Richard Sanders - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Richard Sanders
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, 1978
The Upopolysaccharides of three strains each of Rhizobium leguminosarwm, R. phaseoli and R. trifo... more The Upopolysaccharides of three strains each of Rhizobium leguminosarwm, R. phaseoli and R. trifol have been purified and partially characterized. The last step in the purificadon procedure is gel fitration column chromatography using Sepharose 4B with an elution buffer consisting of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and triethylamine. Each of the lipopolysaccharides reported in this paper elutes as a symmetrical peak in the partially included volume of this Sepharose 4B column The ratio of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate acid (a sugar which is characteristic of lipopolysaccharides) to hexose is constant throughout the carbohydrate-containing peaks as they elute from the Sepharose 4B. The compositions and immunodominant structures of the purified lipopolysaccharides vary as much among strains of a single Rhizobium species as among the different species of Rhizobum. There is no obvious correlation between the nodulation group to which a Rhizobium belongs and the chemical composition or immunochemistry of the Rhizobium's lipopolysaccharide. There is extensive crosslysis by phage of strains of R. tifoii, R. phaseoli, and R. leguminosarm. This suggests that the receptors for these cross-lysing phage reside either in nonllpopolysaccharide structures or in common structures within the lipopolysaccharide which are not detected by compositional or immunochemical analysis. The molecular basis for the interaction between Rhizobium and their legume hosts is not understood. This interaction is characterized by a degree of selectivity (9, 10, 25). For example, Rhizobium trifolii, the symbiont of clover, does not form a symbiotic relationship with soybeans, and Rhizobium japonicum, the symbiont of soybeans, does not form a relationship with clover. Cell surface molecules are known to function in cell-cell interactions (1, 19). Therefore, the cell surface molecules of Rhizobium are likely to participate in the establishment of symbiotic relationships between Rhizobium and legumes (1O, 31). An early interaction between Rhizobium and their legume hosts takes place between the cell surfaces of the legume root hairs and the Rhizobium (8). The cell surface of Gram-negative bacteria, like Rhizobium, includes extracellular polysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, LPS,6 and flagella proteins (17-19, 24). This paper describes the purification and some of the properties of the LPS from several strains of Rhizobium.
Rhizobial strain NS 1 was isolated in 1987 from a field in Nova Scoiita with no known history of ... more Rhizobial strain NS 1 was isolated in 1987 from a field in Nova Scoiita with no known history of soybean as part of a program to develop regionally-specific legume inoculants for Atlantic Canada. In 1989-90 strain NS 1, in preliminary small-plot field trials utilizing a non-commercial inoculant carrier, gave seed yields 25% greater than the most popular commercial strain, 532C, in five site-years of tests in Atlantic Canada. In 1991 strain NS 1, in two commercial carriers, was tested in both small-plot and farm-level field trials at five sites extending from Ontario to Prince Edward Island. In the small-plot tests, NS 1 gave an average of 10% higher seed yield than strain 532C in both the Grip (TM) and the Nitragin (TM) commercial carriers. In the farm-level field trial, NS 1 gave a 15% greater seed yield than strain 532C in the Nitragin (TM) carrier.
In-stream tidal current harvesting devices deployed at these sites will need to be engineered to ... more In-stream tidal current harvesting devices deployed at these sites will need to be engineered to tolerate at least 30% cover of sea ice 15 cm thick in floes of at least 100 metres in length. Propelled by tidal currents and prevailing winds, these floes may achieve velocities in excess of 8 knots in some locations.
Summary Here we present systematic, photographic and anecdotal evidence for the seasonal occurre... more Summary
Here we present systematic, photographic and anecdotal evidence for the seasonal occurrence of migratory submerged ice in the most promising tidal electric sites in the Bay of Fundy.
We find sufficient circumstantial evidence for migratory submerged ice to warrant direct investigations, designed to quantify the risk of collisions between neutrally or negatively buoyant sub-surface ice and the tidal current harvesting devices planned for Nova Scotia’s energy-rich tidal currents.
For the 2009 ice season (January-April), we recommend monitoring potential tidal current device deployment sites for all macroscopic submarine traffic, including submerged floes of ice, waterlogged trees and large marine vertebrates. We further suggest that the first device deployments, planned for later in 2009, be restricted to locations which pre-deployment monitoring has shown to have minimal macroscopic submarine traffic.
In the longer term, we recommend that all Fundy tidal current devices be engineered to tolerate occasional contact not only with submerged ice but also with waterlogged trees and large vertebrates, since all of these submarine masses will be difficult to completely exclude from the high-energy areas where dozens of modular tidal current devices are to be deployed.
In addition, we would also like to suggest that pre-deployment site monitoring be used to rule out the presence additional submarine phenomena, such as reciprocating tidal current-driven seabed waves of mud, silt, sand, cobbles or boulders, which might interfere with the deployment, mooring, operation, servicing, replacement or decommissioning of the arrays of modular tidal current harvesting devices planned for the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia.
In the harvesting of Nova Scotia’s tidal currents, we believe the implementation of engineering strategies founded on through pre-deployment site characterization is a crucial preliminary step, if setbacks are to be minimized in the provincial journey to stable industrial-scale tidal electricity generation. As discussed in this report, adequate tidal power pre-deployment site characterization would begin with knowledge of all macroscopic submarine phenomena occurring between the surface of the ocean and the geologic formations underlying these energy-rich locations.
Proceedings of OMAE 2007: International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering , 2007
Ocean ice capable of impacting marine operations occurs periodically in the most favorable sites ... more Ocean ice capable of impacting marine operations occurs periodically in the most favorable sites for energy harvest from the tidal currents of the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. In-stream tidal current harvesting devices deployed at these sites should be engineered to tolerate at least 30% ice cover with 15 cm (6 inch) thick floes at least 100 metres in length. Propelled by tidal currents and prevailing winds, ice floes may achieve velocities in excess of 8 knots in some locations. In very severe winters, in-stream tidal current harvesting devices may be subjected to periods of 90% cover of rapidly moving or packed ice thicker than 30 cm (12 inches).
Markets for ice-tolerant tidal current harvesting devices developed under the moderate ice conditions in the headwaters of the Bay of Fundy may exist in other jurisdictions with energetic tidal flows which experience more severe conditions of ocean ice.
Summary While the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia possesses one of the most promising industrial-scal... more Summary
While the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia possesses one of the most promising industrial-scale tidal-electricity resources in the world, several engineering issues need to be resolved before this renewable energy resource can be continuously accessed.
Issues needing resolution include:
1. The development of engineering strategies to avoid, minimize or tolerate occasional contact between tidal current harvesting devices and
a. Seasonal surface ice
b. Sub-surface masses such as
i. Sediment-laden neutrally or negatively buoyant ice cakes
ii. Neutrally or negatively buoyant water-logged trees
iii. Large marine vertebrates
2. The development of engineering strategies to avoid, minimize or tolerate damage to tidal current harvesting devices from reciprocating tidal-current-driven sea-bed sediment storms consisting of mud, silt, sand, cobbles and/or boulders in some locations at some points in the tidal cycle
3. The development of long-term engineering strategies to control coastal erosion of the local geologic formations which, in concert with ubiquitous astronomical forces, generate both the world’s highest tides and some of North America’s most energetic tidal currents.
Once these engineering issues are satisfactorily resolved, much of Nova Scotia’s energy requirements [including energy for transportation if excess or off-peak tidal electricity is used to generate hydrogen for vehicular use] can be met, quite possibly for centuries, by tidal electricity generated from the hundreds of modular tidal current harvesting devices planned for the Bay of Fundy, assuming the environmental impacts resulting from the extraction of tidal current kinetic energy are within limits acceptable to society.
The physiological constraints of our neuro-sensory instrumentation limit the information we recei... more The physiological constraints of our neuro-sensory instrumentation limit the information we receive and from which we fashion our impressions. These limitations precede the psychological issues of data generation and analysis described by Ioannidis [1]. Scientific models widely accepted for at least 50 years [2,3] suggest that the peripheral and central nervous systems do not provide direct information about phenomena as they exist in nature. Instead, perceptible phenomena stimulate sense organs to produce nerve impulses. Sensory nerve impulses are not replicas of the phenomena stimulating their production. The brain, by obscure mechanisms, then fabricates personal experience from the sensory nerve impulses. The relationship of phenomena to the brain's experiential construct is unknown. Since evidence is produced by sense organs and the brain (neither of which incorporates bona fide replicas of phenomena), all scientific conclusions are likely false in the sense that they are not based on direct knowledge of phenomena as they exist in nature.
All information we receive comes to us through our five senses-sight, sound, taste, touch and sme... more All information we receive comes to us through our five senses-sight, sound, taste, touch and smell. Receptors in our sense organs convert perceptible phenomena (that is, phenomena stimulating our sense organs), into nerve impulses. The process by which our sense organs convert phenomena into nerve impulses is illustrated in
Rhizobia are Gram-negative bacteria normally capable of nodulating the roots of leguminous plants... more Rhizobia are Gram-negative bacteria normally capable of nodulating the roots of leguminous plants, and the failure of five EPS (extracellular polysaccharide)-deficient mutants to nodulate suggested that EPS is required for this nodulation. However, we report here that among a larger sample of mutants with altered EPS production, isolated from two species of Rhizobium (including one of the original set plus 34 new ones), production of EPS is not correlated with ability to nodulate appropriate hosts. Therefore, although involvement of a minor EPS component cannot be ruled out, there is no evidence that gross EPS is required for nodulation. To read this story in full you will need to login or make a payment (see right).
We report here the isolation of an extra-genic suppressor of a promoter mutation in the lactose o... more We report here the isolation of an extra-genic suppressor of a promoter mutation in the lactose operon of Escherichia coli. Genetic data have indicated that the suppressor of the P-mutation maps in the structural gene for the transcription factor catabolite acti-vator protein. Biochemical studies suggest that the mutant molecules of catabolite activator protein are altered in such a way that they are activated by 3':5'-cyclic GMP in addition to their normal effector, 3':5'-cyclic AMP.
Handbook of Genetics, 1974
The two enzymes which are specific for the catabolism of the disaccharide lactose in Escherichia ... more The two enzymes which are specific for the catabolism of the disaccharide lactose in Escherichia coli are the lactose permease and beta galactosidase (Watson, 1970). The structural genes for these molecules are regulated as a unit and located adjacent to one another on the coli chromosome (see Figure 1). The Y gene codes for the permease or M protein which transports lactose into the cell. The Z gene carries the information for the synthesis of beta-galactosidase. This enzyme cleaves lactose to glucose and galactose, both of which can directly enter glycolysis and supply the cell with energy and carbon skeletons (Watson, 1970; Zabin and Fowler, 1970; Kennedy, 1970). (The a gene codes for thiogalactoside transacetylase. The role of this enzyme in E. coli is unknown.)
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, 1978
The Upopolysaccharides of three strains each of Rhizobium leguminosarwm, R. phaseoli and R. trifo... more The Upopolysaccharides of three strains each of Rhizobium leguminosarwm, R. phaseoli and R. trifol have been purified and partially characterized. The last step in the purificadon procedure is gel fitration column chromatography using Sepharose 4B with an elution buffer consisting of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and triethylamine. Each of the lipopolysaccharides reported in this paper elutes as a symmetrical peak in the partially included volume of this Sepharose 4B column The ratio of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate acid (a sugar which is characteristic of lipopolysaccharides) to hexose is constant throughout the carbohydrate-containing peaks as they elute from the Sepharose 4B. The compositions and immunodominant structures of the purified lipopolysaccharides vary as much among strains of a single Rhizobium species as among the different species of Rhizobum. There is no obvious correlation between the nodulation group to which a Rhizobium belongs and the chemical composition or immunochemistry of the Rhizobium's lipopolysaccharide. There is extensive crosslysis by phage of strains of R. tifoii, R. phaseoli, and R. leguminosarm. This suggests that the receptors for these cross-lysing phage reside either in nonllpopolysaccharide structures or in common structures within the lipopolysaccharide which are not detected by compositional or immunochemical analysis. The molecular basis for the interaction between Rhizobium and their legume hosts is not understood. This interaction is characterized by a degree of selectivity (9, 10, 25). For example, Rhizobium trifolii, the symbiont of clover, does not form a symbiotic relationship with soybeans, and Rhizobium japonicum, the symbiont of soybeans, does not form a relationship with clover. Cell surface molecules are known to function in cell-cell interactions (1, 19). Therefore, the cell surface molecules of Rhizobium are likely to participate in the establishment of symbiotic relationships between Rhizobium and legumes (1O, 31). An early interaction between Rhizobium and their legume hosts takes place between the cell surfaces of the legume root hairs and the Rhizobium (8). The cell surface of Gram-negative bacteria, like Rhizobium, includes extracellular polysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, LPS,6 and flagella proteins (17-19, 24). This paper describes the purification and some of the properties of the LPS from several strains of Rhizobium.
Rhizobial strain NS 1 was isolated in 1987 from a field in Nova Scoiita with no known history of ... more Rhizobial strain NS 1 was isolated in 1987 from a field in Nova Scoiita with no known history of soybean as part of a program to develop regionally-specific legume inoculants for Atlantic Canada. In 1989-90 strain NS 1, in preliminary small-plot field trials utilizing a non-commercial inoculant carrier, gave seed yields 25% greater than the most popular commercial strain, 532C, in five site-years of tests in Atlantic Canada. In 1991 strain NS 1, in two commercial carriers, was tested in both small-plot and farm-level field trials at five sites extending from Ontario to Prince Edward Island. In the small-plot tests, NS 1 gave an average of 10% higher seed yield than strain 532C in both the Grip (TM) and the Nitragin (TM) commercial carriers. In the farm-level field trial, NS 1 gave a 15% greater seed yield than strain 532C in the Nitragin (TM) carrier.
In-stream tidal current harvesting devices deployed at these sites will need to be engineered to ... more In-stream tidal current harvesting devices deployed at these sites will need to be engineered to tolerate at least 30% cover of sea ice 15 cm thick in floes of at least 100 metres in length. Propelled by tidal currents and prevailing winds, these floes may achieve velocities in excess of 8 knots in some locations.
Summary Here we present systematic, photographic and anecdotal evidence for the seasonal occurre... more Summary
Here we present systematic, photographic and anecdotal evidence for the seasonal occurrence of migratory submerged ice in the most promising tidal electric sites in the Bay of Fundy.
We find sufficient circumstantial evidence for migratory submerged ice to warrant direct investigations, designed to quantify the risk of collisions between neutrally or negatively buoyant sub-surface ice and the tidal current harvesting devices planned for Nova Scotia’s energy-rich tidal currents.
For the 2009 ice season (January-April), we recommend monitoring potential tidal current device deployment sites for all macroscopic submarine traffic, including submerged floes of ice, waterlogged trees and large marine vertebrates. We further suggest that the first device deployments, planned for later in 2009, be restricted to locations which pre-deployment monitoring has shown to have minimal macroscopic submarine traffic.
In the longer term, we recommend that all Fundy tidal current devices be engineered to tolerate occasional contact not only with submerged ice but also with waterlogged trees and large vertebrates, since all of these submarine masses will be difficult to completely exclude from the high-energy areas where dozens of modular tidal current devices are to be deployed.
In addition, we would also like to suggest that pre-deployment site monitoring be used to rule out the presence additional submarine phenomena, such as reciprocating tidal current-driven seabed waves of mud, silt, sand, cobbles or boulders, which might interfere with the deployment, mooring, operation, servicing, replacement or decommissioning of the arrays of modular tidal current harvesting devices planned for the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia.
In the harvesting of Nova Scotia’s tidal currents, we believe the implementation of engineering strategies founded on through pre-deployment site characterization is a crucial preliminary step, if setbacks are to be minimized in the provincial journey to stable industrial-scale tidal electricity generation. As discussed in this report, adequate tidal power pre-deployment site characterization would begin with knowledge of all macroscopic submarine phenomena occurring between the surface of the ocean and the geologic formations underlying these energy-rich locations.
Proceedings of OMAE 2007: International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering , 2007
Ocean ice capable of impacting marine operations occurs periodically in the most favorable sites ... more Ocean ice capable of impacting marine operations occurs periodically in the most favorable sites for energy harvest from the tidal currents of the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. In-stream tidal current harvesting devices deployed at these sites should be engineered to tolerate at least 30% ice cover with 15 cm (6 inch) thick floes at least 100 metres in length. Propelled by tidal currents and prevailing winds, ice floes may achieve velocities in excess of 8 knots in some locations. In very severe winters, in-stream tidal current harvesting devices may be subjected to periods of 90% cover of rapidly moving or packed ice thicker than 30 cm (12 inches).
Markets for ice-tolerant tidal current harvesting devices developed under the moderate ice conditions in the headwaters of the Bay of Fundy may exist in other jurisdictions with energetic tidal flows which experience more severe conditions of ocean ice.
Summary While the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia possesses one of the most promising industrial-scal... more Summary
While the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia possesses one of the most promising industrial-scale tidal-electricity resources in the world, several engineering issues need to be resolved before this renewable energy resource can be continuously accessed.
Issues needing resolution include:
1. The development of engineering strategies to avoid, minimize or tolerate occasional contact between tidal current harvesting devices and
a. Seasonal surface ice
b. Sub-surface masses such as
i. Sediment-laden neutrally or negatively buoyant ice cakes
ii. Neutrally or negatively buoyant water-logged trees
iii. Large marine vertebrates
2. The development of engineering strategies to avoid, minimize or tolerate damage to tidal current harvesting devices from reciprocating tidal-current-driven sea-bed sediment storms consisting of mud, silt, sand, cobbles and/or boulders in some locations at some points in the tidal cycle
3. The development of long-term engineering strategies to control coastal erosion of the local geologic formations which, in concert with ubiquitous astronomical forces, generate both the world’s highest tides and some of North America’s most energetic tidal currents.
Once these engineering issues are satisfactorily resolved, much of Nova Scotia’s energy requirements [including energy for transportation if excess or off-peak tidal electricity is used to generate hydrogen for vehicular use] can be met, quite possibly for centuries, by tidal electricity generated from the hundreds of modular tidal current harvesting devices planned for the Bay of Fundy, assuming the environmental impacts resulting from the extraction of tidal current kinetic energy are within limits acceptable to society.
The physiological constraints of our neuro-sensory instrumentation limit the information we recei... more The physiological constraints of our neuro-sensory instrumentation limit the information we receive and from which we fashion our impressions. These limitations precede the psychological issues of data generation and analysis described by Ioannidis [1]. Scientific models widely accepted for at least 50 years [2,3] suggest that the peripheral and central nervous systems do not provide direct information about phenomena as they exist in nature. Instead, perceptible phenomena stimulate sense organs to produce nerve impulses. Sensory nerve impulses are not replicas of the phenomena stimulating their production. The brain, by obscure mechanisms, then fabricates personal experience from the sensory nerve impulses. The relationship of phenomena to the brain's experiential construct is unknown. Since evidence is produced by sense organs and the brain (neither of which incorporates bona fide replicas of phenomena), all scientific conclusions are likely false in the sense that they are not based on direct knowledge of phenomena as they exist in nature.
All information we receive comes to us through our five senses-sight, sound, taste, touch and sme... more All information we receive comes to us through our five senses-sight, sound, taste, touch and smell. Receptors in our sense organs convert perceptible phenomena (that is, phenomena stimulating our sense organs), into nerve impulses. The process by which our sense organs convert phenomena into nerve impulses is illustrated in
Rhizobia are Gram-negative bacteria normally capable of nodulating the roots of leguminous plants... more Rhizobia are Gram-negative bacteria normally capable of nodulating the roots of leguminous plants, and the failure of five EPS (extracellular polysaccharide)-deficient mutants to nodulate suggested that EPS is required for this nodulation. However, we report here that among a larger sample of mutants with altered EPS production, isolated from two species of Rhizobium (including one of the original set plus 34 new ones), production of EPS is not correlated with ability to nodulate appropriate hosts. Therefore, although involvement of a minor EPS component cannot be ruled out, there is no evidence that gross EPS is required for nodulation. To read this story in full you will need to login or make a payment (see right).
We report here the isolation of an extra-genic suppressor of a promoter mutation in the lactose o... more We report here the isolation of an extra-genic suppressor of a promoter mutation in the lactose operon of Escherichia coli. Genetic data have indicated that the suppressor of the P-mutation maps in the structural gene for the transcription factor catabolite acti-vator protein. Biochemical studies suggest that the mutant molecules of catabolite activator protein are altered in such a way that they are activated by 3':5'-cyclic GMP in addition to their normal effector, 3':5'-cyclic AMP.
Handbook of Genetics, 1974
The two enzymes which are specific for the catabolism of the disaccharide lactose in Escherichia ... more The two enzymes which are specific for the catabolism of the disaccharide lactose in Escherichia coli are the lactose permease and beta galactosidase (Watson, 1970). The structural genes for these molecules are regulated as a unit and located adjacent to one another on the coli chromosome (see Figure 1). The Y gene codes for the permease or M protein which transports lactose into the cell. The Z gene carries the information for the synthesis of beta-galactosidase. This enzyme cleaves lactose to glucose and galactose, both of which can directly enter glycolysis and supply the cell with energy and carbon skeletons (Watson, 1970; Zabin and Fowler, 1970; Kennedy, 1970). (The a gene codes for thiogalactoside transacetylase. The role of this enzyme in E. coli is unknown.)