Ray Wilhite - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Ray Wilhite

Human gene therapy, Jan 19, 2017

Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzym... more Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hexosaminidase A (HexA). Tay-Sachs disease also occurs in sheep, the only experimental model of TSD that has clinical signs of disease. The natural history of sheep TSD was characterized using serial neurological evaluations, 7 tesla MRI, echocardiograms, electrodiagnostics and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. Intracranial gene therapy was also tested using AAVrh8 monocistronic vectors encoding the α subunit of Hex (TSD α) or a mixture of two vectors encoding both the α and β subunits separately (TSD α+β) injected at high (1.3 x1013vg) or low (4.2x1012vg) dose. Delay of symptom onset and/or reduction of acquired symptoms were noted in all AAV treated sheep. Post-mortem evaluation showed superior HexA and vector genome distribution in the brain of TSD α+β sheep compared to TSD α sheep, but spinal cord distribution was low in all groups. Isozyme analysis showed superior HexA formati...

American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2015

OBJECTIVE To determine whether exercise on alternative terrain affects the development of the dig... more OBJECTIVE To determine whether exercise on alternative terrain affects the development of the digital cushion and bony structures of the bovine foot. ANIMALS 20 weaned bull calves. PROCEDURES Two-month-old calves were randomly allocated to an exercise or control group. For 4 months, the control group was maintained in grass paddocks, and the exercise group was maintained in a 0.8-km lane with a mixed terrain of dirt, stones (0.32- to 0.95-cm pea gravel and 5-cm crusher run), and grass. Water and food for the exercise group were located at opposite ends of the lane; calves were fed twice daily, which ensured they walked 3.2 km/d. Pedometers were applied to all calves to measure distance traveled. All calves were slaughtered at 6 months of age. The right forefeet and hind feet were harvested for MRI and CT evaluation. RESULTS Control calves walked a mean of 1.1 km daily, whereas the exercised calves walked a mean of 3.2 km daily. Mean digital cushion volume and surface area were 25,33...

Equine Veterinary Journal, 2012

SummaryReasons for performing study: The role of the communicating branch between the medial and ... more SummaryReasons for performing study: The role of the communicating branch between the medial and lateral palmar nerves of horses (i.e. the ramus communicans) in conveying sensory impulses proximally should be determined to avoid errors in interpreting diagnostic anaesthesia of the palmar nerves.Hypothesis: Sensory nerve fibres in the ramus communicans of horses pass proximally from the lateral palmar nerve to merge with the medial palmar nerve, but not vice versa.Objective: To determine the direction of sensory impulses through the ramus communicans between lateral and medial palmar nerves.Methods: Pain in a thoracic foot was created with set‐screw pressure applied to either the medial or lateral aspect of the sole of each forelimb of 6 horses. The palmar nerve on the side of the sole in which pain was created was anaesthetised proximal to the ramus communicans with local anaesthetic. Lameness was evaluated objectively by using a wireless, inertial, sensor‐based, motion analysis sys...

Guide to Ruminant Anatomy

Forelimb and hindlimb articulation, reconstructed musculature, and function were examined in Apat... more Forelimb and hindlimb articulation, reconstructed musculature, and function were examined in Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, and Camarasaurus. A technique was developed using a Microscribe three-dimensional digitizer to capture external morphological data for skeletal reconstruction and determination of taxonomically useful features. The appendicular musculature of Alligator mississippiensis was dissected to determine form, function, origin, and insertion of muscles to aid in reconstruction of sauropod musculature. Contrary to the literature, M. caudofemoralis longus was found to originate primarily from the lateral surfaces of the proximal chevrons instead of the bodies and transverse processes of the caudals, demonstrating that chevron morphology is indicative of the size, shape, and extent of M. caudofemoralis longus in fossil archosaurs. Apatosurus and Diplodocus were found to have narrower chests than Camarasaurus with forelimbs situated directly under the ir bodies. Forelimb posture differences between taxa were indicated by the position of the humeral head, morphology of the distal humeral condyles, and the orientation of the posterior process of the ulna. The scapulae in all three taxa were oriented subhorizontally. Hindlimb articulation was fo und to be related to the shape of the femur and pelvis width. The medial condyles of the femur were longer than the lateral condyles in diplodocids, producing a narrow stance, while the femoral condyles of Camarasaurus were coequal in length, producing a relatively wide stance. This stance would have resulted in wider Camarasaurus trackways than those of diplodocids. Limb motion was restricted to a single plane. Rotation of the brachial and antebrachial joint was constrained by osteology with the brachial joint limited to between vi 33º and 40º of rotation, and the antebrachial joint limited to no more than 55º of rotation. Femoral joint rotation was limited to between 30º and 37º based on changes in the length of M. caudofemoralis longus, and rotation of the femerotibial joint was restricted by osteology to between 47º and 55º. M. caudofemoralis longus was relatively larger in Diplodocus than in either Camarasaurus or Apatosaurus based on chevron morphology. These results indicate that tripodal rearing, as sometimes proposed for diplodocids, was not common, based on stance and M. caudofemoralis longus contraction length.

<p>Maximum humerus shape change in the sample is shown on the Y-axis (PRIN 1), whereas hume... more <p>Maximum humerus shape change in the sample is shown on the Y-axis (PRIN 1), whereas humerus shape changes associated with size are shown on the X-axis. Changes in humerus shape along the PRIN 1 axis and X-axis are similar in that larger taxa have more proximally and distally expanded ends. In particular, the sub-articular region expands tremendously whereas its overall shape remains gently convex. Note also that the deltopectoral crest (landmarks 2–4) remains or becomes more medially-deflected as size increases.</p

<p>Maximum femur shape change in the sample is shown on the Y-axis (PRIN 1), whereas femur ... more <p>Maximum femur shape change in the sample is shown on the Y-axis (PRIN 1), whereas femur shape changes associated with size are shown on the X-axis. As with the humerus, monotreme specimens plot among the most robust femora on the PRIN 1 axis, but aardvarks, rhinos, and one <i>Paraceratherium</i> specimen also plot in robust morphospace. Once again, the sub-articular bone region narrows significantly with increasing size and that the shapes of these regions become more defined, convex, and/or distinct. Notice also that the femoral head becomes more distinct and medially-oriented with increasing size.</p

Guide to Ruminant Anatomy, 2017

The cited documents has been reviewed by competent authority and the following distribution state... more The cited documents has been reviewed by competent authority and the following distribution statement is hereby authorized. C^(V/^- f^^-^c-(Controlling DoD Office Name) QSOC A-(Statement)

Guide to Ruminant Anatomy, 2017

Veterinary Surgery, 2021

OBJECTIVES To describe the surgical findings, histopathological features, and long-term outcome f... more OBJECTIVES To describe the surgical findings, histopathological features, and long-term outcome for a horse with parotid salivary carcinoma. STUDY DESIGN Case report ANIMALS: Twelve year old American Quarter Horse gelding. METHODS The gelding was presented for a 10 × 10 cm swelling below the base of the right ear. Ultrasonographic examination revealed a mass involving the right parotid salivary gland. Incisional biopsy was consistent with parotid carcinoma. The tumor was marginally excised. The lateral wall of the guttural pouch was excised with the mass and was reconstructed with a porcine small intestinal submucosal (SIS) sheet. Cisplatin beads were implanted in the wound bed prior to closure. Firocoxib (0.1 mg/kg orally, daily, every 24 h) treatment was initiated. RESULTS Postoperative complications included right-sided facial nerve paralysis, difficulty with deglutition of fibrous feeds, and surgical site dehiscence. Wound healing was achieved by second intention. Partial improvement in nerve function was observed within the first 6 months. At 12 months postparotidectomy, no sign of tumor reoccurrence or metastatic disease was present, and the gelding returned to work. CONCLUSION Partial parotid sialoadenectomy was performed with a favorable long-term outcome. Regional anatomic knowledge is crucial.

Manual of Equine Anesthesia and Analgesia, 2021

Manual of Equine Anesthesia and Analgesia, 2021

Synoviocentesis of the navicular bursa is performed as part of an examination for lameness becaus... more Synoviocentesis of the navicular bursa is performed as part of an examination for lameness because it is the most localizing analgesic procedure that can be performed during an investigation to determine the site of pain within the horse’s foot. Synoviocentesis of the navicular bursa is also often performed to administer corticosteroids, sodium hyaluronate, or autologous conditioned serum (IRAP) as treatment of horses with navicular disease. Many methods of synoviocentesis of the navicular bursa have been described and have previously been summarized. These include a distal palmar approach parallel with the coronary band, a distal palmar approach parallel with the sole, a proximal palmar approach through the hollow of the heel at an angle of 10° to 30° to the horizontal, and a lateral approach. None of these techniques consider the shape of the foot when describing the direction along which the needle is advanced. Many lame horses have an abnormal foot conformation, so using the slo...

Arthrocentesis of the equine interphalangeal joints and synoviocentesis of the digital synovial s... more Arthrocentesis of the equine interphalangeal joints and synoviocentesis of the digital synovial sheath is commonly performed for diagnostic analgesia as part of a lameness examination and to medicate these structures. The techniques for arthrocentesis are the same for the forelimb and the hind limb. Restraint is achieved by applying a lip twitch to the horse. Tranquilization or sedation is rarely used for restraint when centesis of these structures is part of a lameness examination, but in some cases tranquilizing or sedating the horse may be necessary to increase the safety of the procedure. Administration of a low dose of xylazine, detomidine, or acepromazine is unlikely to interfere with gait evaluation and in some cases may even accentuate lameness. If centesis is performed with the foot bearing weight, the contralateral limb can be held by an assistant. Some horses, however, may buckle at the carpus when the needle is inserted, causing injury if the carpus strikes the ground.

Human gene therapy, Jan 19, 2017

Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzym... more Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hexosaminidase A (HexA). Tay-Sachs disease also occurs in sheep, the only experimental model of TSD that has clinical signs of disease. The natural history of sheep TSD was characterized using serial neurological evaluations, 7 tesla MRI, echocardiograms, electrodiagnostics and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. Intracranial gene therapy was also tested using AAVrh8 monocistronic vectors encoding the α subunit of Hex (TSD α) or a mixture of two vectors encoding both the α and β subunits separately (TSD α+β) injected at high (1.3 x1013vg) or low (4.2x1012vg) dose. Delay of symptom onset and/or reduction of acquired symptoms were noted in all AAV treated sheep. Post-mortem evaluation showed superior HexA and vector genome distribution in the brain of TSD α+β sheep compared to TSD α sheep, but spinal cord distribution was low in all groups. Isozyme analysis showed superior HexA formati...

American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2015

OBJECTIVE To determine whether exercise on alternative terrain affects the development of the dig... more OBJECTIVE To determine whether exercise on alternative terrain affects the development of the digital cushion and bony structures of the bovine foot. ANIMALS 20 weaned bull calves. PROCEDURES Two-month-old calves were randomly allocated to an exercise or control group. For 4 months, the control group was maintained in grass paddocks, and the exercise group was maintained in a 0.8-km lane with a mixed terrain of dirt, stones (0.32- to 0.95-cm pea gravel and 5-cm crusher run), and grass. Water and food for the exercise group were located at opposite ends of the lane; calves were fed twice daily, which ensured they walked 3.2 km/d. Pedometers were applied to all calves to measure distance traveled. All calves were slaughtered at 6 months of age. The right forefeet and hind feet were harvested for MRI and CT evaluation. RESULTS Control calves walked a mean of 1.1 km daily, whereas the exercised calves walked a mean of 3.2 km daily. Mean digital cushion volume and surface area were 25,33...

Equine Veterinary Journal, 2012

SummaryReasons for performing study: The role of the communicating branch between the medial and ... more SummaryReasons for performing study: The role of the communicating branch between the medial and lateral palmar nerves of horses (i.e. the ramus communicans) in conveying sensory impulses proximally should be determined to avoid errors in interpreting diagnostic anaesthesia of the palmar nerves.Hypothesis: Sensory nerve fibres in the ramus communicans of horses pass proximally from the lateral palmar nerve to merge with the medial palmar nerve, but not vice versa.Objective: To determine the direction of sensory impulses through the ramus communicans between lateral and medial palmar nerves.Methods: Pain in a thoracic foot was created with set‐screw pressure applied to either the medial or lateral aspect of the sole of each forelimb of 6 horses. The palmar nerve on the side of the sole in which pain was created was anaesthetised proximal to the ramus communicans with local anaesthetic. Lameness was evaluated objectively by using a wireless, inertial, sensor‐based, motion analysis sys...

Guide to Ruminant Anatomy

Forelimb and hindlimb articulation, reconstructed musculature, and function were examined in Apat... more Forelimb and hindlimb articulation, reconstructed musculature, and function were examined in Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, and Camarasaurus. A technique was developed using a Microscribe three-dimensional digitizer to capture external morphological data for skeletal reconstruction and determination of taxonomically useful features. The appendicular musculature of Alligator mississippiensis was dissected to determine form, function, origin, and insertion of muscles to aid in reconstruction of sauropod musculature. Contrary to the literature, M. caudofemoralis longus was found to originate primarily from the lateral surfaces of the proximal chevrons instead of the bodies and transverse processes of the caudals, demonstrating that chevron morphology is indicative of the size, shape, and extent of M. caudofemoralis longus in fossil archosaurs. Apatosurus and Diplodocus were found to have narrower chests than Camarasaurus with forelimbs situated directly under the ir bodies. Forelimb posture differences between taxa were indicated by the position of the humeral head, morphology of the distal humeral condyles, and the orientation of the posterior process of the ulna. The scapulae in all three taxa were oriented subhorizontally. Hindlimb articulation was fo und to be related to the shape of the femur and pelvis width. The medial condyles of the femur were longer than the lateral condyles in diplodocids, producing a narrow stance, while the femoral condyles of Camarasaurus were coequal in length, producing a relatively wide stance. This stance would have resulted in wider Camarasaurus trackways than those of diplodocids. Limb motion was restricted to a single plane. Rotation of the brachial and antebrachial joint was constrained by osteology with the brachial joint limited to between vi 33º and 40º of rotation, and the antebrachial joint limited to no more than 55º of rotation. Femoral joint rotation was limited to between 30º and 37º based on changes in the length of M. caudofemoralis longus, and rotation of the femerotibial joint was restricted by osteology to between 47º and 55º. M. caudofemoralis longus was relatively larger in Diplodocus than in either Camarasaurus or Apatosaurus based on chevron morphology. These results indicate that tripodal rearing, as sometimes proposed for diplodocids, was not common, based on stance and M. caudofemoralis longus contraction length.

<p>Maximum humerus shape change in the sample is shown on the Y-axis (PRIN 1), whereas hume... more <p>Maximum humerus shape change in the sample is shown on the Y-axis (PRIN 1), whereas humerus shape changes associated with size are shown on the X-axis. Changes in humerus shape along the PRIN 1 axis and X-axis are similar in that larger taxa have more proximally and distally expanded ends. In particular, the sub-articular region expands tremendously whereas its overall shape remains gently convex. Note also that the deltopectoral crest (landmarks 2–4) remains or becomes more medially-deflected as size increases.</p

<p>Maximum femur shape change in the sample is shown on the Y-axis (PRIN 1), whereas femur ... more <p>Maximum femur shape change in the sample is shown on the Y-axis (PRIN 1), whereas femur shape changes associated with size are shown on the X-axis. As with the humerus, monotreme specimens plot among the most robust femora on the PRIN 1 axis, but aardvarks, rhinos, and one <i>Paraceratherium</i> specimen also plot in robust morphospace. Once again, the sub-articular bone region narrows significantly with increasing size and that the shapes of these regions become more defined, convex, and/or distinct. Notice also that the femoral head becomes more distinct and medially-oriented with increasing size.</p

Guide to Ruminant Anatomy, 2017

The cited documents has been reviewed by competent authority and the following distribution state... more The cited documents has been reviewed by competent authority and the following distribution statement is hereby authorized. C^(V/^- f^^-^c-(Controlling DoD Office Name) QSOC A-(Statement)

Guide to Ruminant Anatomy, 2017

Veterinary Surgery, 2021

OBJECTIVES To describe the surgical findings, histopathological features, and long-term outcome f... more OBJECTIVES To describe the surgical findings, histopathological features, and long-term outcome for a horse with parotid salivary carcinoma. STUDY DESIGN Case report ANIMALS: Twelve year old American Quarter Horse gelding. METHODS The gelding was presented for a 10 × 10 cm swelling below the base of the right ear. Ultrasonographic examination revealed a mass involving the right parotid salivary gland. Incisional biopsy was consistent with parotid carcinoma. The tumor was marginally excised. The lateral wall of the guttural pouch was excised with the mass and was reconstructed with a porcine small intestinal submucosal (SIS) sheet. Cisplatin beads were implanted in the wound bed prior to closure. Firocoxib (0.1 mg/kg orally, daily, every 24 h) treatment was initiated. RESULTS Postoperative complications included right-sided facial nerve paralysis, difficulty with deglutition of fibrous feeds, and surgical site dehiscence. Wound healing was achieved by second intention. Partial improvement in nerve function was observed within the first 6 months. At 12 months postparotidectomy, no sign of tumor reoccurrence or metastatic disease was present, and the gelding returned to work. CONCLUSION Partial parotid sialoadenectomy was performed with a favorable long-term outcome. Regional anatomic knowledge is crucial.

Manual of Equine Anesthesia and Analgesia, 2021

Manual of Equine Anesthesia and Analgesia, 2021

Synoviocentesis of the navicular bursa is performed as part of an examination for lameness becaus... more Synoviocentesis of the navicular bursa is performed as part of an examination for lameness because it is the most localizing analgesic procedure that can be performed during an investigation to determine the site of pain within the horse’s foot. Synoviocentesis of the navicular bursa is also often performed to administer corticosteroids, sodium hyaluronate, or autologous conditioned serum (IRAP) as treatment of horses with navicular disease. Many methods of synoviocentesis of the navicular bursa have been described and have previously been summarized. These include a distal palmar approach parallel with the coronary band, a distal palmar approach parallel with the sole, a proximal palmar approach through the hollow of the heel at an angle of 10° to 30° to the horizontal, and a lateral approach. None of these techniques consider the shape of the foot when describing the direction along which the needle is advanced. Many lame horses have an abnormal foot conformation, so using the slo...

Arthrocentesis of the equine interphalangeal joints and synoviocentesis of the digital synovial s... more Arthrocentesis of the equine interphalangeal joints and synoviocentesis of the digital synovial sheath is commonly performed for diagnostic analgesia as part of a lameness examination and to medicate these structures. The techniques for arthrocentesis are the same for the forelimb and the hind limb. Restraint is achieved by applying a lip twitch to the horse. Tranquilization or sedation is rarely used for restraint when centesis of these structures is part of a lameness examination, but in some cases tranquilizing or sedating the horse may be necessary to increase the safety of the procedure. Administration of a low dose of xylazine, detomidine, or acepromazine is unlikely to interfere with gait evaluation and in some cases may even accentuate lameness. If centesis is performed with the foot bearing weight, the contralateral limb can be held by an assistant. Some horses, however, may buckle at the carpus when the needle is inserted, causing injury if the carpus strikes the ground.