Rika Rachmalina - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Rika Rachmalina

BMC Public Health

Background An urban poor is a vulnerable group that needs government financing support to access ... more Background An urban poor is a vulnerable group that needs government financing support to access health services. Once they are sick, they will fall deeper into poverty. The study aims to analyze the effectiveness of government-run insurance in hospital utilization in urban poor in Indonesia. Methods The research analyzed the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey data. This cross-sectional survey collected 75,970 participants through stratification and multistage random sampling. Meanwhile, the study employed hospital utilization as an outcome variable and health insurance ownership as an exposure variable. Moreover, the study looked at age, gender, marital status, education, and occupation as control factors. The research employed a binary logistic regression to evaluate the data in the final step. Results The results show that someone with government-run insurance is 4.261 times more likely than the uninsured to utilize the hospital (95% CI 4.238–4.285). Someone with private-run ins...

Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, 2022

Nutrients, 2022

Background: Globally, in 2020, 45 million children were estimated to be wasted, and 149 million c... more Background: Globally, in 2020, 45 million children were estimated to be wasted, and 149 million children under five years of age were estimated to be stunted. Undernutrition makes children in particular much more vulnerable to disease and death. Our study aims to examine geographic and socioeconomic disparities in child undernutrition across 514 districts in Indonesia. Methods: Employing both geospatial and quantitative analyses (descriptive statistics and Ordinary Least Squares regressions), we analyzed the disparities in the prevalence of underweight, severe underweight, wasting, severe wasting, stunting, and severe stunting among districts. Child undernutrition data were from Indonesia Basic Health Survey (Riskesdas) 2018, which included a sample of 93,620 children under five years. Socioeconomic data were from the World Bank. Results: We found a relatively large geographic and socioeconomic disparity in child undernutrition in Indonesia. By region, districts in the Papua region ...

International Journal of Women's Health, 2021

Background Accessing immediate health care during pregnancy is key to preventing and treating pre... more Background Accessing immediate health care during pregnancy is key to preventing and treating pregnancy-related complications, which are the leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. As the largest archipelago country in the world, Indonesia faces the challenges of disparity in access to healthcare services across geographical regions and socioeconomic groups. Objective This study aims to assess the relationship between perceived barriers to accessing health care and the risk of pregnancy-related complications among women of reproductive age in Indonesia. Methods Data from a nationally representative sample of 15,021 last births within 5 years preceding the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey were analyzed to examine barriers in accessing health care and the risk of having complications during pregnancy. The statistical model of logistic regression was used to investigate the effect of barriers on the risk of pregnancy complications, and results were presented as o...

Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan, 2020

Parenting is a factor that is directly related to child development. This study aims to explore t... more Parenting is a factor that is directly related to child development. This study aims to explore the parenting style among children with developmental delay. This qualitative study nested in a Child Growth and Development Cohort Study that was conducted in Bogor in October 2019. Six children aged 2 to 6 years with developmental delay were recruited in this study. Mother of these children were purposely selected as informants and participated in individual interview about parenting Style of Baurimnd. The mothers as the main caregiver of their children applied control and warmth parenting. The mothers did not know if their children suffered from developmental delay and they had never been informed about this problem by health workers. Economic factors were the reason why mother did not check up their child development. Family had an important role to prevent developmental delay of their children. Parents did not realize that their children had developmental delay, thus there was no spe...

Media of Health Research and Development, Dec 25, 2015

Abstrak Periode emas yang sering disebut sebagai ‘window of opportunity’ terjadi pada lima tahun ... more Abstrak Periode emas yang sering disebut sebagai ‘window of opportunity’ terjadi pada lima tahun pertama kehidupan. Penelitian ini menganalisis peran berbagai tingkat pengamatan yakni komposisional (individu) dan kontekstual (rumah tangga dan pelayanan kesehatan dasar tingkat kecamatan) terhadapstatus gizi buruk di Indonesia. Metode penelitian adalah observasional dengan rancangan potong lintang, menggunakan data Rifaskes 2011 dan Riskesdas 2010. Tiga tingkatan sampel yaitu individu balita; rumah tangga yang memiliki balita; dan pelayanan kesehatan di Puskesmas tingkat kecamatan. Analisis menggunakan pemodelan multilevel regresi logistik dengan program stata. Dari hasil analisis diperoleh bahwa tingkat rumah tangga berperan paling besar (42,5%), diikuti peran tingkat individu(41,8%) dan pelayanan kesehatan tingkat kecamatan (15,7%). Pada tingkat individu yang berperan pada gizi buruk adalah konsumsi energi-protein kurang dari kecukupan (OR: 1,58), Imunisasi tidak lengkap (OR: 1,47) dan penimbangan tidak rutin (OR: 1,37). Balita di rumah tangga dengan kondisi: ibu tidak tamat SMP, mempunyai anak ≥ 3 orang, dan penanganan sampah kurang baik berisiko 5,36 kali mengalami gizi buruk. Di tingkat Puskesmas kecamatan, variabel yang berperan adalah pembuatan laporan yang kurang baik. Balita yang tinggal di kecamatan berisiko, berpeluang 2,5 kali mengalami gizi buruk. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa status gizi buruk pada balita di Indonesia ditentukan oleh faktor kontekstual, selain faktor komposisional. Kata Kunci : gizi buruk, balita, multilevel, pelayanan kesehatan dasar. Abstract Golden period that is often referred as the ‘window of opportunity’ occurs in the first five years of life. This analyzed the role of the levels of observation that is compositional (individual) and contextual (householdand primary health care sub district level) to the the status of malnutrition in Indonesia. The research was observational with cross-sectional design, using data Baseline Health Survey (Riskesdas) 2010 andHealth Facility Survey (Rifaskes) 2011. The three levels of samples are individual children, households who have children, and health services in health centers at sub-district. Multilevel modelling analysis using logistic regression is applied using Stata program. The results of analysis concluded that the most role of contribution to malnutrition was at household level (42.5%), followed by the role of individual level (41.8 %) and health services at sub-district level (15.7%). At the individual level that contribute to malnutrition are inadequate protein-energy consumption (OR: 1.58), incomplete immunization (OR: 1.47) and not routine weighing (OR: 1.37). Children in the households with a condition: mother nevergraduated from junior high school, have children more than 3, and poor waste management 5.36 times risks of malnutrition. In the sub-district health center level, the variable whose role is making the report is not good, and children who live in these sub-district, 2.5 times as likely to experience malnutrition. In conclusion that the status of malnutrition in children under five years in Indonesia is determined by contextual factors, in addition to compositional factors. Keywords : malnourish, toddlers, multilevel, primary health care

International Journal of Women’s Health, 2021

Background: Accessing immediate health care during pregnancy is key to preventing and treating pr... more Background: Accessing immediate health care during pregnancy is key to preventing and treating pregnancy-related complications, which are the leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. As the largest archipelago country in the world, Indonesia faces the challenges of disparity in access to healthcare services across geographical regions and socioeconomic groups. Objective: This study aims to assess the relationship between perceived barriers to accessing health care and the risk of pregnancy-related complications among women of reproductive age in Indonesia. Methods: Data from a nationally representative sample of 15,021 last births within 5 years preceding the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey were analyzed to examine barriers in accessing health care and the risk of having complications during pregnancy. The statistical model of logistic regression was used to investigate the effect of barriers on the risk of pregnancy complications, and results were presented a...

Introduction: Stunting remains a predominant global health problem and Indonesia is no exception.... more Introduction: Stunting remains a predominant global health problem and Indonesia is no exception. This analysis aims to determine the major factors of stunting among children aged 0-23 months, using data from the Bogor Longitudinal Study on Child Growth and Development (BLSCGD). Methods: The BLSCGD was conducted by the Center for Public Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Indonesia. This analysis used part of the BLSCGD data. A total of 320 children aged above 23 months were included. Anthropometric measurements were performed by trained enumerators each month from the first month of birth until 23 months of age. The analyses of survival resilience was conducted using survival statistics test using life table and Kaplan Meier, whereby the case for this survival analysis was the occurrence of stunting. Factors affecting stunting (including children and maternal characteristics) were tested using cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Determinants of stunting w...

Introduction: Undernutrition among adolescent girls is an important concern due to their rapid gr... more Introduction: Undernutrition among adolescent girls is an important concern due to their rapid growth velocity that requires adequate intake of energy and nutrients. This study compared intake adequacy and dietary diversity between adolescent public schoolgirls from slum areas in Central Jakarta who had normal and poor nutritional status. Methods: A total of 220 eligible girls aged 14–18 years were recruited, with an equal proportion in the normal group (NG) [-1 to +1 SD body mass index-for-age z-score (BAZ)], and undernutrition group (UG) (BAZ < -1SD). Dietary intake was assessed using two non-consecutive 24-hour recalls. Dietary diversity scores (DDS) were determined with reference to the intake of 13 food groups with a minimum daily intake of 15 gram/food group. Receiver operating curve analysis was performed to obtain the DDS cut-off. The Mann–Whitney test was performed to compare DDS between the NG and UG. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the likelihood ...

JURNAL EKOLOGI KESEHATAN

Reducing maternal and neonatal mortality still have many challenges. One of the Ministry of Healt... more Reducing maternal and neonatal mortality still have many challenges. One of the Ministry of Health’s strategy is to collaborate with universities through the assitance of pregnant women by students. This study aims to determine the effect of students’mentoring on increasing knowledge of pregnant women on dangerous sign of pregnancy, postnatal and newborns. The study is an operational research with quasi-experimental design that was conducted in seven districts/cities in Indonesia. Two Puskesmas were chosen for each district and it categorized as intervention and control group with the number of samples was 280 pregnant women for each group. The results of pre-test showed no difference in the level of knowledge about the dangerous signs of pregnancy, postnatal and newborns between the intervention and control groups, but after mentoring there were significant differences (p-value <0.001). The logistic regression results show that mothers in the intervention group had a 33% higher ...

Proceedings of the 5th Universitas Ahmad Dahlan Public Health Conference (UPHEC 2019), 2020

Anemia in Indonesia is high. One of two pregnant women suffers from anemia as highest prevalence ... more Anemia in Indonesia is high. One of two pregnant women suffers from anemia as highest prevalence (85%) was among pregnant women aged 15-24. Maternal anemia are at risk of maternal death and giving birth to premature infant with low birth weight. Among age group 15-24 years, 32% is anemic (both men-women). The prevalence of anemia among women higher than men. The Ministry of Health has determined the consumption of iron tablet as nutrition program among adolescents, but only 8% of female teenagers who received iron tablet. Among adolescents who didn't consume iron tablets, 26% thought that it is unnecessary. The study aims to provide information about the knowledge profile of female adolescents on anemia, and disparity among them in Indonesia. We used the 2012 and 2017 IDHS which was held in all provinces. We analyzed unmarried women aged 15-24 (weighted) descriptively to identify knowledge about anemia from knowledge adolescent reproductive health section. Disparity analysis based on the results of difference percentage of knowledge of anemia according to age group, residence, education level and region. Most female adolescents (77% and 82%) have had heard of anemia. Adolescents who lived in urban areas and aged group 20-24 had higher percentage of having knowledge, and its percentage increased along with the increasing of education. High disparity of knowledge was found by educational background. Highest knowledge of terminology of anemia is blood deficit (69% and 73%). Knowledge of how someone become anemic ranged between 1% and 39%, while more 20% didn't know. Among female adolescent, 94% knew how to treat anemia, as 18% to 63% treated anemia by consuming iron and pills to increase blood. This study indicates that knowledge of female adolescent about anemia still a challenge to reduce prevalence of anemia in Indonesia. Low education as the sub group who need intervention.

Media Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan

Malnutrition has a role not only to increase morbidity and mortality, but also to psychosocial as... more Malnutrition has a role not only to increase morbidity and mortality, but also to psychosocial aspects and intellectual development. Three criteria for malnutrition are: underweight, stunting and wasting, reflecting both past and present growth failures. Growth failure in children under five that occur simultaneously is strongly influenced by the socio-economic conditions of the family. This analysis discusses how disparities in malnourished children in Indonesia are seen from the socioeconomic dimensions of the household. The analysis was done by using Riskesdas 2013 data that was processed by using the HEAT (Health Equity Assessment Toolkit) program issued by WHO 2016. From the analysis, the prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting simultaneously CIAF (Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure) was 2.5%. The lower the economy the higher the prevalence of underfive children experiencing CIAF, under-fives with CIAF mostly live in rural areas compared to CIAF children under fi...

Penelitian Gizi dan Makanan (The Journal of Nutrition and Food Research), Jun 27, 2017

The early life of a child is a very important period for their growth and development. Children g... more The early life of a child is a very important period for their growth and development. Children growth is influenced by many factors, including environmental factors and parenting behaviours. This study aims to assess the growth trend based on weight for age (w/a) Z-score in children aged 0-12 months and differences based on house condition, environment hygiene, and nurturing behaviour.This is a longitudinal study, part of Child Growth Cohort Study organized by The National Institute of Health Research and Developmend of Republic Indonesia. Samples are children aged 0-23 months in September 2015 and domiciled in the Babakan Pasar dan Ciwaringin Village, Bogor. The growth data analized based on the w/a Z-score value. Presented the w/a Z-score each month to see the trend of growth in children. The differences in the children growth base on house condition, environment hygiene, and nurturing behaviour are assessed at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months with T-independent test. House condition consist of walls, roofs, and bathroom availability. Environmental include house and environment hygiene. Nurturing behavior include breastfeeding, colostrum giving, and in house smoking.The average children are in normal nutritional status.The child's growth began to falter after 3 months of age and continue until 12 months. No significant differences in growth of children based on house condition, environmental hygiene and in house smoking. There is significant differences, that children who are exclusively breastfeed and given whole colostrum have better growth than otherwise.

Jurnal Ekologi Kesehatan, 2013

Global Journal of Health Science

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that Body Mass Index (BMI) cut-off was related to non-... more BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that Body Mass Index (BMI) cut-off was related to non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to give the latest evidence related to the accuracy of BMI cut-off towards undiagnosed hypertension and diabetes in the Indonesian population. METHODS: This was A cross-sectional study that involved data of the 2018 national population-based health survey, with the samples were 15,516 male and female populations aged between 19 years old and above. This study only included those claimed to have never been diagnosed as suffering from diabetes and hypertension by health workers. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted to assess the optimal BMI cut-off. The logistic regression was performed to assess the association of BMI on undiagnosed hypertension and diabetes controlled by several variables. RESULTS: The average BMI sample was 24 kg/m2 (SD = 4.6 kg/m2. The proportion of undiagnosed hypertension was 36.9%, and 12.3% for the p...

Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan

Kehamilan remaja telah menjadi sorotan di berbagai belahan dunia, termasuk akses terhadap penggun... more Kehamilan remaja telah menjadi sorotan di berbagai belahan dunia, termasuk akses terhadap penggunaan kontrasepsi pada remaja kawin. Studi ini merupakan analisis lanjut Riskesdas 2013 untuk mengetahui penggunaan kontrasepsi pada remaja kawin di Indonesia. Data yang digunakan dalam analisis regresi logistik multi level terdiri atas karakteristik demografi remaja, paritas, ketersediaan pelayanan kesehatan serta penggunaan jaminan kesehatan. Subjek adalah seluruh remaja perempuan berusia 15-19 tahun yang berstatus kawin dan aktif secara seksual. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 54,2% remaja perempuanberstatus kawin maupun pasangannya menggunakan kontrasepsi. Berdasarkan analisis multivariat, umur, tingkat pendidikan, status sosial ekonomi dan penggunaan jaminan kesehatan memiliki hubungan yang bermakna terhadap penggunaan kontrasepsi setelah dikontrol oleh variabel wilayah tempat tinggal, paritas dan ketersediaan pelayanan kesehatan. Remaja perempuan dengan umur di atas 17 tahun (OR=1,49, 95% CI 1,25-1,79) serta memiliki status sosio-ekonomi yang semakin tinggi (ORkuintil 5=1,62, 95% CI 1,19-2,22) berpeluang lebih besar untuk menggunakan kontrasepsi, sedangkan remaja perempuan dengan pendidikan SMA ke atas (OR=0,73; 95% CI 0,58-0,91) serta yang menggunakan jaminan kesehatan (OR=0,72; 95% CI 0,60-0,86) justru memiliki probabilitas lebih kecil untuk memakai alat/cara Keluarga Berencana (KB). Pemenuhan akses remaja terhadap kontrasepsi diharapkan tidak hanya berfokus pada peningkatan pengetahuan remaja melainkan juga peningkatan daya beli, salah satunya melalui pemanfaatan jaminan kesehatan.