Juan David Reales Jimenez - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Juan David Reales Jimenez

Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, Oct 11, 2018

Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, 2018

La nueva variedad de sorgo Costeño-201, fue desarrollado en el Campo Experimental Valle de Culia... more La nueva variedad de sorgo Costeño-201, fue desarrollado en el Campo Experimental Valle de Culiacán (CEVACU) del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), con número de registro SOG-200389-182 en el Catálogo de Variedades Factibles de Certificación (CVC) de México. Esta variedad se adapta a las áreas productoras de sorgo para el estado de Sinaloa. Costeño-201 es una variedad de grano crema y se recomienda para condiciones de riego y temporal. El rendimiento promedio de la variedad es de 3 292 kg ha-1 de grano y 25 517 kg ha-1 de forraje verde, supera en rendimiento promedio de 8.8% y 12.4% respectivamente a híbridos comerciales de compañías privadas, que se cultivan en la región bajo las mismas condiciones. Costeño-201 tiene mejor calidad bromatológica que los híbridos comerciales en el forraje, con 9.5% de proteína y 64% de digestibilidad, supera en promedio 2.7% y 5% respectivamente a híbridos comerciales. Es tolerante a en...

Revista Mexicana De Ciencias Agricolas, Dec 1, 2010

The new sorghu m v a r i e t y S i n a l o e n s e-2 0 2 w a s d e v e l o p e d i n t h e C u l ... more The new sorghu m v a r i e t y S i n a l o e n s e-2 0 2 w a s d e v e l o p e d i n t h e C u l i a c á n Va l l e y E x p e r i m e n t Station of the National Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research Institute and was registered with the number 2204-SOG-528-090209/C in the Catalogue of Feasible Varieties of Certification in México. This variety is adapted to sorghum-producing areas in State of Sinaloa, Mexico. The variety Sinaloense-202 has cream grain and is recommended either for irrigation and rainfall areas. The average yield of the variety is 3 210 kg ha-1 of grain and 28 608 kg ha-1 of green forage, which is 8% and 18.1%respectively; higher than the grain and fresh forage yield of commercial hybrids from private companies cultivated in the region. Sinaloense-202 has better bromatologic quality in the forage than commercial hybrids, with 8.3% of protein and 59% of digestibility, which is 1.1% and 10% higher than commercial hybrids. It is tolerant to ergot (Claviceps african), anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminícola), head blight (Fusarium moniliforme) and charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina).

Revista Mexicana De Ciencias Agricolas, Dec 1, 2010

The new sorghum variety Gavatero-203 was developed at Culiacán Valley Experiment Station of the N... more The new sorghum variety Gavatero-203 was developed at Culiacán Valley Experiment Station of the National Research Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Institute (INIFAP) and was registered with the number 2205-SOG-529-090209/C in the Catalogue of Feasible Varieties of Certification in Mexico. This variety is adapted to sorghum-producing areas in State of Sinaloa, Mexico.The variety Gavatero-203 has red grain and is recommended either for irrigation and rainfall areas. The average yield of the variety is 2 849 kg ha-1 of grain and 35 367 kg ha-1 of green forage, which is 18.5% and 15.4% higher than the grain and fresh forage yield of commercial hybrids from private companies cultivated in the region. Gavatero-203 has better bromatologic quality in the forage than commercial hybrids, with 7.3% of protein and 66.4% of digestibility, which is 1% and 6% higher than commercial hybrids. It is tolerant to ergot (Claviceps african), anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminícola), head blight (Fusarium moniliforme) and charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina). The forage of Gavatero-203 can be used either for hay and silage.

Se ha realizado un seguimiento de la descarga y dispersión de ascosporas de Biscogniauxia mediter... more Se ha realizado un seguimiento de la descarga y dispersión de ascosporas de Biscogniauxia mediterránea, agente del Chancro Carbonoso de los Quercus, en condiciones naturales, desde diciembre de 2002 hasta diciembre de 2003. Para ello, se ha utilizado un capturador volumétrico (Burkard'), situado junto a ramas de alcornoque (Q. súber) con estromas carbonosos maduros. El análisis de los datos de esporulación mostró que la lluvia es la variable con mayor influencia en la descarga de ascosporas, aunque no se registró relación entre la cantidad de ascosporas descargadas y la cantidad de precipitación. Aunque la lluvia es necesaria para provocar la descarga de ascosporas, su principal vehículo de dispersión ha resultado ser el viento, y no el agua.

2011 12th European Conference on Radiation and Its Effects on Components and Systems, 2011

Light emitting diodes are widely used in space applications. In low Earth orbits missions, they a... more Light emitting diodes are widely used in space applications. In low Earth orbits missions, they are exposed to radiation environments that comprise mainly protons. The proton fluence that they must withstand in flight varies for each mission. Several commercial high power emitting diodes were irradiated with 50 MeV protons at different fluxes and up to various fluences by INTA. Their

Journal of Aerospace Computing, Information, and Communication, 2010

The present work is a study on the propagation channel (physical layer) for wireless infrared com... more The present work is a study on the propagation channel (physical layer) for wireless infrared communications in intra-satellite environments. Substituting cables and connectors with optical links inside a spaceborn platform offers many advantages and represents some technical challenges. We show analytical calculations, simulations, and experimental results for reflection models for aerospace materials, as well as wavelength division multiple access techniques for channel multiplexing. Improvements in the selection and optimization of emitter‐detector pairs are also presented.

Políticas y prácticas musicales en el mundo de …, 2004

... siglo XVI / coord. por Javier Suárez Pajares, John Griffiths, 2004, ISBN 84-89457-33-6 , págs... more ... siglo XVI / coord. por Javier Suárez Pajares, John Griffiths, 2004, ISBN 84-89457-33-6 , págs. 199-240. Fundación Dialnet. Acceso de usuarios registrados. Acceso de usuarios registrados Usuario. Contraseña. Entrar. Mi Dialnet. ...

Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 2009

Recently two Mediterranean species closely related to Didymodon tophaceus (Brid.) Lisa have bee... more Recently two Mediterranean species closely related to Didymodon tophaceus (Brid.) Lisa have been described in the genus Didymodon Hedw.: Didymodon sicculus M. J. Cano et al. and Didymodon erosus J. A. Jiménez & J. Guerra. The former has been proved to be widespread around the Mediterranean basin in recent years, and this study points to a considerable extension of its distribution

Phytocoenologia, 2002

... 2). Los om-bró tipos presentes en el área de estudio son tres, el subhúmedo, el hú medo y el ... more ... 2). Los om-bró tipos presentes en el área de estudio son tres, el subhúmedo, el hú medo y el hiperhúmedo, de los cuales el más extendido es el hu´medo. Page 3. 5 ... m Jbel Bouhalla; 1. Tributary of oued Ouara, Rif; 2. Jbel Oudka, Rif; 3. Cape Spartel, Rif. ...

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2007

... Permissions & Reprints. A new earthworm trace fossil from paleosols: Aestivat... more ... Permissions & Reprints. A new earthworm trace fossil from paleosols: Aestivation chambers from the Late Pleistocene Sopas Formation of Uruguay. ... a Departamento de Evolución de Cuencas de la Facultad de Ciencias, Iguá 4225, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay. ...

Nova Hedwigia, 2004

Didymodon erosus is described and illustrated as a new species from two localities in Spain (Iber... more Didymodon erosus is described and illustrated as a new species from two localities in Spain (Iberian Peninsula), growing on calcareous rocks. It is characterized mainly by its markedly erose and papillose-crenulate in the upper middle leaf margins and rhizoidal tubers underground or on rhizoids in the lower part of the stem.

Neurocomputing, 2004

We describe the temporal processing of the binocular-motor system at a large scale of integration... more We describe the temporal processing of the binocular-motor system at a large scale of integration. Simple visual reaction times (VRT) were measured manually for a variety of intensity-scaled stimuli for luminance and chromaticity at isoluminance changes. By comparing binocular and monocular VRT data within the context of information theory adapted to the study of neural coding, we propose a three-stage

Journal of Bryology, 2002

The terricolous and saxicolous bryophytes of the Jbel Bouhalla (Rif Cordillera, M orocco) have be... more The terricolous and saxicolous bryophytes of the Jbel Bouhalla (Rif Cordillera, M orocco) have been studied. This mountainous system, characterized by basic geology, contains the largest and best conserved forest of Abies pinsapo subsp. maroccana in Northern Africa. The catalogue is composed of 121 taxa, of which 108 are mosses and 13 liverworts. Of these, nine are new to the African continent (Acaulon mediterraneum, Claopodium whippleanum, Gymnostomum lanceolatum, Hedwigia stellata, Orthotrichum cupulatum var. baldacci, Schistidium brunnescens subsp. griseum, S. crassipilum, Scorpiurium sendtneri, Seligeria acutifolia), Eurhynchium schleicheri is new for mainland Africa, and seven are new records for Morocco (Barbula enderesii, Bryum dunense, Campyliadelphus chrysophyllus, Fissidens dubius, Hedwigia ciliata var. leucophaea, Pleuridium acuminatum, Pseudoleskeella catenulata). KEYW ORDS: terricolous and saxicolous bryophyte flora, Jbel Bouhalla, Northern Africa, M orocco. perpendicular to the coast. The maximum height is 2170 m, which is the second highest in the Rif Cordillera after Jbel Tidhirine (2448 m). The relief is very abrupt, with long slopes and several sharp and deep gullies. Geologically, the Jbel Bouhalla is formed of mesozoic and cenozoic rocks, in which carbonates dom inate. According to Sanz de Galdeano (1997), the stratigraphic series of the Jbel Bouhalla is made of dolomites with marl-limestone intrusions, limestones, sometimes with flints, radiolarites and loamy conglomerates. Due to the intermediate geographic situation of the Rif Cordillera, midway between the Atlantic Ocean in the W. and the Mediterranean Sea in the N. and N.E., its climate is very distinctive. In general, the Rif Cordillera is an area of high precipitation. In the western part of the Rif, clouds from the Straits of Gibraltar produce rainfall when they come up against the high Moroccan mountains. The only quantitative rainfall data for this area refer to other mountainous systems near the Jbel Bouhalla: e.g. the Jbel Bou Hachem (1094 m) situated on the N.E. face of the Bouhalla receives 2168 mm per year and the Jbel Outka (1085 m) on the S.W. face of the Bouhalla experiences 1760 mm per year. According to Benabid (1982), the Jbel Bouhalla receives more precipitation than these other two mountains. As in other M editerranean climates, there are two rainfall maxima, one in winter and the other in spring. Foggy

Journal of Bryology, 2004

Brachydontium trichodes is an exceedingly rare species in Romania and so far it has been recorded... more Brachydontium trichodes is an exceedingly rare species in Romania and so far it has been recorded only three times; twice in the Muntii Retezatului in the Southern Carpathians and once in the Muntii Rodnei in the Eastern Carpathians (Mohan, 1998). The present record, which is based upon the type of Seligeria transylvanica, is the fourth discovery of Brachydontrium trichodes in Romania and the first one in the Muntii Harghitei in the Eastern Carpathians. I am grateful to Professor Emanuel Plamǎdǎ, Cluj-Napoca, Romania for kindly sending me a portion of the type material of Seligeria transylvanica for examination and to Robin Stevenson, King's Lynn, for his critical comments on the manuscript and checking the English. TAXONOMIC ADDITIONS AND CHANGES: Brachydontium trichodes (F.Weber) Milde (Syn.: Seligeria transylvanica Plam.).

Forest Ecology and Management, 2007

Cryptogamie Bryologie, 2001

The occurrence of Pseudotaxiphyllum laetevirens (K. Koppe & Düll) Hedenäs in the Iber... more The occurrence of Pseudotaxiphyllum laetevirens (K. Koppe & Düll) Hedenäs in the Iberian Peninsula (S Spain) is confirmed. Besides earlier reported morphological differences between P. laetevirens and P. elegans (Brid.) Z. Iwats., the two differ in their habitats. Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans occurs in very humid terricolous communities, while P. laetevirens is found in fissures of rock in very open places.

Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, Oct 11, 2018

Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, 2018

La nueva variedad de sorgo Costeño-201, fue desarrollado en el Campo Experimental Valle de Culia... more La nueva variedad de sorgo Costeño-201, fue desarrollado en el Campo Experimental Valle de Culiacán (CEVACU) del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), con número de registro SOG-200389-182 en el Catálogo de Variedades Factibles de Certificación (CVC) de México. Esta variedad se adapta a las áreas productoras de sorgo para el estado de Sinaloa. Costeño-201 es una variedad de grano crema y se recomienda para condiciones de riego y temporal. El rendimiento promedio de la variedad es de 3 292 kg ha-1 de grano y 25 517 kg ha-1 de forraje verde, supera en rendimiento promedio de 8.8% y 12.4% respectivamente a híbridos comerciales de compañías privadas, que se cultivan en la región bajo las mismas condiciones. Costeño-201 tiene mejor calidad bromatológica que los híbridos comerciales en el forraje, con 9.5% de proteína y 64% de digestibilidad, supera en promedio 2.7% y 5% respectivamente a híbridos comerciales. Es tolerante a en...

Revista Mexicana De Ciencias Agricolas, Dec 1, 2010

The new sorghu m v a r i e t y S i n a l o e n s e-2 0 2 w a s d e v e l o p e d i n t h e C u l ... more The new sorghu m v a r i e t y S i n a l o e n s e-2 0 2 w a s d e v e l o p e d i n t h e C u l i a c á n Va l l e y E x p e r i m e n t Station of the National Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research Institute and was registered with the number 2204-SOG-528-090209/C in the Catalogue of Feasible Varieties of Certification in México. This variety is adapted to sorghum-producing areas in State of Sinaloa, Mexico. The variety Sinaloense-202 has cream grain and is recommended either for irrigation and rainfall areas. The average yield of the variety is 3 210 kg ha-1 of grain and 28 608 kg ha-1 of green forage, which is 8% and 18.1%respectively; higher than the grain and fresh forage yield of commercial hybrids from private companies cultivated in the region. Sinaloense-202 has better bromatologic quality in the forage than commercial hybrids, with 8.3% of protein and 59% of digestibility, which is 1.1% and 10% higher than commercial hybrids. It is tolerant to ergot (Claviceps african), anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminícola), head blight (Fusarium moniliforme) and charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina).

Revista Mexicana De Ciencias Agricolas, Dec 1, 2010

The new sorghum variety Gavatero-203 was developed at Culiacán Valley Experiment Station of the N... more The new sorghum variety Gavatero-203 was developed at Culiacán Valley Experiment Station of the National Research Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Institute (INIFAP) and was registered with the number 2205-SOG-529-090209/C in the Catalogue of Feasible Varieties of Certification in Mexico. This variety is adapted to sorghum-producing areas in State of Sinaloa, Mexico.The variety Gavatero-203 has red grain and is recommended either for irrigation and rainfall areas. The average yield of the variety is 2 849 kg ha-1 of grain and 35 367 kg ha-1 of green forage, which is 18.5% and 15.4% higher than the grain and fresh forage yield of commercial hybrids from private companies cultivated in the region. Gavatero-203 has better bromatologic quality in the forage than commercial hybrids, with 7.3% of protein and 66.4% of digestibility, which is 1% and 6% higher than commercial hybrids. It is tolerant to ergot (Claviceps african), anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminícola), head blight (Fusarium moniliforme) and charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina). The forage of Gavatero-203 can be used either for hay and silage.

Se ha realizado un seguimiento de la descarga y dispersión de ascosporas de Biscogniauxia mediter... more Se ha realizado un seguimiento de la descarga y dispersión de ascosporas de Biscogniauxia mediterránea, agente del Chancro Carbonoso de los Quercus, en condiciones naturales, desde diciembre de 2002 hasta diciembre de 2003. Para ello, se ha utilizado un capturador volumétrico (Burkard'), situado junto a ramas de alcornoque (Q. súber) con estromas carbonosos maduros. El análisis de los datos de esporulación mostró que la lluvia es la variable con mayor influencia en la descarga de ascosporas, aunque no se registró relación entre la cantidad de ascosporas descargadas y la cantidad de precipitación. Aunque la lluvia es necesaria para provocar la descarga de ascosporas, su principal vehículo de dispersión ha resultado ser el viento, y no el agua.

2011 12th European Conference on Radiation and Its Effects on Components and Systems, 2011

Light emitting diodes are widely used in space applications. In low Earth orbits missions, they a... more Light emitting diodes are widely used in space applications. In low Earth orbits missions, they are exposed to radiation environments that comprise mainly protons. The proton fluence that they must withstand in flight varies for each mission. Several commercial high power emitting diodes were irradiated with 50 MeV protons at different fluxes and up to various fluences by INTA. Their

Journal of Aerospace Computing, Information, and Communication, 2010

The present work is a study on the propagation channel (physical layer) for wireless infrared com... more The present work is a study on the propagation channel (physical layer) for wireless infrared communications in intra-satellite environments. Substituting cables and connectors with optical links inside a spaceborn platform offers many advantages and represents some technical challenges. We show analytical calculations, simulations, and experimental results for reflection models for aerospace materials, as well as wavelength division multiple access techniques for channel multiplexing. Improvements in the selection and optimization of emitter‐detector pairs are also presented.

Políticas y prácticas musicales en el mundo de …, 2004

... siglo XVI / coord. por Javier Suárez Pajares, John Griffiths, 2004, ISBN 84-89457-33-6 , págs... more ... siglo XVI / coord. por Javier Suárez Pajares, John Griffiths, 2004, ISBN 84-89457-33-6 , págs. 199-240. Fundación Dialnet. Acceso de usuarios registrados. Acceso de usuarios registrados Usuario. Contraseña. Entrar. Mi Dialnet. ...

Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 2009

Recently two Mediterranean species closely related to Didymodon tophaceus (Brid.) Lisa have bee... more Recently two Mediterranean species closely related to Didymodon tophaceus (Brid.) Lisa have been described in the genus Didymodon Hedw.: Didymodon sicculus M. J. Cano et al. and Didymodon erosus J. A. Jiménez & J. Guerra. The former has been proved to be widespread around the Mediterranean basin in recent years, and this study points to a considerable extension of its distribution

Phytocoenologia, 2002

... 2). Los om-bró tipos presentes en el área de estudio son tres, el subhúmedo, el hú medo y el ... more ... 2). Los om-bró tipos presentes en el área de estudio son tres, el subhúmedo, el hú medo y el hiperhúmedo, de los cuales el más extendido es el hu´medo. Page 3. 5 ... m Jbel Bouhalla; 1. Tributary of oued Ouara, Rif; 2. Jbel Oudka, Rif; 3. Cape Spartel, Rif. ...

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2007

... Permissions & Reprints. A new earthworm trace fossil from paleosols: Aestivat... more ... Permissions & Reprints. A new earthworm trace fossil from paleosols: Aestivation chambers from the Late Pleistocene Sopas Formation of Uruguay. ... a Departamento de Evolución de Cuencas de la Facultad de Ciencias, Iguá 4225, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay. ...

Nova Hedwigia, 2004

Didymodon erosus is described and illustrated as a new species from two localities in Spain (Iber... more Didymodon erosus is described and illustrated as a new species from two localities in Spain (Iberian Peninsula), growing on calcareous rocks. It is characterized mainly by its markedly erose and papillose-crenulate in the upper middle leaf margins and rhizoidal tubers underground or on rhizoids in the lower part of the stem.

Neurocomputing, 2004

We describe the temporal processing of the binocular-motor system at a large scale of integration... more We describe the temporal processing of the binocular-motor system at a large scale of integration. Simple visual reaction times (VRT) were measured manually for a variety of intensity-scaled stimuli for luminance and chromaticity at isoluminance changes. By comparing binocular and monocular VRT data within the context of information theory adapted to the study of neural coding, we propose a three-stage

Journal of Bryology, 2002

The terricolous and saxicolous bryophytes of the Jbel Bouhalla (Rif Cordillera, M orocco) have be... more The terricolous and saxicolous bryophytes of the Jbel Bouhalla (Rif Cordillera, M orocco) have been studied. This mountainous system, characterized by basic geology, contains the largest and best conserved forest of Abies pinsapo subsp. maroccana in Northern Africa. The catalogue is composed of 121 taxa, of which 108 are mosses and 13 liverworts. Of these, nine are new to the African continent (Acaulon mediterraneum, Claopodium whippleanum, Gymnostomum lanceolatum, Hedwigia stellata, Orthotrichum cupulatum var. baldacci, Schistidium brunnescens subsp. griseum, S. crassipilum, Scorpiurium sendtneri, Seligeria acutifolia), Eurhynchium schleicheri is new for mainland Africa, and seven are new records for Morocco (Barbula enderesii, Bryum dunense, Campyliadelphus chrysophyllus, Fissidens dubius, Hedwigia ciliata var. leucophaea, Pleuridium acuminatum, Pseudoleskeella catenulata). KEYW ORDS: terricolous and saxicolous bryophyte flora, Jbel Bouhalla, Northern Africa, M orocco. perpendicular to the coast. The maximum height is 2170 m, which is the second highest in the Rif Cordillera after Jbel Tidhirine (2448 m). The relief is very abrupt, with long slopes and several sharp and deep gullies. Geologically, the Jbel Bouhalla is formed of mesozoic and cenozoic rocks, in which carbonates dom inate. According to Sanz de Galdeano (1997), the stratigraphic series of the Jbel Bouhalla is made of dolomites with marl-limestone intrusions, limestones, sometimes with flints, radiolarites and loamy conglomerates. Due to the intermediate geographic situation of the Rif Cordillera, midway between the Atlantic Ocean in the W. and the Mediterranean Sea in the N. and N.E., its climate is very distinctive. In general, the Rif Cordillera is an area of high precipitation. In the western part of the Rif, clouds from the Straits of Gibraltar produce rainfall when they come up against the high Moroccan mountains. The only quantitative rainfall data for this area refer to other mountainous systems near the Jbel Bouhalla: e.g. the Jbel Bou Hachem (1094 m) situated on the N.E. face of the Bouhalla receives 2168 mm per year and the Jbel Outka (1085 m) on the S.W. face of the Bouhalla experiences 1760 mm per year. According to Benabid (1982), the Jbel Bouhalla receives more precipitation than these other two mountains. As in other M editerranean climates, there are two rainfall maxima, one in winter and the other in spring. Foggy

Journal of Bryology, 2004

Brachydontium trichodes is an exceedingly rare species in Romania and so far it has been recorded... more Brachydontium trichodes is an exceedingly rare species in Romania and so far it has been recorded only three times; twice in the Muntii Retezatului in the Southern Carpathians and once in the Muntii Rodnei in the Eastern Carpathians (Mohan, 1998). The present record, which is based upon the type of Seligeria transylvanica, is the fourth discovery of Brachydontrium trichodes in Romania and the first one in the Muntii Harghitei in the Eastern Carpathians. I am grateful to Professor Emanuel Plamǎdǎ, Cluj-Napoca, Romania for kindly sending me a portion of the type material of Seligeria transylvanica for examination and to Robin Stevenson, King's Lynn, for his critical comments on the manuscript and checking the English. TAXONOMIC ADDITIONS AND CHANGES: Brachydontium trichodes (F.Weber) Milde (Syn.: Seligeria transylvanica Plam.).

Forest Ecology and Management, 2007

Cryptogamie Bryologie, 2001

The occurrence of Pseudotaxiphyllum laetevirens (K. Koppe & Düll) Hedenäs in the Iber... more The occurrence of Pseudotaxiphyllum laetevirens (K. Koppe & Düll) Hedenäs in the Iberian Peninsula (S Spain) is confirmed. Besides earlier reported morphological differences between P. laetevirens and P. elegans (Brid.) Z. Iwats., the two differ in their habitats. Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans occurs in very humid terricolous communities, while P. laetevirens is found in fissures of rock in very open places.