Roderick Calkins - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Roderick Calkins
Psychological Medicine, 2019
BackgroundIdentifying risk factors of individuals in a clinical-high-risk state for psychosis are... more BackgroundIdentifying risk factors of individuals in a clinical-high-risk state for psychosis are vital to prevention and early intervention efforts. Among prodromal abnormalities, cognitive functioning has shown intermediate levels of impairment in CHR relative to first-episode psychosis and healthy controls, highlighting a potential role as a risk factor for transition to psychosis and other negative clinical outcomes. The current study used the AX-CPT, a brief 15-min computerized task, to determine whether cognitive control impairments in CHR at baseline could predict clinical status at 12-month follow-up.MethodsBaseline AX-CPT data were obtained from 117 CHR individuals participating in two studies, the Early Detection, Intervention, and Prevention of Psychosis Program (EDIPPP) and the Understanding Early Psychosis Programs (EP) and used to predict clinical status at 12-month follow-up. At 12 months, 19 individuals converted to a first episode of psychosis (CHR-C), 52 remitted (...
Schizophrenia Bulletin, 2017
were significantly related to current symptomatology. Both the positive and negative symptom scor... more were significantly related to current symptomatology. Both the positive and negative symptom score aggregates of the PANSS were associated with a number of social trait ratings made by the patients. Conclusion: Therefore, individuals with schizophrenia do not appear to utilize socially relevant information (eg, emotional state) when making social judgments about others and this could contribute to the greater functional burden seen in this population.
To test effectiveness of the Early Detection, Intervention, and Prevention of Psychosis Program i... more To test effectiveness of the Early Detection, Intervention, and Prevention of Psychosis Program in preventing the onset of severe psychosis and improving functioning in a national sample of at-risk youth. Methods: In a risk-based allocation study design, 337 youth (age 12-25) at risk of psychosis were assigned to treatment groups based on severity of positive symptoms. Those at clinically higher risk (CHR) or having an early first episode of psychosis (EFEP) were assigned to receive Family-aided Assertive Community Treatment (FACT); those at clinically lower risk (CLR) were assigned to receive community care. Between-groups differences on outcome variables were adjusted statistically according to regression-discontinuity procedures and evaluated using the Global Test Procedure that combined all symptom and functional measures. Results: A total of 337 young people (mean age: 16.6) were assigned to the treatment group (CHR + EFEP, n = 250) or comparison group (CLR, n = 87). On the primary variable, positive symptoms, after 2 years FACT, were superior to community care (2 df, p < .0001) for both CHR (p = .0034) and EFEP (p < .0001) subgroups. Rates of conversion (6.3% CHR vs 2.3% CLR) and first negative event (25% CHR vs 22% CLR) were low but did not differ. FACT was superior in the Global Test (p = .0007; p = .024 for CHR and p = .0002 for EFEP, vs CLR) and in improvement in participation in work and school (p = .025). Conclusion: FACT is effective in improving positive, negative, disorganized and general symptoms, Global Assessment of Functioning, work and school participation and global outcome in youth at risk for, or experiencing very early, psychosis.
Psychopathology, 2011
Background: This study examines the ability of the Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS) to differen... more Background: This study examines the ability of the Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS) to differentiate between negative and depression symptoms in a young help-seeking ultrahigh risk (UHR) group. Methods: SOPS data of 77 help-seeking patients at UHR for psychosis were analyzed with an exploratory factor analysis. The extracted Depression factor was validated with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The extracted SOPS Negative symptoms factor was validated with the Negative symptoms subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Results: Four factors were extracted from the SOPS: a negative, depression, disorganized and positive factor. The Negative symptom factor consisted of three items (N1: social anhedonia and withdrawal, N3: decreased expression of emotion; N4: decreased experience of emotions and self), and could be validated with the PANSS Negative symptoms subscale. The Depression factor was also made up of three items (G2: dysphoric mood, G4: impaired toleran...
School Psychology International, 1979
Scholastic achievement amongst ethnic or cultural minority groups is gene rally recognised to be ... more Scholastic achievement amongst ethnic or cultural minority groups is gene rally recognised to be poor, and programmes initiated to remedy the problem have had disappointing results. This article, however, describes a new approach taken with Hawaiian children by creating a 'third culture' to en hance attainment through the integration of aspects and values of the in digenous culture of the children and the assumed culture of the educational system.
Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1984
The present study examined a method whereby different perspectives on cognitive mediation, notabl... more The present study examined a method whereby different perspectives on cognitive mediation, notably verbal mediation and Vygotsky's cognitive development, can be integrated. Four groups of 10 each kindergarten and first-grade subjects received different verbal training and then were tested on tasks like those used by Luria. During training, one of the two experimental groups practiced verbalizations both relevant to and congruent with the subsequent test-task. The other experimental group practiced verbalizations relevant but antagonistic to the test-task. The two control groups practiced verbalizations irrelevant to the subsequent test-task. Using an identical test-task for all groups avoided the confounding of effect of mediation with differences in tasks present in many replications of Luria's work. Results supported Luria's' contention that covert speech could direct behavior but also indicated a facilitative effect of mediation compatible with verbal mediation th...
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1978
Abstract Kindergarten, first-grade, and second-grade children (5, 6, and 7 years of age, respecti... more Abstract Kindergarten, first-grade, and second-grade children (5, 6, and 7 years of age, respectively) performed a Luria-type verbal control task in which motor responses are initiated to positive stimuli and inhibited to negative stimuli. The task was performed by motor responding only and verbal self-directed motor responding, with these conditions reversed in sequence for one half of each grade group. Although motor responding and verbal-motor responding by the two younger groups were generally poor, their performance equalled ...
Advances in developmental psychology, 1984
Journal of psychiatric research, 2018
Cognitive deficits have an important role in the neurodevelopment of schizophrenia and other psyc... more Cognitive deficits have an important role in the neurodevelopment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. However, there is a continuing debate as to whether cognitive impairments in the psychosis prodrome are stable predictors of eventual psychosis or undergo a decline due to the onset of psychosis. In the present study, to determine how cognition changes as illness emerges, we examined baseline neurocognitive performance in a large sample of helping-seeking youth ranging in clinical state from low-risk for psychosis through individuals at clinical high-risk (CHR) for illness to early first-episode patients (EFEP). At baseline, the MATRICS Cognitive Consensus battery was administered to 322 individuals (205 CHRs, 28 EFEPs, and 89 help-seeking controls, HSC) that were part of the larger Early Detection, Intervention and Prevention of Psychosis Program study. CHR individuals were further divided into those who did (CHR-T; n = 12, 6.8%) and did not (CHR-NT, n = 163) convert to...
The American journal of psychiatry, 2016
As part of the second phase of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS-2), Cannon a... more As part of the second phase of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS-2), Cannon and colleagues report, concurrently with the present article, on a risk calculator for the individualized prediction of a psychotic disorder in a 2-year period. The present study represents an external validation of the NAPLS-2 psychosis risk calculator using an independent sample of patients at clinical high risk for psychosis collected as part of the Early Detection, Intervention, and Prevention of Psychosis Program (EDIPPP). Of the total EDIPPP sample of 210 subjects rated as being at clinical high risk based on the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes, 176 had at least one follow-up assessment and were included in the construction of a new prediction model with six predictor variables in the NAPLS-2 psychosis risk calculator (unusual thoughts and suspiciousness, symbol coding test performance, verbal learning test performance, decline in social functioning, baseline age, and f...
Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1984
This study examined the effects of two modeling procedures on subjects' performance of cognit... more This study examined the effects of two modeling procedures on subjects' performance of cognitive tasks. 57 female and 14 male participants were exposed to one of three conditions. A Cognitive Modeling group viewed a videotape in which examples of embedded figures were presented, accompanied by verbalization of strategies relevant to task performance. An Exemplar Modeling group observed the same examples without verbalization of strategies. A Control group did not view a videotape. The Cognitive Modeling group subsequently outperformed the Exemplar Modeling group which in turn outperformed the Control group on the Embedded Figures Test (a measure of field dependence-independence). Subjects in the Cognitive Modeling group were also able to identify more task-relevant strategies than either the Exemplar or Control groups on a post-experimental questionnaire. These gains did not generalize to performance on Progressive Matrices.
Avances en Psicologia Clinica Latinoamericana, 1984
1. Presents a developmental model, based on behavior analytic tradition and Vygotsky's work ... more 1. Presents a developmental model, based on behavior analytic tradition and Vygotsky's work between 1956 and 1981, to illustrate how self-control exists in a complex nexus of social influences. It is argued that control by others precedes self-control. Means of regulation including language, modeling, contingency management, and feedback are used both for self-control and for control by others. These mechanisms are used by others to assist the child through proximal development; the same mechanisms are used by the ...
Educational Perspectives, 1984
Psychiatric Services, 2016
This study assessed the effects of a community outreach and education model implemented as part o... more This study assessed the effects of a community outreach and education model implemented as part of the Early Detection, Intervention and Prevention of Psychosis Program (EDIPPP), a national multisite study in six U.S. regions.
In December 1970 the trustees of Kamehameha Schools (KS) authorized a five-year initiative called... more In December 1970 the trustees of Kamehameha Schools (KS) authorized a five-year initiative called Kamehameha Early Education Program (KEEP) to develop researchbased programs for Native Hawaiian teaching and education. The objective of the research was to address systemic achievement gaps showing up in the education data for Native Hawaiian children while debunking myths about why these gaps exist. From 1972 to 1995, the program focused on kindergarten through third grades. In the fall of 1972, the first class ...
Advances in developmental psychology, 1984
Adolescent Psychiatrye, 2012
Reading education: foundations for a literate America, 1985
In December 1970 the trustees of Kamehameha Schools (KS) authorized a five-year initiative called... more In December 1970 the trustees of Kamehameha Schools (KS) authorized a five-year initiative called Kamehameha Early Education Program (KEEP) to develop researchbased programs for Native Hawaiian teaching and education. The objective of the research was to address systemic achievement gaps showing up in the education data for Native Hawaiian children while debunking myths about why these gaps exist. From 1972 to 1995, the program focused on kindergarten through third grades. In the fall of 1972, the first class ...
Psychological Medicine, 2019
BackgroundIdentifying risk factors of individuals in a clinical-high-risk state for psychosis are... more BackgroundIdentifying risk factors of individuals in a clinical-high-risk state for psychosis are vital to prevention and early intervention efforts. Among prodromal abnormalities, cognitive functioning has shown intermediate levels of impairment in CHR relative to first-episode psychosis and healthy controls, highlighting a potential role as a risk factor for transition to psychosis and other negative clinical outcomes. The current study used the AX-CPT, a brief 15-min computerized task, to determine whether cognitive control impairments in CHR at baseline could predict clinical status at 12-month follow-up.MethodsBaseline AX-CPT data were obtained from 117 CHR individuals participating in two studies, the Early Detection, Intervention, and Prevention of Psychosis Program (EDIPPP) and the Understanding Early Psychosis Programs (EP) and used to predict clinical status at 12-month follow-up. At 12 months, 19 individuals converted to a first episode of psychosis (CHR-C), 52 remitted (...
Schizophrenia Bulletin, 2017
were significantly related to current symptomatology. Both the positive and negative symptom scor... more were significantly related to current symptomatology. Both the positive and negative symptom score aggregates of the PANSS were associated with a number of social trait ratings made by the patients. Conclusion: Therefore, individuals with schizophrenia do not appear to utilize socially relevant information (eg, emotional state) when making social judgments about others and this could contribute to the greater functional burden seen in this population.
To test effectiveness of the Early Detection, Intervention, and Prevention of Psychosis Program i... more To test effectiveness of the Early Detection, Intervention, and Prevention of Psychosis Program in preventing the onset of severe psychosis and improving functioning in a national sample of at-risk youth. Methods: In a risk-based allocation study design, 337 youth (age 12-25) at risk of psychosis were assigned to treatment groups based on severity of positive symptoms. Those at clinically higher risk (CHR) or having an early first episode of psychosis (EFEP) were assigned to receive Family-aided Assertive Community Treatment (FACT); those at clinically lower risk (CLR) were assigned to receive community care. Between-groups differences on outcome variables were adjusted statistically according to regression-discontinuity procedures and evaluated using the Global Test Procedure that combined all symptom and functional measures. Results: A total of 337 young people (mean age: 16.6) were assigned to the treatment group (CHR + EFEP, n = 250) or comparison group (CLR, n = 87). On the primary variable, positive symptoms, after 2 years FACT, were superior to community care (2 df, p < .0001) for both CHR (p = .0034) and EFEP (p < .0001) subgroups. Rates of conversion (6.3% CHR vs 2.3% CLR) and first negative event (25% CHR vs 22% CLR) were low but did not differ. FACT was superior in the Global Test (p = .0007; p = .024 for CHR and p = .0002 for EFEP, vs CLR) and in improvement in participation in work and school (p = .025). Conclusion: FACT is effective in improving positive, negative, disorganized and general symptoms, Global Assessment of Functioning, work and school participation and global outcome in youth at risk for, or experiencing very early, psychosis.
Psychopathology, 2011
Background: This study examines the ability of the Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS) to differen... more Background: This study examines the ability of the Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS) to differentiate between negative and depression symptoms in a young help-seeking ultrahigh risk (UHR) group. Methods: SOPS data of 77 help-seeking patients at UHR for psychosis were analyzed with an exploratory factor analysis. The extracted Depression factor was validated with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The extracted SOPS Negative symptoms factor was validated with the Negative symptoms subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Results: Four factors were extracted from the SOPS: a negative, depression, disorganized and positive factor. The Negative symptom factor consisted of three items (N1: social anhedonia and withdrawal, N3: decreased expression of emotion; N4: decreased experience of emotions and self), and could be validated with the PANSS Negative symptoms subscale. The Depression factor was also made up of three items (G2: dysphoric mood, G4: impaired toleran...
School Psychology International, 1979
Scholastic achievement amongst ethnic or cultural minority groups is gene rally recognised to be ... more Scholastic achievement amongst ethnic or cultural minority groups is gene rally recognised to be poor, and programmes initiated to remedy the problem have had disappointing results. This article, however, describes a new approach taken with Hawaiian children by creating a 'third culture' to en hance attainment through the integration of aspects and values of the in digenous culture of the children and the assumed culture of the educational system.
Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1984
The present study examined a method whereby different perspectives on cognitive mediation, notabl... more The present study examined a method whereby different perspectives on cognitive mediation, notably verbal mediation and Vygotsky's cognitive development, can be integrated. Four groups of 10 each kindergarten and first-grade subjects received different verbal training and then were tested on tasks like those used by Luria. During training, one of the two experimental groups practiced verbalizations both relevant to and congruent with the subsequent test-task. The other experimental group practiced verbalizations relevant but antagonistic to the test-task. The two control groups practiced verbalizations irrelevant to the subsequent test-task. Using an identical test-task for all groups avoided the confounding of effect of mediation with differences in tasks present in many replications of Luria's work. Results supported Luria's' contention that covert speech could direct behavior but also indicated a facilitative effect of mediation compatible with verbal mediation th...
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1978
Abstract Kindergarten, first-grade, and second-grade children (5, 6, and 7 years of age, respecti... more Abstract Kindergarten, first-grade, and second-grade children (5, 6, and 7 years of age, respectively) performed a Luria-type verbal control task in which motor responses are initiated to positive stimuli and inhibited to negative stimuli. The task was performed by motor responding only and verbal self-directed motor responding, with these conditions reversed in sequence for one half of each grade group. Although motor responding and verbal-motor responding by the two younger groups were generally poor, their performance equalled ...
Advances in developmental psychology, 1984
Journal of psychiatric research, 2018
Cognitive deficits have an important role in the neurodevelopment of schizophrenia and other psyc... more Cognitive deficits have an important role in the neurodevelopment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. However, there is a continuing debate as to whether cognitive impairments in the psychosis prodrome are stable predictors of eventual psychosis or undergo a decline due to the onset of psychosis. In the present study, to determine how cognition changes as illness emerges, we examined baseline neurocognitive performance in a large sample of helping-seeking youth ranging in clinical state from low-risk for psychosis through individuals at clinical high-risk (CHR) for illness to early first-episode patients (EFEP). At baseline, the MATRICS Cognitive Consensus battery was administered to 322 individuals (205 CHRs, 28 EFEPs, and 89 help-seeking controls, HSC) that were part of the larger Early Detection, Intervention and Prevention of Psychosis Program study. CHR individuals were further divided into those who did (CHR-T; n = 12, 6.8%) and did not (CHR-NT, n = 163) convert to...
The American journal of psychiatry, 2016
As part of the second phase of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS-2), Cannon a... more As part of the second phase of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS-2), Cannon and colleagues report, concurrently with the present article, on a risk calculator for the individualized prediction of a psychotic disorder in a 2-year period. The present study represents an external validation of the NAPLS-2 psychosis risk calculator using an independent sample of patients at clinical high risk for psychosis collected as part of the Early Detection, Intervention, and Prevention of Psychosis Program (EDIPPP). Of the total EDIPPP sample of 210 subjects rated as being at clinical high risk based on the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes, 176 had at least one follow-up assessment and were included in the construction of a new prediction model with six predictor variables in the NAPLS-2 psychosis risk calculator (unusual thoughts and suspiciousness, symbol coding test performance, verbal learning test performance, decline in social functioning, baseline age, and f...
Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1984
This study examined the effects of two modeling procedures on subjects' performance of cognit... more This study examined the effects of two modeling procedures on subjects' performance of cognitive tasks. 57 female and 14 male participants were exposed to one of three conditions. A Cognitive Modeling group viewed a videotape in which examples of embedded figures were presented, accompanied by verbalization of strategies relevant to task performance. An Exemplar Modeling group observed the same examples without verbalization of strategies. A Control group did not view a videotape. The Cognitive Modeling group subsequently outperformed the Exemplar Modeling group which in turn outperformed the Control group on the Embedded Figures Test (a measure of field dependence-independence). Subjects in the Cognitive Modeling group were also able to identify more task-relevant strategies than either the Exemplar or Control groups on a post-experimental questionnaire. These gains did not generalize to performance on Progressive Matrices.
Avances en Psicologia Clinica Latinoamericana, 1984
1. Presents a developmental model, based on behavior analytic tradition and Vygotsky's work ... more 1. Presents a developmental model, based on behavior analytic tradition and Vygotsky's work between 1956 and 1981, to illustrate how self-control exists in a complex nexus of social influences. It is argued that control by others precedes self-control. Means of regulation including language, modeling, contingency management, and feedback are used both for self-control and for control by others. These mechanisms are used by others to assist the child through proximal development; the same mechanisms are used by the ...
Educational Perspectives, 1984
Psychiatric Services, 2016
This study assessed the effects of a community outreach and education model implemented as part o... more This study assessed the effects of a community outreach and education model implemented as part of the Early Detection, Intervention and Prevention of Psychosis Program (EDIPPP), a national multisite study in six U.S. regions.
In December 1970 the trustees of Kamehameha Schools (KS) authorized a five-year initiative called... more In December 1970 the trustees of Kamehameha Schools (KS) authorized a five-year initiative called Kamehameha Early Education Program (KEEP) to develop researchbased programs for Native Hawaiian teaching and education. The objective of the research was to address systemic achievement gaps showing up in the education data for Native Hawaiian children while debunking myths about why these gaps exist. From 1972 to 1995, the program focused on kindergarten through third grades. In the fall of 1972, the first class ...
Advances in developmental psychology, 1984
Adolescent Psychiatrye, 2012
Reading education: foundations for a literate America, 1985
In December 1970 the trustees of Kamehameha Schools (KS) authorized a five-year initiative called... more In December 1970 the trustees of Kamehameha Schools (KS) authorized a five-year initiative called Kamehameha Early Education Program (KEEP) to develop researchbased programs for Native Hawaiian teaching and education. The objective of the research was to address systemic achievement gaps showing up in the education data for Native Hawaiian children while debunking myths about why these gaps exist. From 1972 to 1995, the program focused on kindergarten through third grades. In the fall of 1972, the first class ...