Richard Clayton - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Richard Clayton
Evaluation and program planning, Apr 24, 2017
The majority of older adults take prescription or over-the-counter medications and about half con... more The majority of older adults take prescription or over-the-counter medications and about half consume alcohol regularly. Despite high risk for alcohol medication interactions (AMI), few community-level interventions exist to prevent AMI. The current study assessed the acceptability of educational materials created for use in a brief intervention to prevent AMI among older adults. Older adults from two senior centers reviewed intervention materials (poster, patient and pharmacist brochures, and public service announcement) and participated in a pre and post-test to provide feedback and to assess changes in AMI-related awareness and intentions. Post-test data showed positive feedback and an increase in participant understanding of AMI prevention, with statistically significant changes in perceived importance of messaging surrounding risky alcohol use and potential consequences of AMI. The intervention materials were positively received, and participant feedback indicated that the coll...
Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 2016
OBJECTIVES-To examine rural/urban pharmacy staff perceptions on messaging, barriers, and motivato... more OBJECTIVES-To examine rural/urban pharmacy staff perceptions on messaging, barriers, and motivators for preventing alcohol and medication interactions (AMI) in older adults (65+ years). DESIGN-A survey was distributed through the local pharmacist association and statewide pharmacy registry in Kentucky. PARTICIPANTS-A total of N=255 responses were received from pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacy students. RESULTS-Across rural/urban regions alike, among the AMI prevention messages provided, participants identified the most important messages to be: AMI can be potentially dangerous and life threatening, emergency rooms should be used when experiencing an AMI, and doctors and pharmacists should be consulted about AMI. The most common AMI prevention barriers indicated
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2003
Tobacco use is the leading preventable health risk in developed countries and a major cause of pr... more Tobacco use is the leading preventable health risk in developed countries and a major cause of premature death and disability worldwide (Fagerströ m, 2002; Kuper, Adami, & Boffetta, 2002). There are approximately 1.25 billion daily smokers in the world today, 500 million of whom will eventually die from smoking (World Health Organization, 2002; Twombly, 2003). Tobacco use causes a wide variety of health problems, including many types of cancer and lung and cardiovascular diseases. Unless tobacco use is curtailed, the resulting annual death rate will rise to 9 million worldwide by 2020.
Frontiers in Public Health, 2013
Health education research, 2018
Risk of experiencing alcohol and medication interactions (AMI) is significant among older adults ... more Risk of experiencing alcohol and medication interactions (AMI) is significant among older adults due to the substantial prevalence of alcohol and medication use in this segment of the population. Given the lack of community-level AMI prevention interventions for older adults, this study aimed to examine the immediate effects of a brief, pharmacy-based intervention to prevent AMI among older adults, as well as assess differential effects by past-month drinking status. A convenience sample of 134 adults aged 59 and older was recruited from four pharmacies in rural Virginia. Participants were assessed on their AMI awareness, intentions and importance prior to and immediately after exposure to intervention materials. Findings support immediate, positive intervention effects on AMI awareness, intentions and perceived importance of AMI messaging. Changes from pre to post-test did not differ by drinking status, but participants who consumed alcohol were less likely than non-drinkers to rec...
Journal of Drug Issues
It is the purpose of this paper to examine the role of etiological research in the study of drug ... more It is the purpose of this paper to examine the role of etiological research in the study of drug abuse, the problems in etiological research imposed by the nature of the phenomenon of drug abuse and the dominance of epidemiological studies, and to offer some suggestions for advancing research on the etiology of drug abuse. It is argued that the statistical rarity of drug abuse and the pressure to conduct epidemiological studies have resulted in the application of the methodology that does not meet the needs of etiological research. Suggestions are made that research on the initiation, continuation or cessation of drug abuse must develop a procedure for integrating conceptually and methodologically the variety of substances used simultaneously and sequentially. Further, it is suggested that research must integrate the power of survey methodology and statistical explanation with the understanding of the subject's perception and definition of the initiation and sustaining of use.
SUMMARY This article reviews the literature related to rural alcohol and drug treatment aid prese... more SUMMARY This article reviews the literature related to rural alcohol and drug treatment aid presents data from the 1985 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Rural drug and alcohol treatment is largely ignored in the empirical literature. The limited literature is ...
The primary purpose of this paper was to review systematically some of the more salient findings ... more The primary purpose of this paper was to review systematically some of the more salient findings from a decade of research on the epidemiology of alcohol and drug abuse among adolescents. Data from most of the on-going nationwide studies regarding lifetime, past year, and past month use of various drugs were examined. While there is evidence of a downturn for some of the indicators, it is still too early to know if this is a temporary shift in rates or the beginning of meaningful trends toward lower levels of drug use. The second purpose was to challenge the alcohol and drug fields to consider more seriously the problem of multiple drug use and abuse. This was accomplished by showing that the relative percentage of youth who have used "only marijuana" has gone down as the percentage of youth who have used marijuana, other illicit drugs, and cigarettes and alcohol as well, has increased. Regression and discriminant analyses of data from the 1980 Monitoring the Future study of high school seniors reveals that variables that previously have differentiated users from nonusers are also useful in differentiating types of multiple drug users. The most important conclusion from this paper is that persons characterized as "daily" users of marijuana are better typed as multiple drug users.
Journal of Marriage and the Family, Nov 1, 1980
Data obtained in a recent national survey are examined to test two hypotheses about drug transmis... more Data obtained in a recent national survey are examined to test two hypotheses about drug transmission. The hypothesis that transmission of drug use to others is most likely to occur within a short period of time after initial use is supported. For each drug or drug class, at least one-half of the users who transmitted drug use to others did so within a span of 2 years after they began to use the drug. One-fourth of the marijuana users "turned on" others. Marijuana users are more likely to transmit their drug use than are users of other illicit drugs, but most drug users never "turn on" others. The hypothesis that drug transmission occurs only within a short period of time after onset of use is rejected. Among marijuana users who "turned on" others, 29% of them did so 5 or more years after they first used marijuana.
Sports Medicine, Feb 1, 2001
This article examines the role of gambling as an addictive disorder experienced by athletes, both... more This article examines the role of gambling as an addictive disorder experienced by athletes, both college and professional. Gambling may often be seen as a comorbid factor with other addictions and with depression among athletes. The focus on addictions among athletes has gained considerable attention among sports medicine clinicians. Diagnostic indicators, risk and protective factors, and a stage model of addiction among athletes are addressed. An algorithm and pathway of care for athletes with an addictive disorder is offered as are recommendations that sports physicians, sports medicine specialists, coaches and counsellors need to address athletes who have an addictive disorder.
Patients failing to obtain benefit from nicotine polacrilex gum in their efforts to quit smoking ... more Patients failing to obtain benefit from nicotine polacrilex gum in their efforts to quit smoking may be inadvertently blocking nicotine absorption. Effective nicotine absorption depends on the mildly alkaline saliva that is produced when buffering agents in the polacrilex are released along with nicotine as the polacrilex is chewed. We found that intermittent mouth rinsing with coffee or cola, but not distilled water, substantially reduced salivary pH and nicotine absorption. Because many commonly consumed substances were also found to be highly acidic, we recommend that patients do not ingest any substance during or immediately before nicotine polacrilex use.
Preventive Medicine Reports, 2016
Introduction. Rural US residents smoke at higher rates than urban or suburban residents. We repor... more Introduction. Rural US residents smoke at higher rates than urban or suburban residents. We report results from a community-based smoking cessation intervention in Appalachian Kentucky. Study design. Single-blind, group-randomized trial with outcome measurements at baseline, 17 weeks and 43 weeks. Setting/participants. This faith-placed CBPR project was located in six counties of rural Appalachian Kentucky. A total of 590 individual participants clustered in 28 churches were enrolled in the study. Intervention. Local lay health advisors delivered the 12-week Cooper/Clayton Method to Stop Smoking program, leveraging sociocultural factors to improve the cultural salience of the program for Appalachian smokers. Participants met with an interventionist for one 90 min group session once per week incorporating didactic information, group discussion, and nicotine replacement therapy. Main outcome measures. The primary outcome was self-reported smoking status. Secondary outcomes included Fagerström nicotine dependence, self-efficacy, and decisional balance. Results. With post-intervention data from 92% of participants, those in intervention group churches (N = 383) had 13.6 times higher odds of reporting quitting smoking one month post-intervention than participants in attention control group churches (N = 154, p b 0.0001). In addition, although only 3.2% of attention control group participants reported quitting during the control period, 15.4% of attention control participants reported quitting smoking after receiving the intervention. A significant dose effect of the 12-session Cooper/Clayton Method was detected: for each additional session completed, the odds of quitting smoking increased by 26%. Conclusions. The Cooper/Clayton Method, delivered in rural Appalachian churches by lay health advisors, has strong potential to reduce smoking rates and improve individuals' health.
Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1977
Journal of Drug Issues, 1982
Two general obstacles to an understanding of the drug-crime relationship are discussed at length.... more Two general obstacles to an understanding of the drug-crime relationship are discussed at length. The first deals with the lack of consensus in the literature and the second deals with definitions of causality. The Hirschi and Selvin (1973) conception of causality is applied to the available data and found to support a causal relationship. A model for examining the causal status of a relationship is also presented along with comments on the scientific community's reaction to policy makers. Finally, an abbreviated crime-drug research agenda is suggested.
The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2014
Chemical dependencies
ABSTRACT
Evaluation and program planning, Apr 24, 2017
The majority of older adults take prescription or over-the-counter medications and about half con... more The majority of older adults take prescription or over-the-counter medications and about half consume alcohol regularly. Despite high risk for alcohol medication interactions (AMI), few community-level interventions exist to prevent AMI. The current study assessed the acceptability of educational materials created for use in a brief intervention to prevent AMI among older adults. Older adults from two senior centers reviewed intervention materials (poster, patient and pharmacist brochures, and public service announcement) and participated in a pre and post-test to provide feedback and to assess changes in AMI-related awareness and intentions. Post-test data showed positive feedback and an increase in participant understanding of AMI prevention, with statistically significant changes in perceived importance of messaging surrounding risky alcohol use and potential consequences of AMI. The intervention materials were positively received, and participant feedback indicated that the coll...
Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 2016
OBJECTIVES-To examine rural/urban pharmacy staff perceptions on messaging, barriers, and motivato... more OBJECTIVES-To examine rural/urban pharmacy staff perceptions on messaging, barriers, and motivators for preventing alcohol and medication interactions (AMI) in older adults (65+ years). DESIGN-A survey was distributed through the local pharmacist association and statewide pharmacy registry in Kentucky. PARTICIPANTS-A total of N=255 responses were received from pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacy students. RESULTS-Across rural/urban regions alike, among the AMI prevention messages provided, participants identified the most important messages to be: AMI can be potentially dangerous and life threatening, emergency rooms should be used when experiencing an AMI, and doctors and pharmacists should be consulted about AMI. The most common AMI prevention barriers indicated
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2003
Tobacco use is the leading preventable health risk in developed countries and a major cause of pr... more Tobacco use is the leading preventable health risk in developed countries and a major cause of premature death and disability worldwide (Fagerströ m, 2002; Kuper, Adami, & Boffetta, 2002). There are approximately 1.25 billion daily smokers in the world today, 500 million of whom will eventually die from smoking (World Health Organization, 2002; Twombly, 2003). Tobacco use causes a wide variety of health problems, including many types of cancer and lung and cardiovascular diseases. Unless tobacco use is curtailed, the resulting annual death rate will rise to 9 million worldwide by 2020.
Frontiers in Public Health, 2013
Health education research, 2018
Risk of experiencing alcohol and medication interactions (AMI) is significant among older adults ... more Risk of experiencing alcohol and medication interactions (AMI) is significant among older adults due to the substantial prevalence of alcohol and medication use in this segment of the population. Given the lack of community-level AMI prevention interventions for older adults, this study aimed to examine the immediate effects of a brief, pharmacy-based intervention to prevent AMI among older adults, as well as assess differential effects by past-month drinking status. A convenience sample of 134 adults aged 59 and older was recruited from four pharmacies in rural Virginia. Participants were assessed on their AMI awareness, intentions and importance prior to and immediately after exposure to intervention materials. Findings support immediate, positive intervention effects on AMI awareness, intentions and perceived importance of AMI messaging. Changes from pre to post-test did not differ by drinking status, but participants who consumed alcohol were less likely than non-drinkers to rec...
Journal of Drug Issues
It is the purpose of this paper to examine the role of etiological research in the study of drug ... more It is the purpose of this paper to examine the role of etiological research in the study of drug abuse, the problems in etiological research imposed by the nature of the phenomenon of drug abuse and the dominance of epidemiological studies, and to offer some suggestions for advancing research on the etiology of drug abuse. It is argued that the statistical rarity of drug abuse and the pressure to conduct epidemiological studies have resulted in the application of the methodology that does not meet the needs of etiological research. Suggestions are made that research on the initiation, continuation or cessation of drug abuse must develop a procedure for integrating conceptually and methodologically the variety of substances used simultaneously and sequentially. Further, it is suggested that research must integrate the power of survey methodology and statistical explanation with the understanding of the subject's perception and definition of the initiation and sustaining of use.
SUMMARY This article reviews the literature related to rural alcohol and drug treatment aid prese... more SUMMARY This article reviews the literature related to rural alcohol and drug treatment aid presents data from the 1985 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Rural drug and alcohol treatment is largely ignored in the empirical literature. The limited literature is ...
The primary purpose of this paper was to review systematically some of the more salient findings ... more The primary purpose of this paper was to review systematically some of the more salient findings from a decade of research on the epidemiology of alcohol and drug abuse among adolescents. Data from most of the on-going nationwide studies regarding lifetime, past year, and past month use of various drugs were examined. While there is evidence of a downturn for some of the indicators, it is still too early to know if this is a temporary shift in rates or the beginning of meaningful trends toward lower levels of drug use. The second purpose was to challenge the alcohol and drug fields to consider more seriously the problem of multiple drug use and abuse. This was accomplished by showing that the relative percentage of youth who have used "only marijuana" has gone down as the percentage of youth who have used marijuana, other illicit drugs, and cigarettes and alcohol as well, has increased. Regression and discriminant analyses of data from the 1980 Monitoring the Future study of high school seniors reveals that variables that previously have differentiated users from nonusers are also useful in differentiating types of multiple drug users. The most important conclusion from this paper is that persons characterized as "daily" users of marijuana are better typed as multiple drug users.
Journal of Marriage and the Family, Nov 1, 1980
Data obtained in a recent national survey are examined to test two hypotheses about drug transmis... more Data obtained in a recent national survey are examined to test two hypotheses about drug transmission. The hypothesis that transmission of drug use to others is most likely to occur within a short period of time after initial use is supported. For each drug or drug class, at least one-half of the users who transmitted drug use to others did so within a span of 2 years after they began to use the drug. One-fourth of the marijuana users "turned on" others. Marijuana users are more likely to transmit their drug use than are users of other illicit drugs, but most drug users never "turn on" others. The hypothesis that drug transmission occurs only within a short period of time after onset of use is rejected. Among marijuana users who "turned on" others, 29% of them did so 5 or more years after they first used marijuana.
Sports Medicine, Feb 1, 2001
This article examines the role of gambling as an addictive disorder experienced by athletes, both... more This article examines the role of gambling as an addictive disorder experienced by athletes, both college and professional. Gambling may often be seen as a comorbid factor with other addictions and with depression among athletes. The focus on addictions among athletes has gained considerable attention among sports medicine clinicians. Diagnostic indicators, risk and protective factors, and a stage model of addiction among athletes are addressed. An algorithm and pathway of care for athletes with an addictive disorder is offered as are recommendations that sports physicians, sports medicine specialists, coaches and counsellors need to address athletes who have an addictive disorder.
Patients failing to obtain benefit from nicotine polacrilex gum in their efforts to quit smoking ... more Patients failing to obtain benefit from nicotine polacrilex gum in their efforts to quit smoking may be inadvertently blocking nicotine absorption. Effective nicotine absorption depends on the mildly alkaline saliva that is produced when buffering agents in the polacrilex are released along with nicotine as the polacrilex is chewed. We found that intermittent mouth rinsing with coffee or cola, but not distilled water, substantially reduced salivary pH and nicotine absorption. Because many commonly consumed substances were also found to be highly acidic, we recommend that patients do not ingest any substance during or immediately before nicotine polacrilex use.
Preventive Medicine Reports, 2016
Introduction. Rural US residents smoke at higher rates than urban or suburban residents. We repor... more Introduction. Rural US residents smoke at higher rates than urban or suburban residents. We report results from a community-based smoking cessation intervention in Appalachian Kentucky. Study design. Single-blind, group-randomized trial with outcome measurements at baseline, 17 weeks and 43 weeks. Setting/participants. This faith-placed CBPR project was located in six counties of rural Appalachian Kentucky. A total of 590 individual participants clustered in 28 churches were enrolled in the study. Intervention. Local lay health advisors delivered the 12-week Cooper/Clayton Method to Stop Smoking program, leveraging sociocultural factors to improve the cultural salience of the program for Appalachian smokers. Participants met with an interventionist for one 90 min group session once per week incorporating didactic information, group discussion, and nicotine replacement therapy. Main outcome measures. The primary outcome was self-reported smoking status. Secondary outcomes included Fagerström nicotine dependence, self-efficacy, and decisional balance. Results. With post-intervention data from 92% of participants, those in intervention group churches (N = 383) had 13.6 times higher odds of reporting quitting smoking one month post-intervention than participants in attention control group churches (N = 154, p b 0.0001). In addition, although only 3.2% of attention control group participants reported quitting during the control period, 15.4% of attention control participants reported quitting smoking after receiving the intervention. A significant dose effect of the 12-session Cooper/Clayton Method was detected: for each additional session completed, the odds of quitting smoking increased by 26%. Conclusions. The Cooper/Clayton Method, delivered in rural Appalachian churches by lay health advisors, has strong potential to reduce smoking rates and improve individuals' health.
Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1977
Journal of Drug Issues, 1982
Two general obstacles to an understanding of the drug-crime relationship are discussed at length.... more Two general obstacles to an understanding of the drug-crime relationship are discussed at length. The first deals with the lack of consensus in the literature and the second deals with definitions of causality. The Hirschi and Selvin (1973) conception of causality is applied to the available data and found to support a causal relationship. A model for examining the causal status of a relationship is also presented along with comments on the scientific community's reaction to policy makers. Finally, an abbreviated crime-drug research agenda is suggested.
The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2014
Chemical dependencies
ABSTRACT