Reinier van Noort - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Reinier van Noort
Geoenergy Science and Engineering
Proceedings, Jun 11, 2018
Summary During CO2 injection and storage, the exposure of shale caprock to dry supercritical CO2 ... more Summary During CO2 injection and storage, the exposure of shale caprock to dry supercritical CO2 can lead to clay dehydration and shrinkage. This has been proposed as a potential leakage risk for shale caprocks during CO2 storage. We report permeability measurements on pressed tablets of smectite and a smectite-quartz mixture, aimed at directly observing the effects of mineral composition, confinement, hydration, and exposure to CO2 on the permeability of clay-rich materials. Our results indicate that confinement and mineral composition have a strong impact on permeability. Furthermore, hydration always lead to a decrease in CO2-permeability, which varied from less than one to several orders of magnitude depending on sample mineral composition and confinement. Exposure of a hydrated sample to (a flow of) dry supercritical CO2 did not result in a long term increase in permeability, as might be expected as a result of dehydration-induced shrinkage. Subsequent drying of the hydrated samples at elevated temperature outside the vessel did result in a return of permeability to the original dry values. When combined, our results suggest that clay shrinkage is not a significant CO2 leakage mechanism in shale caprocks, though further tests, including longer exposure to a flow of supercritical CO2, are required.
Proceedings, May 2, 2016
We present new measurements of the bedding-parallel permeability of a single shale core to water ... more We present new measurements of the bedding-parallel permeability of a single shale core to water and to supercritical CO2, under confined conditions. Furthermore, measurements were carried out on the same core plug after this had been split along its bedding. Our results show that with increasing effective confining pressure, permeability decreases due to (permanent) compaction, with both an instantaneous and a time-dependent component. Furthermore, measurements performed on the core after splitting only show an effect of the crack at low effective confining pressure, whereas at higher confining pressures there was no significant effect. Finally, a first measurement performed using CO2 rather than water as the transport fluid gave a four times higher permeability. However, more measurements will be performed to confirm this preliminary observation. Our results show that (time-dependent) compaction is an important factor controlling shale permeability. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that shale permeability may not be (permanently) affected by fracturing under confined conditions, as compaction may lead to crack closure. Accurate measurements of shale compaction and permeability are required to assess caprock integrity.
Proceedings, Jun 11, 2018
Construction and Building Materials, Jul 1, 2016
h i g h l i g h t s Slag cement properties influence concrete resistivity and chloride migration ... more h i g h l i g h t s Slag cement properties influence concrete resistivity and chloride migration coefficient (D RCM). A linear correlation is found between the D RCM and concrete conductivity (resistivity inverse). Resistivity determination can be treated as a simple alternative to the chloride migration tests. A vast database on the correlation between the resistivity, conductivity and D RCM is presented.
Day 2 Tue, June 06, 2023
Self-healing wellbore sealants, that (chemically) react with leaking fluids such that when leakag... more Self-healing wellbore sealants, that (chemically) react with leaking fluids such that when leakage pathways form, they are sealed rather than widened, can be a key technology for ensuring long-term seal integrity in CCS and other geological storage applications. Developing such sealants requires representative and reproducible testing methods, to assess how a leakage pathway through a selected sealant material evolves when exposed to a flow of leaking fluid under in-situ conditions. Here, we will present novel experiments, in which a reproducible simulated leakage pathway through a sealant sample is exposed to a constant flow of supercritical CO2. During exposure, up- and downstream fluid pressures are monitored to assess changes in permeability. Microstructural and mineralogical changes are assessed afterwards, using SEM with EDS.
<p>The secure subsurface storage of fluids, whether energy carriers such as hydroge... more <p>The secure subsurface storage of fluids, whether energy carriers such as hydrogen or wastes such as CO<sub>2</sub> or nuclear waste, requires sealants that can ensure wellbore seal integrity over timescales of decades to millennia. Currently used sealants are typically based on Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) technology, which results in brittle seals that may have limited ability to withstand aggressive chemical environments. These properties make it difficult to ascertain that such sealants will maintain seal integrity over the long lifetime of a subsurface storage reservoir, as temperature and/or pressure variations during operations; chemical attack; or geomechanical effects may induce leakage pathways through the seal, as well as along the interfaces between seal and wallrock, or between seal and steel, resulting in a loss of wellbore sealing integrity.</p> <p>Self-healing sealant materials can be a key technology for ensuring long-term seal integrity in underground storage applications. Such sealants should interact with leaking fluids so that when leakage pathways do form, these pathways are sealed rather than widened. We present experiments in which we aim to test the self-healing capacity of different sealants, particularly for CCS applications, by exposing a reproducible simulated leakage pathway to a flow of CO<sub>2</sub>(-bearing fluid) under in-situ conditions. Our simulated leakage pathway consists of a sawcut through a hardened sealant sample, propped with crushed, hardened sealant (though other materials can also be used). Until now, we have focused on OPC-based sealants with various mineral additives (such as olivine and brucite) that result in an increase in solid during carbonation; but other sealants not based on OPC, such as geopolymers, may also be tested. During flow exposure, the pressure drop across the sample is monitored to assess permeability changes. After the experiments, SEM is used to study microstructures and identify reaction products. The results of this experimental work are then used as input for numerical modeling studies that seek to simulate the observed interactions and can extrapolate obtained results beyond laboratory time and length scales. In our model, chemical alteration of the cement is coupled to mechanical deformation and fluid flow to capture the cement system's volume changes that will help mitigate leakages.</p>
EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Apr 1, 2019
<p>Understanding fluid flow patterns in the shallow and deep earth is one of the major chal... more <p>Understanding fluid flow patterns in the shallow and deep earth is one of the major challenges of modern earth sciences. Fluid flow may be slow and pervasive, or fast and focused. In the deep earth, focused fluid flow may result in, for example, dikes, veins, volcanic diatremes and gas venting systems. In the shallow Earth, focused fluid flow can be found in the form of fluid escape pipes and gas conducting chimneys, mud volcanoes, sand injectites, pockmarks, hydrothermal vent complexes, etc.</p><p>Focused fluid flow has been reproduced in visco-plastic models of flow through porous materials. However, the mechanisms that cause fluid flow to focus along such relatively narrow channels, with transiently elevated permeability, have not been investigated thoroughly in experiments. We have carried out experiments in a transparent Hele-Shaw cell. In our experiments, a hydrous fluid is injected into an aggregate of viscous grains, and the mechanisms by which this injected fluid flows are recorded using a digital camera. Our experiments demonstrate a dependence of fluid flow mechanisms on the injection rate. At low injection rate, we observe the formation of a slowly-rising diapir. As this diapir slowly rises through the porous medium, it is fed by transient, focused fluid flow following the path of the rising diapir. Once the diapir escapes through the surface of our aggregate, continued fluid flow through the porous aggregate is focused and transient. At high injection rate, instead of a diapir fed by focused fluid flow, an open channel forms as a result of local fluidization of the granular material.</p><p>Our experimental observations are interpreted through visco-plastic models simulating the experimental conditions. These numerical models can reproduce the diapirs observed in our experiments at low flow rate by assuming flow through a layered porous aggregate, with a layer with relatively high bulk viscosity overlying a layer with relatively low bulk viscosity. For low injection rates, such a model reproduces focused fluid flow in the low-viscosity layer, that feeds into a slowly rising diapir in the high-viscosity layer. This model observation thus suggests that the passage of the rising diapir in our experiments leaves a trail, where the aggregate bulk viscosity is lowered and along which ongoing fluid flow can focus transiently.</p>
from FME SUCCESS Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is considered an essential mitigation strategy ... more from FME SUCCESS Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is considered an essential mitigation strategy in order to reduce anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. To meet the 2°C target set in the Paris Agreement, decarbonization of the global power sector by the 2030s and the heavy industry sector beyond that is critical. CCS is currently the only option for decarbonizing the steel, chemical and cement industries. CCS is a proven method (e.g. at Sleipner, Snøhvit, In Salah, Weyburn, Boundary Dam, Quest). There are remaining technical challenges related to upscaling, however, and cost is a critical factor in large-scale deployment of CCS. In order to stimulate relevant research, the Norwegian Research Council has established a scheme of Centers for Environment-friendly Energy Research (FME) to develop expertise and promote innovation by focusing on long-term research in selected areas of environment-friendly energy, including CCS. The FME SUCCESS center The SUCCESS center for SUbsurface CO 2 storage was awarded FME status in 2009 and was formally inaugurated on 1 January 2010. Key to public acceptance and successful deployment of CCS, the FME SUCCESS center focuses on effective and safe storage of CO 2. To meet the regulatory requirements for Measurement, Monitoring and Verification (MMV), the SUCCESS center seeks to provide a sound scientific base for CO 2 injection, storage and monitoring in order to fill gaps in strategic knowledge, and to provide a system for learning and development of new expertise. Such knowledge is vital in order to ensure conformance (concordance between observed and predicted behavior), containment (proving storage performance in terms of security of CO 2 retention) and contingency (leakage quantification and environmental impacts). The Long term deliverables (LTD) set of reports (5) include the SUCCESS centre final reporting, and they aim at synthesizing results and findings of the SUCCESS centre and relate directly to the objectives of the SUCCESS centre Christian Hermanrud (SUCCESS funded Prof II position, UiB) with some of his master students Potential leakage mechanisms and their relevance to CO 2 storage 5 Relevance of work The collective work of the SUCCESS center addresses various groups of stakeholders and the reporting structure is relevant to different communities. The report on storage capability is particularly relevant to storage site selection and Norwegian CO 2 storage capacity estimates, based on better constrained trapping efficiency and immobilization potential. The leakage risks report addresses important issues regarding safe operation of CO 2 storage and risk management. The report on injectivity provides valuable knowledge on the planning of CO 2 operations and reservoir utilization. Finally, there are two reports on monitoring: the report on geophysical monitoring addresses methods for measurement, monitoring and verification (MMV) of the subsurface; while the report on marine monitoring is particularly relevant to risk management and mitigation in the event of leakage to the water column.
When chemical reactions that involve an increase in solid volume proceed in a confined space, thi... more When chemical reactions that involve an increase in solid volume proceed in a confined space, this may under certain conditions lead to the development of a so-called force of crystallisation (FoC). In other words, reaction can result in stress being exerted on the confining boundaries of the system. In principle, any thermodynamic driving force that is able to produce a supersaturation with respect to a solid product can generate a FoC, as long as precipitation can occur under confined conditions, i.e. within load-bearing grain contacts. Well-known examples of such reactions include salt damage, where supersaturation is caused by evaporation and surface curvature effects, and a wide range of mineral reactions where the solid products comprise a larger volume than the solid reactants. Frost heave, where crystallisation is driven by fluid under-cooling, i.e. temperature change, is a similar process.
Geoenergy Science and Engineering
Proceedings, Jun 11, 2018
Summary During CO2 injection and storage, the exposure of shale caprock to dry supercritical CO2 ... more Summary During CO2 injection and storage, the exposure of shale caprock to dry supercritical CO2 can lead to clay dehydration and shrinkage. This has been proposed as a potential leakage risk for shale caprocks during CO2 storage. We report permeability measurements on pressed tablets of smectite and a smectite-quartz mixture, aimed at directly observing the effects of mineral composition, confinement, hydration, and exposure to CO2 on the permeability of clay-rich materials. Our results indicate that confinement and mineral composition have a strong impact on permeability. Furthermore, hydration always lead to a decrease in CO2-permeability, which varied from less than one to several orders of magnitude depending on sample mineral composition and confinement. Exposure of a hydrated sample to (a flow of) dry supercritical CO2 did not result in a long term increase in permeability, as might be expected as a result of dehydration-induced shrinkage. Subsequent drying of the hydrated samples at elevated temperature outside the vessel did result in a return of permeability to the original dry values. When combined, our results suggest that clay shrinkage is not a significant CO2 leakage mechanism in shale caprocks, though further tests, including longer exposure to a flow of supercritical CO2, are required.
Proceedings, May 2, 2016
We present new measurements of the bedding-parallel permeability of a single shale core to water ... more We present new measurements of the bedding-parallel permeability of a single shale core to water and to supercritical CO2, under confined conditions. Furthermore, measurements were carried out on the same core plug after this had been split along its bedding. Our results show that with increasing effective confining pressure, permeability decreases due to (permanent) compaction, with both an instantaneous and a time-dependent component. Furthermore, measurements performed on the core after splitting only show an effect of the crack at low effective confining pressure, whereas at higher confining pressures there was no significant effect. Finally, a first measurement performed using CO2 rather than water as the transport fluid gave a four times higher permeability. However, more measurements will be performed to confirm this preliminary observation. Our results show that (time-dependent) compaction is an important factor controlling shale permeability. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that shale permeability may not be (permanently) affected by fracturing under confined conditions, as compaction may lead to crack closure. Accurate measurements of shale compaction and permeability are required to assess caprock integrity.
Proceedings, Jun 11, 2018
Construction and Building Materials, Jul 1, 2016
h i g h l i g h t s Slag cement properties influence concrete resistivity and chloride migration ... more h i g h l i g h t s Slag cement properties influence concrete resistivity and chloride migration coefficient (D RCM). A linear correlation is found between the D RCM and concrete conductivity (resistivity inverse). Resistivity determination can be treated as a simple alternative to the chloride migration tests. A vast database on the correlation between the resistivity, conductivity and D RCM is presented.
Day 2 Tue, June 06, 2023
Self-healing wellbore sealants, that (chemically) react with leaking fluids such that when leakag... more Self-healing wellbore sealants, that (chemically) react with leaking fluids such that when leakage pathways form, they are sealed rather than widened, can be a key technology for ensuring long-term seal integrity in CCS and other geological storage applications. Developing such sealants requires representative and reproducible testing methods, to assess how a leakage pathway through a selected sealant material evolves when exposed to a flow of leaking fluid under in-situ conditions. Here, we will present novel experiments, in which a reproducible simulated leakage pathway through a sealant sample is exposed to a constant flow of supercritical CO2. During exposure, up- and downstream fluid pressures are monitored to assess changes in permeability. Microstructural and mineralogical changes are assessed afterwards, using SEM with EDS.
<p>The secure subsurface storage of fluids, whether energy carriers such as hydroge... more <p>The secure subsurface storage of fluids, whether energy carriers such as hydrogen or wastes such as CO<sub>2</sub> or nuclear waste, requires sealants that can ensure wellbore seal integrity over timescales of decades to millennia. Currently used sealants are typically based on Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) technology, which results in brittle seals that may have limited ability to withstand aggressive chemical environments. These properties make it difficult to ascertain that such sealants will maintain seal integrity over the long lifetime of a subsurface storage reservoir, as temperature and/or pressure variations during operations; chemical attack; or geomechanical effects may induce leakage pathways through the seal, as well as along the interfaces between seal and wallrock, or between seal and steel, resulting in a loss of wellbore sealing integrity.</p> <p>Self-healing sealant materials can be a key technology for ensuring long-term seal integrity in underground storage applications. Such sealants should interact with leaking fluids so that when leakage pathways do form, these pathways are sealed rather than widened. We present experiments in which we aim to test the self-healing capacity of different sealants, particularly for CCS applications, by exposing a reproducible simulated leakage pathway to a flow of CO<sub>2</sub>(-bearing fluid) under in-situ conditions. Our simulated leakage pathway consists of a sawcut through a hardened sealant sample, propped with crushed, hardened sealant (though other materials can also be used). Until now, we have focused on OPC-based sealants with various mineral additives (such as olivine and brucite) that result in an increase in solid during carbonation; but other sealants not based on OPC, such as geopolymers, may also be tested. During flow exposure, the pressure drop across the sample is monitored to assess permeability changes. After the experiments, SEM is used to study microstructures and identify reaction products. The results of this experimental work are then used as input for numerical modeling studies that seek to simulate the observed interactions and can extrapolate obtained results beyond laboratory time and length scales. In our model, chemical alteration of the cement is coupled to mechanical deformation and fluid flow to capture the cement system's volume changes that will help mitigate leakages.</p>
EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Apr 1, 2019
<p>Understanding fluid flow patterns in the shallow and deep earth is one of the major chal... more <p>Understanding fluid flow patterns in the shallow and deep earth is one of the major challenges of modern earth sciences. Fluid flow may be slow and pervasive, or fast and focused. In the deep earth, focused fluid flow may result in, for example, dikes, veins, volcanic diatremes and gas venting systems. In the shallow Earth, focused fluid flow can be found in the form of fluid escape pipes and gas conducting chimneys, mud volcanoes, sand injectites, pockmarks, hydrothermal vent complexes, etc.</p><p>Focused fluid flow has been reproduced in visco-plastic models of flow through porous materials. However, the mechanisms that cause fluid flow to focus along such relatively narrow channels, with transiently elevated permeability, have not been investigated thoroughly in experiments. We have carried out experiments in a transparent Hele-Shaw cell. In our experiments, a hydrous fluid is injected into an aggregate of viscous grains, and the mechanisms by which this injected fluid flows are recorded using a digital camera. Our experiments demonstrate a dependence of fluid flow mechanisms on the injection rate. At low injection rate, we observe the formation of a slowly-rising diapir. As this diapir slowly rises through the porous medium, it is fed by transient, focused fluid flow following the path of the rising diapir. Once the diapir escapes through the surface of our aggregate, continued fluid flow through the porous aggregate is focused and transient. At high injection rate, instead of a diapir fed by focused fluid flow, an open channel forms as a result of local fluidization of the granular material.</p><p>Our experimental observations are interpreted through visco-plastic models simulating the experimental conditions. These numerical models can reproduce the diapirs observed in our experiments at low flow rate by assuming flow through a layered porous aggregate, with a layer with relatively high bulk viscosity overlying a layer with relatively low bulk viscosity. For low injection rates, such a model reproduces focused fluid flow in the low-viscosity layer, that feeds into a slowly rising diapir in the high-viscosity layer. This model observation thus suggests that the passage of the rising diapir in our experiments leaves a trail, where the aggregate bulk viscosity is lowered and along which ongoing fluid flow can focus transiently.</p>
from FME SUCCESS Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is considered an essential mitigation strategy ... more from FME SUCCESS Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is considered an essential mitigation strategy in order to reduce anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. To meet the 2°C target set in the Paris Agreement, decarbonization of the global power sector by the 2030s and the heavy industry sector beyond that is critical. CCS is currently the only option for decarbonizing the steel, chemical and cement industries. CCS is a proven method (e.g. at Sleipner, Snøhvit, In Salah, Weyburn, Boundary Dam, Quest). There are remaining technical challenges related to upscaling, however, and cost is a critical factor in large-scale deployment of CCS. In order to stimulate relevant research, the Norwegian Research Council has established a scheme of Centers for Environment-friendly Energy Research (FME) to develop expertise and promote innovation by focusing on long-term research in selected areas of environment-friendly energy, including CCS. The FME SUCCESS center The SUCCESS center for SUbsurface CO 2 storage was awarded FME status in 2009 and was formally inaugurated on 1 January 2010. Key to public acceptance and successful deployment of CCS, the FME SUCCESS center focuses on effective and safe storage of CO 2. To meet the regulatory requirements for Measurement, Monitoring and Verification (MMV), the SUCCESS center seeks to provide a sound scientific base for CO 2 injection, storage and monitoring in order to fill gaps in strategic knowledge, and to provide a system for learning and development of new expertise. Such knowledge is vital in order to ensure conformance (concordance between observed and predicted behavior), containment (proving storage performance in terms of security of CO 2 retention) and contingency (leakage quantification and environmental impacts). The Long term deliverables (LTD) set of reports (5) include the SUCCESS centre final reporting, and they aim at synthesizing results and findings of the SUCCESS centre and relate directly to the objectives of the SUCCESS centre Christian Hermanrud (SUCCESS funded Prof II position, UiB) with some of his master students Potential leakage mechanisms and their relevance to CO 2 storage 5 Relevance of work The collective work of the SUCCESS center addresses various groups of stakeholders and the reporting structure is relevant to different communities. The report on storage capability is particularly relevant to storage site selection and Norwegian CO 2 storage capacity estimates, based on better constrained trapping efficiency and immobilization potential. The leakage risks report addresses important issues regarding safe operation of CO 2 storage and risk management. The report on injectivity provides valuable knowledge on the planning of CO 2 operations and reservoir utilization. Finally, there are two reports on monitoring: the report on geophysical monitoring addresses methods for measurement, monitoring and verification (MMV) of the subsurface; while the report on marine monitoring is particularly relevant to risk management and mitigation in the event of leakage to the water column.
When chemical reactions that involve an increase in solid volume proceed in a confined space, thi... more When chemical reactions that involve an increase in solid volume proceed in a confined space, this may under certain conditions lead to the development of a so-called force of crystallisation (FoC). In other words, reaction can result in stress being exerted on the confining boundaries of the system. In principle, any thermodynamic driving force that is able to produce a supersaturation with respect to a solid product can generate a FoC, as long as precipitation can occur under confined conditions, i.e. within load-bearing grain contacts. Well-known examples of such reactions include salt damage, where supersaturation is caused by evaporation and surface curvature effects, and a wide range of mineral reactions where the solid products comprise a larger volume than the solid reactants. Frost heave, where crystallisation is driven by fluid under-cooling, i.e. temperature change, is a similar process.