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Papers by Richard Sowell

Research paper thumbnail of Working and Caring for Young People Living with HIV/AIDS

Research paper thumbnail of Revised HIV Prevention Strategy: New Hope or Smoke Screen?

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS care, 2003

Research paper thumbnail of HIV/AIDS: Mainstream or Forgotten?

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS care, 2003

Research paper thumbnail of An Invitation to Share

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS care, 2003

Research paper thumbnail of Community-based HIV case management: Challenges and opportunities

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 1995

Research paper thumbnail of Bird Flu: How Will It Affect HIV/AIDS Care?

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2006

Research paper thumbnail of AIDS Orphans: The Cost of Doing Nothing

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2000

Research paper thumbnail of Bless All the People of the World

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2002

Research paper thumbnail of Treatment of Anemia in Patients With HIV Infection, Part 1: The Need for Adequate Guidelines

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2001

Anemia in HIV-infected individuals, still a common hematologic complication in the highly active ... more Anemia in HIV-infected individuals, still a common hematologic complication in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, is associated with shortened survival, increases in the rate of disease progression, and reduction in quality of life. Based on a thorough review of the literature, guidelines were developed for the assessment, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of anemia in patients with HIV/AIDS by a consensus committee consisting of nurses from academia and clinical practice. A major goal of this committee is to increase awareness within the nursing community of the prevalence of anemia in HIVinfected patients and its impact on their lives. Anemia developed in close to 90% of HIV-infected patients before the introduction of HAART, and it is still found in up to 46% of patients in the HAART era. Another goal is to encourage screening for anemia and the adaptation of a proposed classification system of anemia based on a graded decrease in hemoglobin levels.

Research paper thumbnail of Evidence-Based Practice: Report of the ANAC Pre-Conference

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2001

Research paper thumbnail of Expanding Our Perspective

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2007

Research paper thumbnail of It isn't over until it is over

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 1998

Research paper thumbnail of One Last Editorial to Say Thank You to so Many Good Colleagues

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2007

Research paper thumbnail of Making Decisions

American Journal of Men's Health, Mar 8, 2012

The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the process of HIV disclosure for rural Af... more The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the process of HIV disclosure for rural African American men—a population disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS. Forty men were interviewed about their experience of making an HIV disclosure. Grounded theory methodology guided data collection and analysis. The core category or variable that emerged from the data was a process—Making Decisions: The Process of HIV Disclosure. Five categories accounted for variations in disclosures: (a) beliefs and knowledge about HIV/AIDS, (b) influencing factors, (c) disclosure decisions, (d) disclosure efficacy, and (e) outcomes of disclosure. Most of the men had disclosed to others; however, the disclosures were selective, and the decisions were iterative. The majority of the men did not disclose their diagnosis for several months to several years. The findings provide a framework of the many factors related to HIV disclosure that can guide health care providers in counseling persons living with HIV/AIDS in making disclosure decisions.

Research paper thumbnail of Coping Strategies used by HIV Infected Women

Omega - Journal Of Death And Dying, 1997

The purpose of this study was to describe the coping strategies used by women to deal with the ex... more The purpose of this study was to describe the coping strategies used by women to deal with the experience of being infected with HIV, and to develop a typology of coping strategies for this population. The sample of 264 HIV infected women was recruited from eight AIDS/HIV treatment sites serving both urban and non-urban clients in one state in the south eastern United States. Coping strategies were assessed through two open-ended questions: "How have you been dealing with being HIV positive?" and "What has been most helpful to you in dealing with being HIV positive?" Content analysis was used to analyze the data. A total of 516 codable items were identified. The coping strategies were classified into eight categories: SeekinglUsing Support, Spirituality, AvoidancelDenial, Focusing on the Here and Now, Managing the Illness/Promoting Health, Positive Thinking, Focusing on Others, and Information Seeking (listed in order of frequency reported). The coping responses identified are generally similar to those reported in studies of HIV infected gayhisexual males, however, there appeared to be a greater emphasis on spirituality and on focusing on others as coping strategies. *Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cooperative Agreement # U641CCU408293.

Research paper thumbnail of Levels of Hope in HIV-infected African-American Women of Reproductive Age

HIV disease continues to grow at a staggering rate among women, with women of color becoming the ... more HIV disease continues to grow at a staggering rate among women, with women of color becoming the group most frequently affected. Previous research has supported hope as an important factor associated with better health, quality of life, recovery from illness, and increased survival in life threatening illnesses such as HIV disease. The purpose of this study was to describe levels of hope in HIV-infected, African-American women, and to examine the relationships among hope and the women's reported symptoms, stage of illness, and perceived relationship with her primary health care provider (PHCP). A descriptive, quantitative design was used. The sample consisted of 49 African-American women 18 to 45 years of age. Face-to-face structured interviews were conducted. Hope was measured using the Herth Hope Scale, and the quality of the relationship with one's PHCP was measured using the Relationship with the PHCP Scale. The level of hope in these HIV-infected women was lower than women with breast cancer and hospitalized adults with cancer. No significant differences were found in level of hope related to relationship status, income, stage of illness, or if a woman had or did not have children. Hope was positively associated with a more positive relationship with the PHCP (r = .33, P = .02). This finding underscores the importance of the quality of the PHCP's relationship with their clients.

Research paper thumbnail of Overcoming methodological barriers to HIV/AIDS nursing research

The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care : JANAC, 1991

While more than 1,600 articles have been published in the nursing literature about HIV infection,... more While more than 1,600 articles have been published in the nursing literature about HIV infection, only 54 (3%) have been research articles. The sparsity of nursing research related to HIV has partially resulted from methodological problems inherent in the implementation of research protocols with persons infected with HIV. The authors' focus is on methodological and ethical problems related to sampling patterns, informed consent, and protection of human subjects that have hindered the study of HIV infection. The underlying reasons for these problems as well as solutions and approaches to minimize or prevent the problems are presented.

Research paper thumbnail of Preventing Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission

Southern Medical Journal, 2001

Research paper thumbnail of Consumer-Centric Advocacy: Its Connection to Nursing Frameworks

Nursing Science Quarterly, 1990

The concept of advocacy is redefined here as consumer-centric advo cacy and its essential attribu... more The concept of advocacy is redefined here as consumer-centric advo cacy and its essential attributes are identified. Theoretical linkages between advocacy and selected nursing models are described. Specifi cally, the construct of advocacy is considered as it is operationalized within the theoretical frameworks of King, Newman, Orem, and Rogers. The health care system in the United States is in a state of unrest and undergoing nearly continuous change and reorganization. This reorga nization has been hastened by tightened resources within the health care financing system, a growing number of elderly and indigent needing care, and the advent of care intensive disease processes such as AIDS and substance addicted newborns. In addition, the general public has become better informed concerning health and is seeking new ap proaches to the delivery of health care services. As changes in the health care system continue to occur, the role of nurses, the largest group of health care providers...

Research paper thumbnail of Where have all the Activists Gone?

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS care, 2004

Research paper thumbnail of Working and Caring for Young People Living with HIV/AIDS

Research paper thumbnail of Revised HIV Prevention Strategy: New Hope or Smoke Screen?

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS care, 2003

Research paper thumbnail of HIV/AIDS: Mainstream or Forgotten?

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS care, 2003

Research paper thumbnail of An Invitation to Share

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS care, 2003

Research paper thumbnail of Community-based HIV case management: Challenges and opportunities

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 1995

Research paper thumbnail of Bird Flu: How Will It Affect HIV/AIDS Care?

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2006

Research paper thumbnail of AIDS Orphans: The Cost of Doing Nothing

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2000

Research paper thumbnail of Bless All the People of the World

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2002

Research paper thumbnail of Treatment of Anemia in Patients With HIV Infection, Part 1: The Need for Adequate Guidelines

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2001

Anemia in HIV-infected individuals, still a common hematologic complication in the highly active ... more Anemia in HIV-infected individuals, still a common hematologic complication in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, is associated with shortened survival, increases in the rate of disease progression, and reduction in quality of life. Based on a thorough review of the literature, guidelines were developed for the assessment, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of anemia in patients with HIV/AIDS by a consensus committee consisting of nurses from academia and clinical practice. A major goal of this committee is to increase awareness within the nursing community of the prevalence of anemia in HIVinfected patients and its impact on their lives. Anemia developed in close to 90% of HIV-infected patients before the introduction of HAART, and it is still found in up to 46% of patients in the HAART era. Another goal is to encourage screening for anemia and the adaptation of a proposed classification system of anemia based on a graded decrease in hemoglobin levels.

Research paper thumbnail of Evidence-Based Practice: Report of the ANAC Pre-Conference

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2001

Research paper thumbnail of Expanding Our Perspective

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2007

Research paper thumbnail of It isn't over until it is over

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 1998

Research paper thumbnail of One Last Editorial to Say Thank You to so Many Good Colleagues

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2007

Research paper thumbnail of Making Decisions

American Journal of Men's Health, Mar 8, 2012

The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the process of HIV disclosure for rural Af... more The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the process of HIV disclosure for rural African American men—a population disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS. Forty men were interviewed about their experience of making an HIV disclosure. Grounded theory methodology guided data collection and analysis. The core category or variable that emerged from the data was a process—Making Decisions: The Process of HIV Disclosure. Five categories accounted for variations in disclosures: (a) beliefs and knowledge about HIV/AIDS, (b) influencing factors, (c) disclosure decisions, (d) disclosure efficacy, and (e) outcomes of disclosure. Most of the men had disclosed to others; however, the disclosures were selective, and the decisions were iterative. The majority of the men did not disclose their diagnosis for several months to several years. The findings provide a framework of the many factors related to HIV disclosure that can guide health care providers in counseling persons living with HIV/AIDS in making disclosure decisions.

Research paper thumbnail of Coping Strategies used by HIV Infected Women

Omega - Journal Of Death And Dying, 1997

The purpose of this study was to describe the coping strategies used by women to deal with the ex... more The purpose of this study was to describe the coping strategies used by women to deal with the experience of being infected with HIV, and to develop a typology of coping strategies for this population. The sample of 264 HIV infected women was recruited from eight AIDS/HIV treatment sites serving both urban and non-urban clients in one state in the south eastern United States. Coping strategies were assessed through two open-ended questions: "How have you been dealing with being HIV positive?" and "What has been most helpful to you in dealing with being HIV positive?" Content analysis was used to analyze the data. A total of 516 codable items were identified. The coping strategies were classified into eight categories: SeekinglUsing Support, Spirituality, AvoidancelDenial, Focusing on the Here and Now, Managing the Illness/Promoting Health, Positive Thinking, Focusing on Others, and Information Seeking (listed in order of frequency reported). The coping responses identified are generally similar to those reported in studies of HIV infected gayhisexual males, however, there appeared to be a greater emphasis on spirituality and on focusing on others as coping strategies. *Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cooperative Agreement # U641CCU408293.

Research paper thumbnail of Levels of Hope in HIV-infected African-American Women of Reproductive Age

HIV disease continues to grow at a staggering rate among women, with women of color becoming the ... more HIV disease continues to grow at a staggering rate among women, with women of color becoming the group most frequently affected. Previous research has supported hope as an important factor associated with better health, quality of life, recovery from illness, and increased survival in life threatening illnesses such as HIV disease. The purpose of this study was to describe levels of hope in HIV-infected, African-American women, and to examine the relationships among hope and the women's reported symptoms, stage of illness, and perceived relationship with her primary health care provider (PHCP). A descriptive, quantitative design was used. The sample consisted of 49 African-American women 18 to 45 years of age. Face-to-face structured interviews were conducted. Hope was measured using the Herth Hope Scale, and the quality of the relationship with one's PHCP was measured using the Relationship with the PHCP Scale. The level of hope in these HIV-infected women was lower than women with breast cancer and hospitalized adults with cancer. No significant differences were found in level of hope related to relationship status, income, stage of illness, or if a woman had or did not have children. Hope was positively associated with a more positive relationship with the PHCP (r = .33, P = .02). This finding underscores the importance of the quality of the PHCP's relationship with their clients.

Research paper thumbnail of Overcoming methodological barriers to HIV/AIDS nursing research

The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care : JANAC, 1991

While more than 1,600 articles have been published in the nursing literature about HIV infection,... more While more than 1,600 articles have been published in the nursing literature about HIV infection, only 54 (3%) have been research articles. The sparsity of nursing research related to HIV has partially resulted from methodological problems inherent in the implementation of research protocols with persons infected with HIV. The authors' focus is on methodological and ethical problems related to sampling patterns, informed consent, and protection of human subjects that have hindered the study of HIV infection. The underlying reasons for these problems as well as solutions and approaches to minimize or prevent the problems are presented.

Research paper thumbnail of Preventing Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission

Southern Medical Journal, 2001

Research paper thumbnail of Consumer-Centric Advocacy: Its Connection to Nursing Frameworks

Nursing Science Quarterly, 1990

The concept of advocacy is redefined here as consumer-centric advo cacy and its essential attribu... more The concept of advocacy is redefined here as consumer-centric advo cacy and its essential attributes are identified. Theoretical linkages between advocacy and selected nursing models are described. Specifi cally, the construct of advocacy is considered as it is operationalized within the theoretical frameworks of King, Newman, Orem, and Rogers. The health care system in the United States is in a state of unrest and undergoing nearly continuous change and reorganization. This reorga nization has been hastened by tightened resources within the health care financing system, a growing number of elderly and indigent needing care, and the advent of care intensive disease processes such as AIDS and substance addicted newborns. In addition, the general public has become better informed concerning health and is seeking new ap proaches to the delivery of health care services. As changes in the health care system continue to occur, the role of nurses, the largest group of health care providers...

Research paper thumbnail of Where have all the Activists Gone?

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS care, 2004