Rekha Mehani - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Rekha Mehani

International journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2014

To study anxiolytic and antidepressant effect of Astaxanthin as an adjuvant to standard drug.In t... more To study anxiolytic and antidepressant effect of Astaxanthin as an adjuvant to standard drug.In this study, to investigate the effects of astaxanthin on anxiety and depression,we performed some behavioural trials including elevated plus maze test, hole-board test, forced swim test, and tail suspension test.Astaxanthin ( 3 mg/kg/day for 15 days, orally) significantly increased the time spent in open arms in the elevated plus maze test and increased the head-dipping count in the hole-board test and significantly decreased the immobility time in the forced swim test and the tail suspension test.In rats, Astaxanthin exerted anxiolytic effects, and also antidepressant activity when given as an adjuvant with standard drugs.

The Journal of medical research, 2021

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a leading public health problem all over the world. Diabetes m... more Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a leading public health problem all over the world. Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor that precipitating microvascular as well as macro-vascular pathologies. Several respiratory alterations have been reported in associations with Diabetes Mellitus. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the effect of the disease on respiratory function in patients with diabetes. Method & material: For this study 54 Diabetes Mellitus patients were selected using simple random sampling from the diabetic clinic. 54 Non-diabetic, age & sex-matched subjects were also taken from teaching and non-teaching employees of the hospital for comparison. Result: In our study there was a statistically significant decrease in the level of FVC in DM patients compared to healthy male subjects. There was a statistically significant increase in the level of ratio of FEV1/FVC. A more sensitive index of early disease is FEV1/ FVC ratio. Conclusion: Spirometric values wer...

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 2021

Background: Oral ulcers are the most frequent lesions that cause discomfort for which the patient... more Background: Oral ulcers are the most frequent lesions that cause discomfort for which the patients seek treatment for alleviating pain and facilitate early healing. Various treatment modalities from modern medicine and Ayurveda are used in the form of ointments and mouthwashes with varying efficacy. Anti-inflammatory medicines, enzymatic preparations, gamma globulins and immune suppressants have been used.Methods: Extracts of five chosen herbs, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Acacia catechu, Punica Granatum, Curcuma longa and Mentha piperita were used for preparing mucoadhesive gel for the treatment of oral aphthous ulcers of any etiology. Gel was prepared by cold method of Schmolka at M/s Pharmanza Herbals Pvt. Ltd., India. Five formulations were prepared with using different concentration of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) extracts.Results: Formulations were analyzed for different physical and chemical properties. Preliminary trial was done with five formulations. The F5 formulation ha...

Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy characterized by acquired loss of retinal ganglion cells and atro... more Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy characterized by acquired loss of retinal ganglion cells and atrophy of the optic nerve leading to vision loss. Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness globally, (Quigley HA. 1996) accounts for 12.3% of total blindness (Congdon N et al). Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a primary risk factor both for the development of glaucoma and for progression of optic nerve changes and visual field loss in the disease (Morrison JC. 2005). Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the most common type of glaucoma is characterized by chronically elevated IOP with no known cause for the elevated IOP or optic neuropathy. The aim of treatment in glaucoma is to reduce IOP. Recent randomized, controlled clinical trials have shown that lowering IOP is effective in delaying or preventing the development of glaucoma in patients with ocular hypertension (OHT) and in delaying or halting the progression of established glaucoma.(Haijl et al 2002, Kass MA et al 2002)....

Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 2021

United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the fastest drug review agency in the world. ... more United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the fastest drug review agency in the world. FDA is responsible for the protection of public health by assuring that foods are safe, wholesome, sanitary and, properly labeled. Novel drug Approvals are usually innovative products to serve unmet medical needs or otherwise help to advance patient care. Methods: FDA novel drug approvals were analyzed from calendar year (CY) 2012 to 2018 based on not only their numbers but also BASED ON their impact, innovation, access, and predictability. Results: The total number of novel drugs approved from CY 2012 to 2018 was 279 (average 40 novel drugs/ year). Impact of novel drug approvals: 50% were first in class and 43% were for rare diseases. Overall expedited development and review methods were used in 63% of the novel drug approvals. Access of novel drug approvals: 84% were first-cycle approval, 74% were approved in the US before other countries, 58% priority reviews among novel drug approval...

Background: Hypertension has been termed the silent killer; an asymptomatic chronic disorder that... more Background: Hypertension has been termed the silent killer; an asymptomatic chronic disorder that, if undetected and untreated, silently damages the blood vessels, heart, brain, and kidneys. In India, hypertension is emerging as a major health problem and is more prevalent in urban than in rural subjects. Hypertension is directly responsible for 57% of all stroke deaths and 24% of all coronary heart disease deaths in India. Aims and Objectives: To compare the efficacy of telmisartan and ramipril as an antihypertensive in mild to moderate hypertension. Materials and Methods: This study was a hospital-based prospective, randomized, comparative, observational study conducted over a period of 1-year. For the purpose of this study, equal numbers of mild to moderate hypertensive patients were randomly allocated equally between two groups: one group on telmisartan and the other group on ramipril. Patients were assessed for the blood pressure (BP) reduction during follow-up period of 6-mont...

1,5 Asst. Professor, RKDF MCH/RC Bhopal, 2 Asst. Professor, AIIMS Bhopal 3 Professor, PCMS RC Bho... more 1,5 Asst. Professor, RKDF MCH/RC Bhopal, 2 Asst. Professor, AIIMS Bhopal 3 Professor, PCMS RC Bhopal, 4 Asst. Professor, CMC, Bhopal Corresponding Author Dr Ajay Shukla Asst. Professor, Dept of Pharmacology, AIIMS Bhopal INDIA Email: drajay1024@gmail.com Abstract Prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has been an insurmountable challenge for a clinician. The prevalence of CVDs has been consistently increasing. There is indisputable evidence that Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) is a principal driver of ASCVD thus LDLc reduction is important to reduce risk of CVDs. LDLc reduction is critically related to improved plaque stability and reduction of atheroma volume. Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), the primary driver of atherosclerosisis, is the key target for intervention for prevention of CVDs. Yet, despite best treatment by statins which are the first line drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia, inadequate LDLc reduction can be problematic in high risk pat...

Background: Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid found in nature primarily in marine o... more Background: Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid found in nature primarily in marine organisms. Carotenoids are well known for their therapeutic benefits in the aging process and various diseases, because of their antioxidant properties. Additionally, astaxanthin has well-documented anti-inflammatory and immune-stimulating effects. It is a known fact that oxidative stress is associated with depression, anxiety, and related psychiatric disorders. Astaxanthin may also reduce oxidative stress in the nervous system, reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Although astaxanthin has the ability to cross the blood–brain barrier and has a beneficial effect on the CNS, the effects of astaxanthin on anxiety and depression have not been reported. Methods: In this study, to investigate the effects of astaxanthin on anxiety, we performed some behavioural tests including elevated plus maze test, hole-board test, light/dark exploration test. Results: In elevated plus maze test t...

Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology

International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology

Background: This study was to diagnose different types of intrauterine pathologies, their locatio... more Background: This study was to diagnose different types of intrauterine pathologies, their locations and relations with clinical presentations (like abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), recurrent abortions, unexplained infertility and secondary dysmenorrhoea) by hysteroscopy. To know the prevalence and identification of the demographic relations of different intrauterine pathologies and clinical symptoms were observed. This study also aimed in selecting OPD or indoor operative procedure.Methods: Data collection of 144 cases was done with suspicion of intrauterine pathology on the basis of history and clinical examination. They were screened by per abdomen, per speculum, pelvic examination. USG and HSG in cases of infertility were used. Further intrauterine pathologies were explored by hysteroscopyResults: On hysteroscopy no abnormality was detected in 80/144 (55.6%) cases which was the maximum finding observed. AUB 96 (66.7%) was the most common presenting complaint followed by infertili...

International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology

Background: This study has analysed the average completed family size with relation to parity, av... more Background: This study has analysed the average completed family size with relation to parity, average age of both partners accepting permanent contraception, the percentage of women who finished their family with only female children and comparison of practice observed in rural and urban population.Methods: A retrospective analytical study was conducted at RKDF medical college and research centre Bhopal M.P. from 1 January 2017 to 31 August 2020 (3 Years 7 months) on 286 patients. Data of the patients who had undergone tubal ligation after normal vaginal delivery, caesarean section, with medical termination of pregnancy and interval tubectomy was collected at RKDF medical college and research centre Bhopal M.P.Results: Parity wise maximum number of cases completed their family with two issues i.e. (51%). Permanent sterilisation was done in even one issue in (0.6%) minimum number of cases were observed in 9 issues (0.34%). Rural versus urban distribution was 25 and 75% respectively....

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder, one of the major causes of morbidi... more Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder, one of the major causes of morbidity, mortality and needs lifelong treatment. There are large numbers of oral anti-diabetic drugs available for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. There are numerous brands available for each of the individual oral anti-diabetic drug. Thus, a study was planned to find out cost variation among different brands of same active oral anti-diabetic drug.Methods: Cost of a particular drug being manufactured by different companies, in the same strength and dosage forms was obtained from the price list provided by the pharmaceutical companies in Current Index of Medical Specialities (CIMS) (October 2017- January 2018). The difference in the maximum and minimum price of the same drug manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies and percentage variation in price was analyzed.Results: Percentage cost variation of the commonly used drugs found was seen highest with Sulfonylureas (Glimepir...

Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology

Background: United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the fastest drug review agency in... more Background: United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the fastest drug review agency in the world. FDA is responsible for protection of the public health by assuring that foods are safe, wholesome, sanitary and properly labelled. Approved Novel drugs are often innovative products that serve unmet medical needs or otherwise help to advance patient care.Methods: FDA novel drug approvals were analysed from calendar year (CY) 2012 to 2016 on the basis of three criteria i.e., impact, access and predictability. Impact measured on the basis of: percentage of novel drug approvals (a) first in class (b) for rare diseases. Access measured on the basis of: percentage of novel drug approvals (a) first cycle approval (b) approval in the U.S. before other countries and (c) percentage of priority reviews. Predictability measured by: the percentage of novel drug approvals that met the PDUFA goal dates for the application review.Results: Total number of novel drugs approved from CY 2012 to...

International Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 2016

The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) has defined pain as "an unpleasant sen... more The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) has defined pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage." 1 Numbers of drugs are available in market to treat inflammation and pain, like non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSADIs) and Opioids. Synthetic substitutes have no doubt taken over, but none of the anti-ABSTRACT Background: Alleviation of pain has always remained a prime concern of medicine. Numbers of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs like aspirin, indomethacin, phenylbutazone etc. are in practice, but because of their side effects, there is extensive search for new drugs and molecules with fewer side effects. Search for newer anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents having better or at least equal efficacy with minimal side effects is continuing throughout the world. Therefore, the search should continue and it is felt that herbal medicine has still a lot in store. Aegle marmelos is one of the most frequently used plant in the traditional and folklore systems of medicine and in religious rituals. Various activities of different parts like roots, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds of AM were evaluated. It has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and many other activities. Methods: Analgesic activities of AMSBAE (50,100 and 200 mg/kg p.o.) were studied using tail flick test and acetic acid-induced writhes in rats and mice respectively. Results: AMSBAE produces dose dependent analgesic activity in the tail flick test and acetic acid-induced writhing in mice (P<0.05). Conclusions: AMSBAE has analgesic activity. The analgesic activity of AMSBAE was comparable to that of tramadol and Aspirin. Hence, AMSBAE could be a possible alternative to NSAIDs.

National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2016

Background: Hypertension has been termed the silent killer; an asymptomatic chronic disorder that... more Background: Hypertension has been termed the silent killer; an asymptomatic chronic disorder that, if undetected and untreated, silently damages the blood vessels, heart, brain, and kidneys. In India, hypertension is emerging as a major health problem and is more prevalent in urban than in rural subjects. Hypertension is directly responsible for 57% of all stroke deaths and 24% of all coronary heart disease deaths in India. Aims and Objectives: To compare the efficacy of telmisartan and ramipril as an antihypertensive in mild to moderate hypertension. Materials and Methods: This study was a hospital-based prospective, randomized, comparative, observational study conducted over a period of 1-year. For the purpose of this study, equal numbers of mild to moderate hypertensive patients were randomly allocated equally between two groups: one group on telmisartan and the other group on ramipril. Patients were assessed for the blood pressure (BP) reduction during follow-up period of 6-month. Results: In both telmisartan and ramipril groups, there was a significant reduction of systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and mean BP (MBP) from beginning to the end of study (P < 0.001). There was a significant difference in reduction of SBP and MBP during 4-12 weeks (P < 0.001) between telmisartan and ramipril group but no significant difference in the reduction of SBP and MBP in both drug groups was seen at the end of the study. Conclusion: Both telmisartan and ramipril groups were similar and comparable with regards to their SBP and DBP. In both telmisartan and ramipril groups, there was a significant reduction of SBP, DBP, and MBP from beginning to the end of study (P < 0.001).

International Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 2016

Inappropriate antiepileptic drug withdrawal leads to increased seizure frequency and severity. 5 ... more Inappropriate antiepileptic drug withdrawal leads to increased seizure frequency and severity. 5 Medication adherence is an important factor to achieve and maintain ABSTRACT Background: Epilepsy is one of the major causes of morbidity, mortality and needs long-term treatment. There is a wide range of variation in the prices of drugs marketed in India. Thus, a study was planned to analyse out cost variations of antiepileptic drugs available in Indian market. Methods: Minimum and maximum costs in rupees (INR) of antiepileptic agents manufactured by different companies, in the same strength and dosage forms were obtained from "current index of medical specialties" January-April 2016. The cost ratio and percentage cost variation were calculated for each generic antiepileptic agent. Results: There is a wide variation in the prices of different brands of same antiepileptic agent in Indian market. The highest cost ratio and percent cost variation was found for divalproex 500 mg [(1:3.17) and 216.7], followed by lamotrigine 25 mg [(1:2.5) and 150], clobazam 10 mg [(1:2.47) and 147.3] and clonazepam 0.5 mg [(1:2.46) and 145.9]. Conclusions: The average percentage price variation of different brands of the same oral antiepileptic drugs in Indian market is very wide. Treatment of epilepsy has a long course with compliance being a key factor for successful treatment. Improved adherence to the treatment can be ensured by decreasing the cost of therapy, by changes in the government policies and regulations and creating awareness among treating physicians for switching to cost effective therapy.

International Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 2016

Pain is a complex unpleasant phenomenon composed of sensory experiences originating from damaged ... more Pain is a complex unpleasant phenomenon composed of sensory experiences originating from damaged tissue or abnormal physiological condition. 1 Every individual experiences pain in one or various forms in their life time. The principal objective of the treatment of pain is to remove or abolish the cause of pain. Most commonly used analgesics are Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids. Analgesic drugs relieve pain without affecting the cause of pain. Current analgesic therapies though are effective in pain relief have considerable side effects. Thus, there is always the need of search for new analgesics which control the pain effectively with less of the side effects. Medicinal plants are believed to be the important source of new chemical substances with potential therapeutic efficacy. Resveratrol is one such agent. Resveratrol is a phytoalexin produced by a wide variety of plants such as grapes, peanuts, berries and medicinal plants, such as Japanese knotweed and is also found in red wine. Apart from its cardio protective effect, ABSTRACT Background: Pain is a complex unpleasant phenomenon composed of sensory experiences originating from damaged tissue or abnormal physiological condition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the analgesic activity of resveratrol in different doses in animal model. Methods: Albino mice of either sex weighing 20-30 gms were selected for the study. Mice were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each. The control group received 0.9% normal saline (10 ml/kg), standard group received indomethacin (10 mg/kg) and test groups received resveratrol (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg). The drugs were given orally 1 hour prior to the tests. The animals were tested for analgesia activity 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes after drug administration using tail flick method and 1% acetic acid was given intraperitoneally to induce writhing in the other method. Delay in the reaction time in tail flick method and decrease in total number of writhes in acetic acid induced writhing model denoted analgesic activity. Data analysis was done using one way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD test. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Resveratrol showed significant increase in reaction time at various time periods in tail flick method and showed significant decrease in the number of writhes in acetic acid induced writhing method. Conclusions: In the study, resveratrol exhibited analgesic activity in both thermal and chemical pain models in both the doses, and analgesic activity in higher dose (100 mg/kg) was comparable to standard drug.

International Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 2016

Background: As we know primary open angle glaucoma need lifelong treatment. It possess financial ... more Background: As we know primary open angle glaucoma need lifelong treatment. It possess financial burden to patient. We have done this study to compare the monthly cost and cost effectiveness of brimonidine /timolol fixed combination and Travoprost 0.004% eye drops in patients of primary open angle glaucoma. Methods: Drops were dispensed at room temperature from 2.5-mL bottles of Travoprost, and 5ml of Brimonidine/Timolol. Two determinations of drop count were taken, each made from bottles held vertically and at a 45-degree angle. The total volumes of medication dispensed from each bottle were measured. Drops in five new bottles were counted and averaged for each drug. Drugs given to patients and asked them to come back with empty bottles for follow up after 2, 4, 8, 12 wks. IOP was measured and another bottle of drug is given. Average retail price was determined by survey of different brands available in market. Drop count, average retail price, and IOP reduction data were used to compute annual cost and cost effectiveness (annual cost per mmHg of IOP reduction) of both of the drugs. Results: Drops per 2.5ml bottle averaged 83 for Travoprost 0.004% and 100 drops per 5ml bottle for Brimonidine/Timolol. Average retail cost per bottle was 498 for Travoprost 0.004% and 204 for Brimonidine/Timolol. Annual retail cost was 3545 for Brimonidine/Timolol and 4910 for Travoprost 0.004%. Cost effectiveness ranges were 328 to 361 for Brimoni-dine/Timolol and 629 to 637 for Travoprost 0.004%. Conclusions: Brimonidine/Timolol had the lower monthly cost and annual cost and it is more cost effective than Travoprost 0.004%.

International Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 2016

Background: Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid found in nature primarily in marine o... more Background: Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid found in nature primarily in marine organisms. Carotenoids are well known for their therapeutic benefits in the aging process and various diseases, because of their antioxidant properties. Additionally, astaxanthin has well-documented anti-inflammatory and immune-stimulating effects. It is a known fact that oxidative stress is associated with depression, anxiety, and related psychiatric disorders. Astaxanthin may also reduce oxidative stress in the nervous system, reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Although astaxanthin has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and has a beneficial effect on the CNS, the effects of astaxanthin on anxiety and depression have not been reported. Methods: In this study, to investigate the effects of astaxanthin on anxiety, we performed some behavioural tests including elevated plus maze test, hole-board test, light/dark exploration test. Results: In elevated plus maze test the time spent in the closed arm by astaxanthin treated rats was significantly (P <0.05) decreased as compared to control. The number of readings in both the arms was significantly (P <0.05) increased in astaxanthin treated rats as compared to control. In hole board apparatus, it showed anxiolytic response by significantly reduced the number of head poking. Increased number of entries in the bright side and decrease of time spent by the animal in dark side were observed in the light/dark exploration test. Conclusions: The present study indicates that Astaxanthin produces anxiolytic response at the dose of 3 mg/kg on experimental animal model.

International journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2014

To study anxiolytic and antidepressant effect of Astaxanthin as an adjuvant to standard drug.In t... more To study anxiolytic and antidepressant effect of Astaxanthin as an adjuvant to standard drug.In this study, to investigate the effects of astaxanthin on anxiety and depression,we performed some behavioural trials including elevated plus maze test, hole-board test, forced swim test, and tail suspension test.Astaxanthin ( 3 mg/kg/day for 15 days, orally) significantly increased the time spent in open arms in the elevated plus maze test and increased the head-dipping count in the hole-board test and significantly decreased the immobility time in the forced swim test and the tail suspension test.In rats, Astaxanthin exerted anxiolytic effects, and also antidepressant activity when given as an adjuvant with standard drugs.

The Journal of medical research, 2021

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a leading public health problem all over the world. Diabetes m... more Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a leading public health problem all over the world. Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor that precipitating microvascular as well as macro-vascular pathologies. Several respiratory alterations have been reported in associations with Diabetes Mellitus. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the effect of the disease on respiratory function in patients with diabetes. Method & material: For this study 54 Diabetes Mellitus patients were selected using simple random sampling from the diabetic clinic. 54 Non-diabetic, age & sex-matched subjects were also taken from teaching and non-teaching employees of the hospital for comparison. Result: In our study there was a statistically significant decrease in the level of FVC in DM patients compared to healthy male subjects. There was a statistically significant increase in the level of ratio of FEV1/FVC. A more sensitive index of early disease is FEV1/ FVC ratio. Conclusion: Spirometric values wer...

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 2021

Background: Oral ulcers are the most frequent lesions that cause discomfort for which the patient... more Background: Oral ulcers are the most frequent lesions that cause discomfort for which the patients seek treatment for alleviating pain and facilitate early healing. Various treatment modalities from modern medicine and Ayurveda are used in the form of ointments and mouthwashes with varying efficacy. Anti-inflammatory medicines, enzymatic preparations, gamma globulins and immune suppressants have been used.Methods: Extracts of five chosen herbs, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Acacia catechu, Punica Granatum, Curcuma longa and Mentha piperita were used for preparing mucoadhesive gel for the treatment of oral aphthous ulcers of any etiology. Gel was prepared by cold method of Schmolka at M/s Pharmanza Herbals Pvt. Ltd., India. Five formulations were prepared with using different concentration of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) extracts.Results: Formulations were analyzed for different physical and chemical properties. Preliminary trial was done with five formulations. The F5 formulation ha...

Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy characterized by acquired loss of retinal ganglion cells and atro... more Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy characterized by acquired loss of retinal ganglion cells and atrophy of the optic nerve leading to vision loss. Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness globally, (Quigley HA. 1996) accounts for 12.3% of total blindness (Congdon N et al). Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a primary risk factor both for the development of glaucoma and for progression of optic nerve changes and visual field loss in the disease (Morrison JC. 2005). Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the most common type of glaucoma is characterized by chronically elevated IOP with no known cause for the elevated IOP or optic neuropathy. The aim of treatment in glaucoma is to reduce IOP. Recent randomized, controlled clinical trials have shown that lowering IOP is effective in delaying or preventing the development of glaucoma in patients with ocular hypertension (OHT) and in delaying or halting the progression of established glaucoma.(Haijl et al 2002, Kass MA et al 2002)....

Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 2021

United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the fastest drug review agency in the world. ... more United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the fastest drug review agency in the world. FDA is responsible for the protection of public health by assuring that foods are safe, wholesome, sanitary and, properly labeled. Novel drug Approvals are usually innovative products to serve unmet medical needs or otherwise help to advance patient care. Methods: FDA novel drug approvals were analyzed from calendar year (CY) 2012 to 2018 based on not only their numbers but also BASED ON their impact, innovation, access, and predictability. Results: The total number of novel drugs approved from CY 2012 to 2018 was 279 (average 40 novel drugs/ year). Impact of novel drug approvals: 50% were first in class and 43% were for rare diseases. Overall expedited development and review methods were used in 63% of the novel drug approvals. Access of novel drug approvals: 84% were first-cycle approval, 74% were approved in the US before other countries, 58% priority reviews among novel drug approval...

Background: Hypertension has been termed the silent killer; an asymptomatic chronic disorder that... more Background: Hypertension has been termed the silent killer; an asymptomatic chronic disorder that, if undetected and untreated, silently damages the blood vessels, heart, brain, and kidneys. In India, hypertension is emerging as a major health problem and is more prevalent in urban than in rural subjects. Hypertension is directly responsible for 57% of all stroke deaths and 24% of all coronary heart disease deaths in India. Aims and Objectives: To compare the efficacy of telmisartan and ramipril as an antihypertensive in mild to moderate hypertension. Materials and Methods: This study was a hospital-based prospective, randomized, comparative, observational study conducted over a period of 1-year. For the purpose of this study, equal numbers of mild to moderate hypertensive patients were randomly allocated equally between two groups: one group on telmisartan and the other group on ramipril. Patients were assessed for the blood pressure (BP) reduction during follow-up period of 6-mont...

1,5 Asst. Professor, RKDF MCH/RC Bhopal, 2 Asst. Professor, AIIMS Bhopal 3 Professor, PCMS RC Bho... more 1,5 Asst. Professor, RKDF MCH/RC Bhopal, 2 Asst. Professor, AIIMS Bhopal 3 Professor, PCMS RC Bhopal, 4 Asst. Professor, CMC, Bhopal Corresponding Author Dr Ajay Shukla Asst. Professor, Dept of Pharmacology, AIIMS Bhopal INDIA Email: drajay1024@gmail.com Abstract Prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has been an insurmountable challenge for a clinician. The prevalence of CVDs has been consistently increasing. There is indisputable evidence that Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) is a principal driver of ASCVD thus LDLc reduction is important to reduce risk of CVDs. LDLc reduction is critically related to improved plaque stability and reduction of atheroma volume. Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), the primary driver of atherosclerosisis, is the key target for intervention for prevention of CVDs. Yet, despite best treatment by statins which are the first line drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia, inadequate LDLc reduction can be problematic in high risk pat...

Background: Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid found in nature primarily in marine o... more Background: Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid found in nature primarily in marine organisms. Carotenoids are well known for their therapeutic benefits in the aging process and various diseases, because of their antioxidant properties. Additionally, astaxanthin has well-documented anti-inflammatory and immune-stimulating effects. It is a known fact that oxidative stress is associated with depression, anxiety, and related psychiatric disorders. Astaxanthin may also reduce oxidative stress in the nervous system, reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Although astaxanthin has the ability to cross the blood–brain barrier and has a beneficial effect on the CNS, the effects of astaxanthin on anxiety and depression have not been reported. Methods: In this study, to investigate the effects of astaxanthin on anxiety, we performed some behavioural tests including elevated plus maze test, hole-board test, light/dark exploration test. Results: In elevated plus maze test t...

Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology

International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology

Background: This study was to diagnose different types of intrauterine pathologies, their locatio... more Background: This study was to diagnose different types of intrauterine pathologies, their locations and relations with clinical presentations (like abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), recurrent abortions, unexplained infertility and secondary dysmenorrhoea) by hysteroscopy. To know the prevalence and identification of the demographic relations of different intrauterine pathologies and clinical symptoms were observed. This study also aimed in selecting OPD or indoor operative procedure.Methods: Data collection of 144 cases was done with suspicion of intrauterine pathology on the basis of history and clinical examination. They were screened by per abdomen, per speculum, pelvic examination. USG and HSG in cases of infertility were used. Further intrauterine pathologies were explored by hysteroscopyResults: On hysteroscopy no abnormality was detected in 80/144 (55.6%) cases which was the maximum finding observed. AUB 96 (66.7%) was the most common presenting complaint followed by infertili...

International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology

Background: This study has analysed the average completed family size with relation to parity, av... more Background: This study has analysed the average completed family size with relation to parity, average age of both partners accepting permanent contraception, the percentage of women who finished their family with only female children and comparison of practice observed in rural and urban population.Methods: A retrospective analytical study was conducted at RKDF medical college and research centre Bhopal M.P. from 1 January 2017 to 31 August 2020 (3 Years 7 months) on 286 patients. Data of the patients who had undergone tubal ligation after normal vaginal delivery, caesarean section, with medical termination of pregnancy and interval tubectomy was collected at RKDF medical college and research centre Bhopal M.P.Results: Parity wise maximum number of cases completed their family with two issues i.e. (51%). Permanent sterilisation was done in even one issue in (0.6%) minimum number of cases were observed in 9 issues (0.34%). Rural versus urban distribution was 25 and 75% respectively....

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder, one of the major causes of morbidi... more Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder, one of the major causes of morbidity, mortality and needs lifelong treatment. There are large numbers of oral anti-diabetic drugs available for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. There are numerous brands available for each of the individual oral anti-diabetic drug. Thus, a study was planned to find out cost variation among different brands of same active oral anti-diabetic drug.Methods: Cost of a particular drug being manufactured by different companies, in the same strength and dosage forms was obtained from the price list provided by the pharmaceutical companies in Current Index of Medical Specialities (CIMS) (October 2017- January 2018). The difference in the maximum and minimum price of the same drug manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies and percentage variation in price was analyzed.Results: Percentage cost variation of the commonly used drugs found was seen highest with Sulfonylureas (Glimepir...

Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology

Background: United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the fastest drug review agency in... more Background: United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the fastest drug review agency in the world. FDA is responsible for protection of the public health by assuring that foods are safe, wholesome, sanitary and properly labelled. Approved Novel drugs are often innovative products that serve unmet medical needs or otherwise help to advance patient care.Methods: FDA novel drug approvals were analysed from calendar year (CY) 2012 to 2016 on the basis of three criteria i.e., impact, access and predictability. Impact measured on the basis of: percentage of novel drug approvals (a) first in class (b) for rare diseases. Access measured on the basis of: percentage of novel drug approvals (a) first cycle approval (b) approval in the U.S. before other countries and (c) percentage of priority reviews. Predictability measured by: the percentage of novel drug approvals that met the PDUFA goal dates for the application review.Results: Total number of novel drugs approved from CY 2012 to...

International Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 2016

The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) has defined pain as "an unpleasant sen... more The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) has defined pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage." 1 Numbers of drugs are available in market to treat inflammation and pain, like non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSADIs) and Opioids. Synthetic substitutes have no doubt taken over, but none of the anti-ABSTRACT Background: Alleviation of pain has always remained a prime concern of medicine. Numbers of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs like aspirin, indomethacin, phenylbutazone etc. are in practice, but because of their side effects, there is extensive search for new drugs and molecules with fewer side effects. Search for newer anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents having better or at least equal efficacy with minimal side effects is continuing throughout the world. Therefore, the search should continue and it is felt that herbal medicine has still a lot in store. Aegle marmelos is one of the most frequently used plant in the traditional and folklore systems of medicine and in religious rituals. Various activities of different parts like roots, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds of AM were evaluated. It has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and many other activities. Methods: Analgesic activities of AMSBAE (50,100 and 200 mg/kg p.o.) were studied using tail flick test and acetic acid-induced writhes in rats and mice respectively. Results: AMSBAE produces dose dependent analgesic activity in the tail flick test and acetic acid-induced writhing in mice (P<0.05). Conclusions: AMSBAE has analgesic activity. The analgesic activity of AMSBAE was comparable to that of tramadol and Aspirin. Hence, AMSBAE could be a possible alternative to NSAIDs.

National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2016

Background: Hypertension has been termed the silent killer; an asymptomatic chronic disorder that... more Background: Hypertension has been termed the silent killer; an asymptomatic chronic disorder that, if undetected and untreated, silently damages the blood vessels, heart, brain, and kidneys. In India, hypertension is emerging as a major health problem and is more prevalent in urban than in rural subjects. Hypertension is directly responsible for 57% of all stroke deaths and 24% of all coronary heart disease deaths in India. Aims and Objectives: To compare the efficacy of telmisartan and ramipril as an antihypertensive in mild to moderate hypertension. Materials and Methods: This study was a hospital-based prospective, randomized, comparative, observational study conducted over a period of 1-year. For the purpose of this study, equal numbers of mild to moderate hypertensive patients were randomly allocated equally between two groups: one group on telmisartan and the other group on ramipril. Patients were assessed for the blood pressure (BP) reduction during follow-up period of 6-month. Results: In both telmisartan and ramipril groups, there was a significant reduction of systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and mean BP (MBP) from beginning to the end of study (P < 0.001). There was a significant difference in reduction of SBP and MBP during 4-12 weeks (P < 0.001) between telmisartan and ramipril group but no significant difference in the reduction of SBP and MBP in both drug groups was seen at the end of the study. Conclusion: Both telmisartan and ramipril groups were similar and comparable with regards to their SBP and DBP. In both telmisartan and ramipril groups, there was a significant reduction of SBP, DBP, and MBP from beginning to the end of study (P < 0.001).

International Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 2016

Inappropriate antiepileptic drug withdrawal leads to increased seizure frequency and severity. 5 ... more Inappropriate antiepileptic drug withdrawal leads to increased seizure frequency and severity. 5 Medication adherence is an important factor to achieve and maintain ABSTRACT Background: Epilepsy is one of the major causes of morbidity, mortality and needs long-term treatment. There is a wide range of variation in the prices of drugs marketed in India. Thus, a study was planned to analyse out cost variations of antiepileptic drugs available in Indian market. Methods: Minimum and maximum costs in rupees (INR) of antiepileptic agents manufactured by different companies, in the same strength and dosage forms were obtained from "current index of medical specialties" January-April 2016. The cost ratio and percentage cost variation were calculated for each generic antiepileptic agent. Results: There is a wide variation in the prices of different brands of same antiepileptic agent in Indian market. The highest cost ratio and percent cost variation was found for divalproex 500 mg [(1:3.17) and 216.7], followed by lamotrigine 25 mg [(1:2.5) and 150], clobazam 10 mg [(1:2.47) and 147.3] and clonazepam 0.5 mg [(1:2.46) and 145.9]. Conclusions: The average percentage price variation of different brands of the same oral antiepileptic drugs in Indian market is very wide. Treatment of epilepsy has a long course with compliance being a key factor for successful treatment. Improved adherence to the treatment can be ensured by decreasing the cost of therapy, by changes in the government policies and regulations and creating awareness among treating physicians for switching to cost effective therapy.

International Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 2016

Pain is a complex unpleasant phenomenon composed of sensory experiences originating from damaged ... more Pain is a complex unpleasant phenomenon composed of sensory experiences originating from damaged tissue or abnormal physiological condition. 1 Every individual experiences pain in one or various forms in their life time. The principal objective of the treatment of pain is to remove or abolish the cause of pain. Most commonly used analgesics are Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids. Analgesic drugs relieve pain without affecting the cause of pain. Current analgesic therapies though are effective in pain relief have considerable side effects. Thus, there is always the need of search for new analgesics which control the pain effectively with less of the side effects. Medicinal plants are believed to be the important source of new chemical substances with potential therapeutic efficacy. Resveratrol is one such agent. Resveratrol is a phytoalexin produced by a wide variety of plants such as grapes, peanuts, berries and medicinal plants, such as Japanese knotweed and is also found in red wine. Apart from its cardio protective effect, ABSTRACT Background: Pain is a complex unpleasant phenomenon composed of sensory experiences originating from damaged tissue or abnormal physiological condition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the analgesic activity of resveratrol in different doses in animal model. Methods: Albino mice of either sex weighing 20-30 gms were selected for the study. Mice were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each. The control group received 0.9% normal saline (10 ml/kg), standard group received indomethacin (10 mg/kg) and test groups received resveratrol (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg). The drugs were given orally 1 hour prior to the tests. The animals were tested for analgesia activity 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes after drug administration using tail flick method and 1% acetic acid was given intraperitoneally to induce writhing in the other method. Delay in the reaction time in tail flick method and decrease in total number of writhes in acetic acid induced writhing model denoted analgesic activity. Data analysis was done using one way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD test. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Resveratrol showed significant increase in reaction time at various time periods in tail flick method and showed significant decrease in the number of writhes in acetic acid induced writhing method. Conclusions: In the study, resveratrol exhibited analgesic activity in both thermal and chemical pain models in both the doses, and analgesic activity in higher dose (100 mg/kg) was comparable to standard drug.

International Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 2016

Background: As we know primary open angle glaucoma need lifelong treatment. It possess financial ... more Background: As we know primary open angle glaucoma need lifelong treatment. It possess financial burden to patient. We have done this study to compare the monthly cost and cost effectiveness of brimonidine /timolol fixed combination and Travoprost 0.004% eye drops in patients of primary open angle glaucoma. Methods: Drops were dispensed at room temperature from 2.5-mL bottles of Travoprost, and 5ml of Brimonidine/Timolol. Two determinations of drop count were taken, each made from bottles held vertically and at a 45-degree angle. The total volumes of medication dispensed from each bottle were measured. Drops in five new bottles were counted and averaged for each drug. Drugs given to patients and asked them to come back with empty bottles for follow up after 2, 4, 8, 12 wks. IOP was measured and another bottle of drug is given. Average retail price was determined by survey of different brands available in market. Drop count, average retail price, and IOP reduction data were used to compute annual cost and cost effectiveness (annual cost per mmHg of IOP reduction) of both of the drugs. Results: Drops per 2.5ml bottle averaged 83 for Travoprost 0.004% and 100 drops per 5ml bottle for Brimonidine/Timolol. Average retail cost per bottle was 498 for Travoprost 0.004% and 204 for Brimonidine/Timolol. Annual retail cost was 3545 for Brimonidine/Timolol and 4910 for Travoprost 0.004%. Cost effectiveness ranges were 328 to 361 for Brimoni-dine/Timolol and 629 to 637 for Travoprost 0.004%. Conclusions: Brimonidine/Timolol had the lower monthly cost and annual cost and it is more cost effective than Travoprost 0.004%.

International Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 2016

Background: Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid found in nature primarily in marine o... more Background: Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid found in nature primarily in marine organisms. Carotenoids are well known for their therapeutic benefits in the aging process and various diseases, because of their antioxidant properties. Additionally, astaxanthin has well-documented anti-inflammatory and immune-stimulating effects. It is a known fact that oxidative stress is associated with depression, anxiety, and related psychiatric disorders. Astaxanthin may also reduce oxidative stress in the nervous system, reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Although astaxanthin has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and has a beneficial effect on the CNS, the effects of astaxanthin on anxiety and depression have not been reported. Methods: In this study, to investigate the effects of astaxanthin on anxiety, we performed some behavioural tests including elevated plus maze test, hole-board test, light/dark exploration test. Results: In elevated plus maze test the time spent in the closed arm by astaxanthin treated rats was significantly (P <0.05) decreased as compared to control. The number of readings in both the arms was significantly (P <0.05) increased in astaxanthin treated rats as compared to control. In hole board apparatus, it showed anxiolytic response by significantly reduced the number of head poking. Increased number of entries in the bright side and decrease of time spent by the animal in dark side were observed in the light/dark exploration test. Conclusions: The present study indicates that Astaxanthin produces anxiolytic response at the dose of 3 mg/kg on experimental animal model.