Ranga Rao Ambati - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Ranga Rao Ambati
Research Square (Research Square), Mar 24, 2023
Fucoxanthin belonging to the carotenoid family has different bioactive properties as anti-oxidant... more Fucoxanthin belonging to the carotenoid family has different bioactive properties as anti-oxidant, antiobesity, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer effects. This study presents the results of the extraction and puri cation of fucoxanthin from Sargassum olygocystum Montagne, 1845 using thin-layer chromatography, column chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Furthermore, this study demonstrated the antioxidant activities, expression of antioxidant enzymes, and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of fucoxanthin. The chemical structure, molecular formula (C 42 H 58 O 6), and molecular weight (658) of fucoxanthin were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Fucoxanthin isolated from S. olygocystum showed no cytotoxic effects, moreover, it showed potent antioxidant activity as assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method (with an IC 50 value of 3.42 ± 0.15 mg mL − 1), and AchE inhibitory activity (with an IC 50 value of 130.12 ± 6.65 µg mL − 1). At concentrations of 50 and 100 µg mL − 1 , fucoxanthin protected against amyloid βprotein fragment 25-35-induced neurotoxicity on the C6 neuronal cell line with the survival of C6 cells higher than 81.01 and 80.98%, respectively, compared to the control group (59%). Moreover, antioxidant enzyme activity and quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the neuroprotective effect of fucoxanthin, was possibly due to not only regulation of gene expression of antioxidant enzyme (CAT and GPx), ER pathway (caspase-3 and Bax) but also promoting expression of genes involved in PI3K/Akt signaling (GSK-3β), autophagy (p62 and ATG5) and the biosynthesis of ACh (VAChT and ChAT). Therefore, fucoxanthin extracted from the Sargassum olygocystum is a potential feedstock source for the production of health foods with neuroprotective effects. Seaweeds are one of the most abundant and promising sources of bioactive substances including polysaccharides, unsaturated fatty acids, phenols, peptides, terpenoids, etc., with unique structures and properties (Ranga Rao and Ravishankar 2022b). They have been reported as having potential antioxidant, anti-viral, anti-coagulant, anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer properties (Lakshminarayana et al. 2022). Many active substances found in brown seaweeds, red seaweeds, and green seaweeds are used in agriculture, food, and medicinal applications (Alghazwi et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2022). Fucoxanthin is an important carotenoid present in both seaweeds such as Undaria, Laminaria, Eisenia, Sargassum, Dictyota, Fucus, Myagropsis, and in microalgae such as Phaeodactylum, Cylindrotheca, Isochrysis, Cyclotella, Nitzschia, Prymnesium, Chaetoceros, Odontella (Oliyaei et al. 2023). This pigment contains an unusual allenic bond, 5,6-monoepoxide group, and conjugated carbonyl groups in the polyene chain with several pharmacological activities including anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-in ammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, skin protective, anti-angiogenic, cerebrovascular, bone-protective, ocularprotective, cardiovascular-protective and anti-malarial activities. Therefore, fucoxanthin has the potential to develop as a promising nutritional and medicinal constituent of food for human health. Cell degeneration is the main cause of diseases in the human body due to the excessive generation of highly reactive free radicals (Hileman et al. 2004). The decreasing anti-oxidant levels in the body may increase the risk of cell damage. The harmful effects of some of the oxidative reactions can be prevented by supplementing with antioxidants found in foods and herbs (Schramm et al. 2003; Conforti et al. 2008). Antioxidant compounds prevent the growth of free radicals to protect the cells. Recently, Sun et al. (2020) demonstrated that fucoxanthin is a potential therapeutic agent in the anti-in ammatory, anti-oxidant, and neurotoxic induced by amyloid β protein fragment 1-42 (Aβ 1-42). Materials And Methods Materials Nine species of seaweed belonging to the genus Sargassum collected from Khanh Hoa, Ninh Thuan, Thua Thien Hue in 2021 and 2022 are presented in Table 1. Cell Culture and Treatment C6 rat glial cells (ATCC, CCL-107™) were obtained from Dr. Duong Hoang Nguyen, Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Center for high technology development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. The cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Minimum Essential Medium (DMEM)/high glucose supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% (v/v) penicillin/streptomycin under 5% CO 2 at 37°C.
Global Perspectives on Astaxanthin
Biofuels in Circular Economy, 2022
Biofuels in Circular Economy, 2022
Biofuels in Circular Economy, 2022
Springer eBooks, 2022
Seaweeds grow in a surplus amount in water bodies, out of which a bulk of marine algae are palata... more Seaweeds grow in a surplus amount in water bodies, out of which a bulk of marine algae are palatable and safe for human use. Edible seaweeds are composed of multiple vital nutrients such as amino acids, vitamins, minerals, omega-3 fatty acids, and bioactive molecules. Moreover, the ubiquity of seaweeds across every climatic zone along with its genetic diversity claims that they can play a significant role in the constant exploration of evolving human cuisine. Cuisines involving seaweed recipes are sustainable, owing to the easy cultivation, accessibility, and management of seaweed farms. Of late, regional seaweed cuisines have been retrieved by culinary experts who often use scientific innovation and technology, to develop taste and enhance the flavor of these sustainable food alternatives. Currently, it is known as phycogastronomy, these studies have reported a significant increase in consumer’s receptivity towards seaweed consumption. Furthermore, as consumer demand for new functional meals and improved eating habits grows, seaweeds are being used to enhance the functional characteristics of meat products. The nutritional value and recipes of seaweeds are explored in this chapter, as well as their use as functional ingredients in meat products and their physicochemical and microbiological qualities for culinary and health food applications.
Sustainable Global Resources Of Seaweeds Volume 1, 2022
Sustainable Global Resources Of Seaweeds Volume 1, 2022
Macroalgae are a fascinating and diverse group of organisms broadly known as ‘seaweeds’, living i... more Macroalgae are a fascinating and diverse group of organisms broadly known as ‘seaweeds’, living in the marine environment. In terms of total market value, the macroalgae-based food industry is estimated to be around USD 5 billion per year and the global macroalgae market is projected to reach a value of USD 17.59 billion by 2021 (Energy 2019). Macroalgal seaweeds are classified into three major groups based on their pigments viz., the green algae (Chlorophyta), the brown algae (Phaeophyta), and the red algae (Rhodophyta). The macroalgal biomass has abundance of nutrients and a variety of bioactive compounds. They are not only rich in carbohydrate, protein, lipid, vitamin and fiber but also contain essential amino acids and minerals. With decades of research, scientists have explored their capabilities of producing a wide range of bioactive compounds with immense importance in industrial sectors including biopharmaceutical, food and nutraceuticals. In particular, the largest seaweed market sector is attributed to hydrocolloids such as agar, alginate, and carrageenan. There is significant potential to develop technologies for high value bioproducts from seaweeds. Therefore, this chapter deals with macroalgae-based bioproducts in different stages of commercialization in various sectors including – biofuels, foods, nutraceuticals therapeutics, cosmetics, biofertilizers, animal and aquaculture feeds.
Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Global Perspectives on Astaxanthin, 2021
Abstract Astaxanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4-dione) is a known to be valuable carotenoid... more Abstract Astaxanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4-dione) is a known to be valuable carotenoid with strong antioxidant, which has been extensively used in various industries (such as aquaculture, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and food). There have been two major sources of astaxanthin: chemical (synthetic) and biological (natural) source. In nature, astaxanthin can be synthesized by plants, crustaceans by-product, bacteria, a few fungi, and green algae, in which microalga Haematococcus pluvialis is an appropriate source of natural astaxanthin exploitation that seems to be gaining potential in the market. Technology for natural astaxanthin production is an expensive process, depending on each producer, in each country. Therefore, continuous efforts were necessary to improve the different culture systems (photobioreactor (PBR) and open pond), culture models (heterotrophic and photoautotrophic), culture methods, harvesting, and astaxanthin extraction processes for enhanced production of astaxanthin-rich biomass and cost reduction in large-scale culture. In this chapter, we summarized about astaxanthin production and technology for its production in Vietnam and other Asian countries to get a more general view of this valuable product.
Global Perspectives on Astaxanthin, 2021
Abstract Currently regarded as the second most important carotenoid in terms of global market val... more Abstract Currently regarded as the second most important carotenoid in terms of global market value, the red-orange liposoluble diketocarotenoid—astaxanthin—is a valuable pigment renowned for its outstanding antioxidant activity and with its numerous biological activities. It is widely used in various industries including feed, food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic. For many years, it has been used as a feed additive in aquaculture and poultry farming to enhance coloration of the flesh of farm-raised aquatic animals and eggs of birds. With significant influence on animal health and nutrition, the use of astaxanthin as a supplement in animal feed has been extended to livestock as well. Synthetic astaxanthin has been the major form of astaxanthin used in animal feeds till date. However, in the wake of the recent interest in natural astaxanthin, exploration and exploitation of microbial sources of astaxanthin has received massive attention. Among the exploited microbial source is bacterial astaxanthin (the least developed and less used). This review therefore deliberates on astaxanthin from bacteria and its use of as a supplement in animal feed.
Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2021
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2019
Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve extends from Rameswaram to Tuticorin coast supporting a large bi... more Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve extends from Rameswaram to Tuticorin coast supporting a large biodiversity of marine organisms especially corals and sponges. During recent past, Tuticorin has become a major recipient of contaminants from both domestic and industries surrounding the coast. The sewage outfall site located close to the sea which is directly dumping its effluents into the open sea has resulted in the significant enrichment of trace elements (TEs). Samples of seawater and Endectyon fruticosa were collected at three different stations (S1, S2 and S3) along a gradient of distance from sewage outfall site, and the six TEs Pb (lead), Mn (manganese), Ba (Barium), V (vanadium), Mo (molybdenum) and Sb (antimony) were measured in seawater and tissues of E. fruticosa using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometer (ICP-MS). Station S1 close to the sewage outfall site has shown high concentration of Pb, Mn, Ba, V, Mo and Sb when compared to far regions (S2 and S3). The decreasing order of accumulation of TEs in both seawater and E. fruticosa was same order of magnitude in all the collected three stations (S1, S2 and S3) Pb > Mn > Ba > V > Mo > Sb. The concentration of TEs in seawater and E. fruticosa were relatively more near the sewage outfall site when compared to the other far regions. Thus, E. fruticosa can be used as an effective biomonitor to evaluate the concentration of TEs from point source (S1) to far regions (S2 and S3).
Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is animportant lignan found in flaxseed and is anemerging ... more Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is animportant lignan found in flaxseed and is anemerging source in the functional food area. Inthe present study, antibacterial properties of SDGextracts from hull, endosperm and flour fractionsof Indian flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum)varieties (LVF-01 and GVF-03) were evaluated.The SDG extracts were tested against the sixbacterial species Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis,Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus cereus,and Escherichia coli. The maximum SDG andphenolic contents were found to be 16.9 and 12.5mg/g and 3.18 and 2.70 mg/g in hull fractions ofLVF-01 and GVF-03 respectively, whencompared to flour and endosperm fractions.Among the fractions, the hull fraction of LVF-01showed maximum activity 31.5 mm at MIC 100ppm against E. coli, while minimum inhibitoryactivity was 3.1 mm with MIC at 300 ppm againstB. subtilis. Similarly, in the case of GVF-03,maximum activity (31.9 with MIC 150 ppm) ofthe hull fraction, wher...
Research Square (Research Square), Mar 24, 2023
Fucoxanthin belonging to the carotenoid family has different bioactive properties as anti-oxidant... more Fucoxanthin belonging to the carotenoid family has different bioactive properties as anti-oxidant, antiobesity, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer effects. This study presents the results of the extraction and puri cation of fucoxanthin from Sargassum olygocystum Montagne, 1845 using thin-layer chromatography, column chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Furthermore, this study demonstrated the antioxidant activities, expression of antioxidant enzymes, and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of fucoxanthin. The chemical structure, molecular formula (C 42 H 58 O 6), and molecular weight (658) of fucoxanthin were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Fucoxanthin isolated from S. olygocystum showed no cytotoxic effects, moreover, it showed potent antioxidant activity as assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method (with an IC 50 value of 3.42 ± 0.15 mg mL − 1), and AchE inhibitory activity (with an IC 50 value of 130.12 ± 6.65 µg mL − 1). At concentrations of 50 and 100 µg mL − 1 , fucoxanthin protected against amyloid βprotein fragment 25-35-induced neurotoxicity on the C6 neuronal cell line with the survival of C6 cells higher than 81.01 and 80.98%, respectively, compared to the control group (59%). Moreover, antioxidant enzyme activity and quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the neuroprotective effect of fucoxanthin, was possibly due to not only regulation of gene expression of antioxidant enzyme (CAT and GPx), ER pathway (caspase-3 and Bax) but also promoting expression of genes involved in PI3K/Akt signaling (GSK-3β), autophagy (p62 and ATG5) and the biosynthesis of ACh (VAChT and ChAT). Therefore, fucoxanthin extracted from the Sargassum olygocystum is a potential feedstock source for the production of health foods with neuroprotective effects. Seaweeds are one of the most abundant and promising sources of bioactive substances including polysaccharides, unsaturated fatty acids, phenols, peptides, terpenoids, etc., with unique structures and properties (Ranga Rao and Ravishankar 2022b). They have been reported as having potential antioxidant, anti-viral, anti-coagulant, anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer properties (Lakshminarayana et al. 2022). Many active substances found in brown seaweeds, red seaweeds, and green seaweeds are used in agriculture, food, and medicinal applications (Alghazwi et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2022). Fucoxanthin is an important carotenoid present in both seaweeds such as Undaria, Laminaria, Eisenia, Sargassum, Dictyota, Fucus, Myagropsis, and in microalgae such as Phaeodactylum, Cylindrotheca, Isochrysis, Cyclotella, Nitzschia, Prymnesium, Chaetoceros, Odontella (Oliyaei et al. 2023). This pigment contains an unusual allenic bond, 5,6-monoepoxide group, and conjugated carbonyl groups in the polyene chain with several pharmacological activities including anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-in ammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, skin protective, anti-angiogenic, cerebrovascular, bone-protective, ocularprotective, cardiovascular-protective and anti-malarial activities. Therefore, fucoxanthin has the potential to develop as a promising nutritional and medicinal constituent of food for human health. Cell degeneration is the main cause of diseases in the human body due to the excessive generation of highly reactive free radicals (Hileman et al. 2004). The decreasing anti-oxidant levels in the body may increase the risk of cell damage. The harmful effects of some of the oxidative reactions can be prevented by supplementing with antioxidants found in foods and herbs (Schramm et al. 2003; Conforti et al. 2008). Antioxidant compounds prevent the growth of free radicals to protect the cells. Recently, Sun et al. (2020) demonstrated that fucoxanthin is a potential therapeutic agent in the anti-in ammatory, anti-oxidant, and neurotoxic induced by amyloid β protein fragment 1-42 (Aβ 1-42). Materials And Methods Materials Nine species of seaweed belonging to the genus Sargassum collected from Khanh Hoa, Ninh Thuan, Thua Thien Hue in 2021 and 2022 are presented in Table 1. Cell Culture and Treatment C6 rat glial cells (ATCC, CCL-107™) were obtained from Dr. Duong Hoang Nguyen, Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Center for high technology development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. The cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Minimum Essential Medium (DMEM)/high glucose supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% (v/v) penicillin/streptomycin under 5% CO 2 at 37°C.
Global Perspectives on Astaxanthin
Biofuels in Circular Economy, 2022
Biofuels in Circular Economy, 2022
Biofuels in Circular Economy, 2022
Springer eBooks, 2022
Seaweeds grow in a surplus amount in water bodies, out of which a bulk of marine algae are palata... more Seaweeds grow in a surplus amount in water bodies, out of which a bulk of marine algae are palatable and safe for human use. Edible seaweeds are composed of multiple vital nutrients such as amino acids, vitamins, minerals, omega-3 fatty acids, and bioactive molecules. Moreover, the ubiquity of seaweeds across every climatic zone along with its genetic diversity claims that they can play a significant role in the constant exploration of evolving human cuisine. Cuisines involving seaweed recipes are sustainable, owing to the easy cultivation, accessibility, and management of seaweed farms. Of late, regional seaweed cuisines have been retrieved by culinary experts who often use scientific innovation and technology, to develop taste and enhance the flavor of these sustainable food alternatives. Currently, it is known as phycogastronomy, these studies have reported a significant increase in consumer’s receptivity towards seaweed consumption. Furthermore, as consumer demand for new functional meals and improved eating habits grows, seaweeds are being used to enhance the functional characteristics of meat products. The nutritional value and recipes of seaweeds are explored in this chapter, as well as their use as functional ingredients in meat products and their physicochemical and microbiological qualities for culinary and health food applications.
Sustainable Global Resources Of Seaweeds Volume 1, 2022
Sustainable Global Resources Of Seaweeds Volume 1, 2022
Macroalgae are a fascinating and diverse group of organisms broadly known as ‘seaweeds’, living i... more Macroalgae are a fascinating and diverse group of organisms broadly known as ‘seaweeds’, living in the marine environment. In terms of total market value, the macroalgae-based food industry is estimated to be around USD 5 billion per year and the global macroalgae market is projected to reach a value of USD 17.59 billion by 2021 (Energy 2019). Macroalgal seaweeds are classified into three major groups based on their pigments viz., the green algae (Chlorophyta), the brown algae (Phaeophyta), and the red algae (Rhodophyta). The macroalgal biomass has abundance of nutrients and a variety of bioactive compounds. They are not only rich in carbohydrate, protein, lipid, vitamin and fiber but also contain essential amino acids and minerals. With decades of research, scientists have explored their capabilities of producing a wide range of bioactive compounds with immense importance in industrial sectors including biopharmaceutical, food and nutraceuticals. In particular, the largest seaweed market sector is attributed to hydrocolloids such as agar, alginate, and carrageenan. There is significant potential to develop technologies for high value bioproducts from seaweeds. Therefore, this chapter deals with macroalgae-based bioproducts in different stages of commercialization in various sectors including – biofuels, foods, nutraceuticals therapeutics, cosmetics, biofertilizers, animal and aquaculture feeds.
Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Global Perspectives on Astaxanthin, 2021
Abstract Astaxanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4-dione) is a known to be valuable carotenoid... more Abstract Astaxanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4-dione) is a known to be valuable carotenoid with strong antioxidant, which has been extensively used in various industries (such as aquaculture, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and food). There have been two major sources of astaxanthin: chemical (synthetic) and biological (natural) source. In nature, astaxanthin can be synthesized by plants, crustaceans by-product, bacteria, a few fungi, and green algae, in which microalga Haematococcus pluvialis is an appropriate source of natural astaxanthin exploitation that seems to be gaining potential in the market. Technology for natural astaxanthin production is an expensive process, depending on each producer, in each country. Therefore, continuous efforts were necessary to improve the different culture systems (photobioreactor (PBR) and open pond), culture models (heterotrophic and photoautotrophic), culture methods, harvesting, and astaxanthin extraction processes for enhanced production of astaxanthin-rich biomass and cost reduction in large-scale culture. In this chapter, we summarized about astaxanthin production and technology for its production in Vietnam and other Asian countries to get a more general view of this valuable product.
Global Perspectives on Astaxanthin, 2021
Abstract Currently regarded as the second most important carotenoid in terms of global market val... more Abstract Currently regarded as the second most important carotenoid in terms of global market value, the red-orange liposoluble diketocarotenoid—astaxanthin—is a valuable pigment renowned for its outstanding antioxidant activity and with its numerous biological activities. It is widely used in various industries including feed, food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic. For many years, it has been used as a feed additive in aquaculture and poultry farming to enhance coloration of the flesh of farm-raised aquatic animals and eggs of birds. With significant influence on animal health and nutrition, the use of astaxanthin as a supplement in animal feed has been extended to livestock as well. Synthetic astaxanthin has been the major form of astaxanthin used in animal feeds till date. However, in the wake of the recent interest in natural astaxanthin, exploration and exploitation of microbial sources of astaxanthin has received massive attention. Among the exploited microbial source is bacterial astaxanthin (the least developed and less used). This review therefore deliberates on astaxanthin from bacteria and its use of as a supplement in animal feed.
Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2021
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2019
Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve extends from Rameswaram to Tuticorin coast supporting a large bi... more Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve extends from Rameswaram to Tuticorin coast supporting a large biodiversity of marine organisms especially corals and sponges. During recent past, Tuticorin has become a major recipient of contaminants from both domestic and industries surrounding the coast. The sewage outfall site located close to the sea which is directly dumping its effluents into the open sea has resulted in the significant enrichment of trace elements (TEs). Samples of seawater and Endectyon fruticosa were collected at three different stations (S1, S2 and S3) along a gradient of distance from sewage outfall site, and the six TEs Pb (lead), Mn (manganese), Ba (Barium), V (vanadium), Mo (molybdenum) and Sb (antimony) were measured in seawater and tissues of E. fruticosa using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometer (ICP-MS). Station S1 close to the sewage outfall site has shown high concentration of Pb, Mn, Ba, V, Mo and Sb when compared to far regions (S2 and S3). The decreasing order of accumulation of TEs in both seawater and E. fruticosa was same order of magnitude in all the collected three stations (S1, S2 and S3) Pb > Mn > Ba > V > Mo > Sb. The concentration of TEs in seawater and E. fruticosa were relatively more near the sewage outfall site when compared to the other far regions. Thus, E. fruticosa can be used as an effective biomonitor to evaluate the concentration of TEs from point source (S1) to far regions (S2 and S3).
Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is animportant lignan found in flaxseed and is anemerging ... more Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is animportant lignan found in flaxseed and is anemerging source in the functional food area. Inthe present study, antibacterial properties of SDGextracts from hull, endosperm and flour fractionsof Indian flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum)varieties (LVF-01 and GVF-03) were evaluated.The SDG extracts were tested against the sixbacterial species Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis,Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus cereus,and Escherichia coli. The maximum SDG andphenolic contents were found to be 16.9 and 12.5mg/g and 3.18 and 2.70 mg/g in hull fractions ofLVF-01 and GVF-03 respectively, whencompared to flour and endosperm fractions.Among the fractions, the hull fraction of LVF-01showed maximum activity 31.5 mm at MIC 100ppm against E. coli, while minimum inhibitoryactivity was 3.1 mm with MIC at 300 ppm againstB. subtilis. Similarly, in the case of GVF-03,maximum activity (31.9 with MIC 150 ppm) ofthe hull fraction, wher...