data set will be especially useful for detailed monitoring of water vapor, one of the most important and yet least well defined atmospheric constituents.

Applications of Constellation Observing System For Meteorology Ionosphere Climate, 2001

The roots of GPS sounding go back to the first days of interplanetary flight. In the early 1960's... more The roots of GPS sounding go back to the first days of interplanetary flight. In the early 1960's teams from Stanford University and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory exploited radio links between Earth and the Mariner 3 and 4 spacecraft to probe the atmosphere and other properties of Mars. Radio science has since been a staple of planetary exploration. Before the advent of GPS, application of radio occultation to Earth was deemed impractical, and it was not immediately evident that even GPS could be usefully adapted. Techniques devised for geodesy in the 1980's, including "codeless" carrier reconstruction, clock elimination by double differencing, GPSbased precise orbit determination, and compact, low-cost receivers, set the stage. JPL submitted the first GPS occultation proposal to NASA in 1988. Though that "GPS Geoscience Instrument" did not fly, it established the concept and led soon to the GPS/MET experiment, conceived by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research and sponsored by the US National Science Foundation. The remarkable success of GPS/MET has led NASA to mount follow-on experiments on five international missions, launching between 1999 and 2001. Those will refine the systems and techniques of GPS sounding, setting the stage for COSMIC-the first operational GPS occultation constellation.

Thesis University of Colorado at Boulder 1974 Source Dissertation Abstracts International Volume 35 04 Section B Page 1855, 1974

Proceedings of Spie the International Society For Optical Engineering, Dec 1, 2000

We describe a passive microwave radiometer that provides continuous unattended atmospheric temper... more We describe a passive microwave radiometer that provides continuous unattended atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles up to 10 km in height, and low resolution liquid water profiles. Profile accuracies in cloudy and clear conditions up to 7 km height are better than 2.5 K (temperature) and 1.1 g/m3 (humidity) as determined by statistical comparison with radiosondes. The microwave profiler observes

Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union, 1991