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Papers by Roland Rich
Democracy is in crisis. After the hope engendered by the Third Wave, democracies around the world... more Democracy is in crisis. After the hope engendered by the Third Wave, democracies around the world are beleaguered with threats from multiple sources. What are these threats? Where did they come from? And how can the challenges to democratic governance best be overcome? Grappling with these questions, Roland Rich interprets the danger signs that abound in the United States and Europe, in Asia and the Arab World, in Africa and Latin America, and offers innovative strategies for turning the tide.
Re-envisioning Sovereignty, 2016
Political Parties in the Pacific Islands, 2008
ACCORDING TO DIAMOND, 'political parties remain an indispensable institutional framework for repr... more ACCORDING TO DIAMOND, 'political parties remain an indispensable institutional framework for representation and governance in a democracy.' 1 If so, many Pacific Island nations labour under a political disadvantage in the construction of their democracies because local political parties are generally weak and ineffective. 2 They tend to have little by way of policy platforms and therefore do not discharge the roles of aggregating interests, deliberating on policy or mediating between the policy interests of various social groups. Most political parties in the SouthWest Pacific lack systematic grassroots organisation and so cannot be expected to be active in civic education or consensus-building. In Melanesia, most political parties are organised around one or more powerful political leaders, with the consequence that personality tends to override policy importance in the decisions of parties. Even the task of getting the vote out on election day is usually delegated to the candidate who must draw on extended kinship or patronage networks for scrutineers, drivers and general cajolers, not to mention ballot-stuffers, intimidators and enforcers. Political parties are therefore a particularly tenuous link in the chain holding together democratic governance in this region.
Within the space of a few years, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines implemented a design for... more Within the space of a few years, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines implemented a design for parliamentary representation that proscribed the established political parties from a parliamentary chamber or part thereof. The need to design non-partisan parts of parliament to undertake representation and deliberation responsibilities is an indirect but serious criticism of political parties. The thesis tracks the intentions behind the non
This paper will argue in favour of the abolition of capital punishment and will attempt to do so ... more This paper will argue in favour of the abolition of capital punishment and will attempt to do so from a legal and human rights perspective. The paper will also examine the most compelling argument against capital punishment, which, in the author\u27s view, is the problem of executing innocent people. It will then examine the position from the perspective of international law and conclude by weighing whether recent trends point to a universal movement against capital punishment. In that process, particular attention will be paid to Asian countries
protection purposes for which there is otherwise majority support. E. If the Security Council rej... more protection purposes for which there is otherwise majority support. E. If the Security Council rejects a proposal or fails to deal with it in a reasonable time, alternative options are: I. consideration of the matter by the General Assembly in Emergency Special Session under the "Uniting for Peace" procedure; and II. action within area of jurisdiction by regional or subregional organizations under Chapter VIII of the Charter, subject to their seeking subsequent authorization from the Security Council. F. The Security Council should take into account in all its deliberations that, if it fails to discharge its responsibility to protect in conscience-shocking situations crying out for action, concerned states may not rule out other means to meet the gravity and urgency of that situation-and that the stature and credibility of the United Nations may suffer thereby. (4) Operational Principles A. Clear objectives; clear and unambiguous mandate at all times; and resources to match. B. Common military approach among involved partners; unity of command; clear and unequivocal communications and chain of command. C. Acceptance of limitations, incrementalism and gradualism in the application of force, the objective being protection of a population, not defeat of a state. D. Rules of engagement which fit the operational concept; are precise; reflect the principle of proportionality; and involve total adherence to international humanitarian law. E. Acceptance that force protection cannot become the principal objective. F. Maximum possible coordination with humanitarian organizations.
Agenda - A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform, 2004
Applying Conditionality to Development Assistance Roland Rich he announcement on 6 May 2004 by th... more Applying Conditionality to Development Assistance Roland Rich he announcement on 6 May 2004 by the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) of the 16 countries eligible to receive funding under the Bush Administration's Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) is a key step in the process of determining the direction of development assistance by applying quantitative international comparators to the governance performance of developing countries. It is the latest in a series of conditionality strategies aimed at making aid 'effective'. It is also the most sophisticated in terms of quantification of the eligibility conditions, giving the impression that the direction of aid flows has moved into a scientific direction of applying solid statistical information in a formulaic manner, thus making the system both transparent and reliable. The MCA process has the advantage of learning from previous experience, but whether it will be able to 'solve' the problem remains in doubt. This paper looks at the context for this initiative by tracing some of the key historical episodes shaping development assistance in an attempt to understand the increasing reliance on conditionality. A broad taxonomy of conditionality is proposed. The paper also examines the MCA process to date, looking at the growth of, and reliance on, statistical comparators as the critical decision-making tool. It concludes with some thoughts on the place of conditionality in development assistance and the place of statistics in conditionality. It is not within the aims of this paper to comment on, or attempt a measurement of, the effectiveness of aid. This is one of the big questions in development assistance. Recent work demonstrates the need for far greater care in tackling this issue and, in particular, the need to disaggregate emergency aid, institution-building aid delivering benefits over the longer term, and aid intended to stimulate growth in the shorter term (Clemens, Radelet and Bhavnani, 2004). While the debate on aid effectiveness continues, the working assumption in the development assistance community is that improvements in direction and delivery are necessary. Conditionality continues to be a key part of the formula.
Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, 2010
THE UN DEMOCRACY FUND (UNDEF) IS A RELATIVELY NEW BODY ESTABlished to contribute to building demo... more THE UN DEMOCRACY FUND (UNDEF) IS A RELATIVELY NEW BODY ESTABlished to contribute to building democracy around the world. It is the only UN body with the word "Democracy" in its title, and one of only two entities singled out by name by President Barack Obama in his 2010 UN General Assembly speech as deserving of increased support. (1) As a fund, its purpose is to invest in democratization processes and thus to encourage progress toward the ideals of democracy. In the first five years of UNDEF's assistance, some thirty-eight states have contributed around $110 million. The two leading contributors to UNDEF are the United States and India. The idea of creating UNDEF emerged from discussions between these two countries. Other major contributors are Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Qatar, Spain, and Sweden, as well as a wide range of nontraditional donors from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. By 2010, UNDEF had held four rounds of funding and launched 335 projects. (2) To determine how and in whom to invest these funds, UNDEF must situate itself in several ways. First, it needs to understand the theoretical context in which it works and determine where it fits into this wider picture. Second, UNDEF needs to find its place within the UN family so as to complement the work of other members of the organization, not duplicate it. Finally, it needs to understand the market in which it is operating. Because UNDEF is a voluntary fund and contributions to UNDEF are eligible as official development assistance (ODA), it is within the ODA processes that UNDEF must situate itself. In this article, I examine each of these issues before arriving at a solution. Much of the information that I draw on is available at the UNDEF website, www.un.org/democracyfund/. Debating Democracy: Beware of Adjectives The oft-repeated social science expression that "we are all footnotes to Plato" is as true of democratic theory as other fields. Plato's preference for the philosopher king over the vulgar opinions of the masses is mirrored today in the debate between the Beijing and Washington models of governance. It is beyond the scope of this essay to encapsulate two and one-half millennia of debate or to proclaim new Platonic footnotes. Nor is it necessary to deal with the definition of democracy or "power to the people" that has formed the basis of so much impressive scholarly work. (3) But it is necessary initially to deal with the question of models of democracy because those involved in promoting democracy require a vision of the ideal they are working toward. Beware of adjectives. This is the lesson we should draw from an instructive paper by David Collier and Steven Levitsky who found 550 adjectives used in the literature to describe democracy. (4) Some adjectives undermine the noun they are describing such as Sukarno's "guided democracy" or Singapore's "disciplined democracy." Many of these adjectives have been bundled together in the concept of "facade democracy" where essential elements of suffrage, contestation, or civil liberties are missing. (5) But other adjectives are necessary for reasons of taxonomy and analysis purposes to harness the meaning of this powerful and broad term. In this essay, I will draw on the three adjectives that are considered essential to the construction of modern national democracies. Liberal Democracy Larry Diamond defines the term liberal in liberal democracy to mean "a political system in which individual and group liberties are well protected and in which there exist autonomous spheres of civil society and private life, insulated from the state." (6) A society "where liberties are well protected" is essential to the success and quality of democracy. Yet there is a tension within Diamond's definition. While he sees individuals and civil society leading a private life independent of the state, the protection of the liberties on which that autonomous private life rests is dependent on the state. …
The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1989
Reaction of the 3-chloro-1-methylcyclopentyl cation with CO at-78 O C gives the two stereoisomers... more Reaction of the 3-chloro-1-methylcyclopentyl cation with CO at-78 O C gives the two stereoisomers of (3chloro-1-methylcyclopenty1)carbonyl cation (5) in a 93:7 ratio, as established by GLC analysis of the methyl esters formed upon methanol quenching of the acyl cation. The two methyl esters (6) were interconverted to a 52:48 ratio by lithium chloride in dimethylformamide. A high-resolution NMR study with homonuclear spin decoupling, heteronuclear C/H chemical shift correlation, and lanthanide shift reagent experiments indicated that the ester-5 LiCl, 90 " C cis-6 trans-6 (1) (a) Clarkson Univereity. (b) Postdoctoral research associate. (c) (2) FBrcagiu, D.
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1987
An increased inflammatory mass in the subarachnoid space during bacterial meningitis may correlat... more An increased inflammatory mass in the subarachnoid space during bacterial meningitis may correlate with a poor outcome of disease. Using a rabbit model of pneumococcal meningitis, we sought to reduce this inflammatory process. The ability of the pneumococcal cell wall to cause death and to generate leukocytosis and abnormal chemistry in cerebrospinal fluid was prevented when animals were treated with inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonate metabolism. Bacterial lysis by ampicillin led to release of cell wall that caused a significant, transient increase in meningeal inflammation. This inflammatory burst was also prevented by administering cyclooxygenase inhib-itors concurrently with the antibiotic.
Journal of Democracy, 2001
The word "democracy" does not appear in the Charter of the United Nations, nor was it mentioned i... more The word "democracy" does not appear in the Charter of the United Nations, nor was it mentioned in the Covenant of the League of Nations. None of the standard textbooks on international law includes chapters on democracy. The International Court of Justice has not based any of its decisions on the legal application of democratic principles. If one were to look no further than these pillars of international law, one might conclude that democracy is not relevant. Yet the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action adopted by the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights asserted in paragraph 8 of Section I, "Democracy, development and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms are interdependent and mutually reinforcing.. .. The international community should support the strengthening and promoting of democracy, development and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms in the entire world." Though a nonbinding instrument, this Declaration represents a clear indication of the direction of international opinion and the development of international law. Twice in the twentieth century the international community toyed with the notion of making democracy a norm of international law. The first time was when Woodrow Wilson described America's entry into World War I as a crusade to make the world "safe for democracy." Victors, however, earn the right to redraft the rules. The vindictive Treaty of Versailles divided the spoils and hobbled the vanquished, but it stopped
![Research paper thumbnail of Die Synthese von 4-substituierten Bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl-p-nitrobenzolsulfonaten](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/95087513/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Helvetica Chimica Acta, 1979
COOEt COOEt I I COCH3 EtOCO-CH CH C-CH2CH2COOEt HOOC-CH CH C-CH2CH2COOH 2 21 COCH3 2 21 2 3 2803 ... more COOEt COOEt I I COCH3 EtOCO-CH CH C-CH2CH2COOEt HOOC-CH CH C-CH2CH2COOH 2 21 COCH3 2 21 2 3 2803 4 5 6 98YO Ausbeute die Dicarbonsaure 3, deren Cyclisierung zum Diketoester 4 mit Acetanhydrid allein oder unter Zusatz von Pyridin [5] unbefriedigend verlief. Sie gelang aber in 63% Ausbeute unter Zusatz von Kaliumacetat. Versuche zur intramolekularen Aldol-Kondensation des Diketoesters 4 in Gegenwart von Sauren [6] fiihrten nicht zum bicyclischen Ketol 5 ; dieser bildete sich aber mit Natriumathanolat in Athanol in 50% Ausbeute, wobei ein Teil der Ausgangssubstanz 4 zu 4-Oxocyclohexancarbonsaureathylester gespalten wurde. Das Ketol 5 wurde mit Athandithiol quantitativ in das Thioacetal 6 ubergefuhrt und dieses mit Raney-Nickel zum gewunschten Hydroxyester 7 in 98% Ausbeute reduziert. Zur Herstellung des Nisylates l a von 7 mit p-Nitrobenzolsulfonylchlorid in Pyridin ist eine drei-bis viertagige Reaktionsdauer bei 65" erforderlich, was auch fur die unten beschriebenen Bicyclo [2.2.2]oct-1-ylnisylate 1 gilt. Alkalische Hydrolyse des Nisylates l a lieferte 4-(p-Nitrophenylsulfonyloxy)bicyclo [2.2.2]octan-1-carbonsaure (Id). Zur Herstellung von 4-(N-Athoxycarbonylamino)-bicyclo [2.2.2]octan-1-01 (10) wurde der Hydroxyester 7 analog [7] rnit Hydrazinhydrat zurn Hydrazid 8 umgesetzt und dieses nach Curtius mit Isopentylnitrit abgebaut. 4-(N, N-Dimethylamino)bicyclo [2.2.2]octan-1-01 (12) entstand durch saure Hydrolyse des Urethans 10 und reduktive Methylierung (CH,O, H,, Pd/C) des intermediar gebildeten primaren Amins 11. Reduktive Spaltung des Hydroxyhydrazids 8 mit Raney-Nickel lieferte das Hydroxyamid 14, das rnit zwei Mol-aquiv. Nisylchlorid in Pyridin nicht das envartete Nisyloxyamid l e ergab, sondern das entsprechende Nisyloxynitril If. Mit nur einem Mol-Aquiv. Nisylchlorid hingegen entstand das Hydroxynitril 15. Das gewunschte Nisylat le konnte schliesslich durch Umsetzung der Saure Id rnit Thionylchlorid und anschliessende Behandlung rnit Ammoniak gewonnen werden. Weniger bequem als oben beschrieben lasst sich 4-Nisyloxy-bicyclo [2.2.2]octan-1-carbonitril (If) wie folgt herstellen. Die Hydroxysaure 13 wird mit Acetylchlorid in die Acetoxysaure 16 ubergefuhrt. Umsetzung rnit Thionylchlorid und nachfolgende Behandlung des erhaltenen Saurechlorids rnit Ammoniak ergibt das Acetoxyamid 17. Wasserabspaltung rnit Thionylchlorid liefert das Acetoxynitril 18, das rnit einem Mol-Aquiv. NaOH zum Hydroxynitril 15 verseift wird. Obliche Nisylierung ergibt If. 4-Nisyloxy-bicyclo [2.2.2]octan-1-carbonsauremethylester (1 g) wurde durch Methylierung der Hydroxysaure 13 mit Diazomethan zu 19 und anschliessende ') 4-Methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-ol(34) ist bereits von uns beschrieben worden [ 151.
![Research paper thumbnail of Polar Effects in the Solvolysis of 4-Substituted Bicyclo [2.2.2]octylp-Nitrobenzenesulfonates. Polar effects. VII](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/95087515/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Helvetica Chimica Acta, 1979
Hydrolysisofbicyclo[2.2.2]octylp-nitrobenzenesulfonate (14a,X =p-N02C6H4S03), and nineteen 4-R-su... more Hydrolysisofbicyclo[2.2.2]octylp-nitrobenzenesulfonate (14a,X =p-N02C6H4S03), and nineteen 4-R-substituted derivatives 14b-14 t in 70% aqueous dioxane yield the corresponding bicyclo [2.2.2]octanols 14 (X = OH), exclusively. The 7-center fragmentation to 1,4-dimethylidene-cyclohexane (15) is not observed. The logarithms of most of the rate constants, measured in 80% ethanol, correlate well with the corresponding inductive substituent constants a? of R. Hence, in these cases ionization rate is controlled by the inductive effect of R only. Poor correlations result when the substituents are potentially electrofugal groups, such as COO- ,
Democracy is in crisis. After the hope engendered by the Third Wave, democracies around the world... more Democracy is in crisis. After the hope engendered by the Third Wave, democracies around the world are beleaguered with threats from multiple sources. What are these threats? Where did they come from? And how can the challenges to democratic governance best be overcome? Grappling with these questions, Roland Rich interprets the danger signs that abound in the United States and Europe, in Asia and the Arab World, in Africa and Latin America, and offers innovative strategies for turning the tide.
Re-envisioning Sovereignty, 2016
Political Parties in the Pacific Islands, 2008
ACCORDING TO DIAMOND, 'political parties remain an indispensable institutional framework for repr... more ACCORDING TO DIAMOND, 'political parties remain an indispensable institutional framework for representation and governance in a democracy.' 1 If so, many Pacific Island nations labour under a political disadvantage in the construction of their democracies because local political parties are generally weak and ineffective. 2 They tend to have little by way of policy platforms and therefore do not discharge the roles of aggregating interests, deliberating on policy or mediating between the policy interests of various social groups. Most political parties in the SouthWest Pacific lack systematic grassroots organisation and so cannot be expected to be active in civic education or consensus-building. In Melanesia, most political parties are organised around one or more powerful political leaders, with the consequence that personality tends to override policy importance in the decisions of parties. Even the task of getting the vote out on election day is usually delegated to the candidate who must draw on extended kinship or patronage networks for scrutineers, drivers and general cajolers, not to mention ballot-stuffers, intimidators and enforcers. Political parties are therefore a particularly tenuous link in the chain holding together democratic governance in this region.
Within the space of a few years, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines implemented a design for... more Within the space of a few years, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines implemented a design for parliamentary representation that proscribed the established political parties from a parliamentary chamber or part thereof. The need to design non-partisan parts of parliament to undertake representation and deliberation responsibilities is an indirect but serious criticism of political parties. The thesis tracks the intentions behind the non
This paper will argue in favour of the abolition of capital punishment and will attempt to do so ... more This paper will argue in favour of the abolition of capital punishment and will attempt to do so from a legal and human rights perspective. The paper will also examine the most compelling argument against capital punishment, which, in the author\u27s view, is the problem of executing innocent people. It will then examine the position from the perspective of international law and conclude by weighing whether recent trends point to a universal movement against capital punishment. In that process, particular attention will be paid to Asian countries
protection purposes for which there is otherwise majority support. E. If the Security Council rej... more protection purposes for which there is otherwise majority support. E. If the Security Council rejects a proposal or fails to deal with it in a reasonable time, alternative options are: I. consideration of the matter by the General Assembly in Emergency Special Session under the "Uniting for Peace" procedure; and II. action within area of jurisdiction by regional or subregional organizations under Chapter VIII of the Charter, subject to their seeking subsequent authorization from the Security Council. F. The Security Council should take into account in all its deliberations that, if it fails to discharge its responsibility to protect in conscience-shocking situations crying out for action, concerned states may not rule out other means to meet the gravity and urgency of that situation-and that the stature and credibility of the United Nations may suffer thereby. (4) Operational Principles A. Clear objectives; clear and unambiguous mandate at all times; and resources to match. B. Common military approach among involved partners; unity of command; clear and unequivocal communications and chain of command. C. Acceptance of limitations, incrementalism and gradualism in the application of force, the objective being protection of a population, not defeat of a state. D. Rules of engagement which fit the operational concept; are precise; reflect the principle of proportionality; and involve total adherence to international humanitarian law. E. Acceptance that force protection cannot become the principal objective. F. Maximum possible coordination with humanitarian organizations.
Agenda - A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform, 2004
Applying Conditionality to Development Assistance Roland Rich he announcement on 6 May 2004 by th... more Applying Conditionality to Development Assistance Roland Rich he announcement on 6 May 2004 by the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) of the 16 countries eligible to receive funding under the Bush Administration's Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) is a key step in the process of determining the direction of development assistance by applying quantitative international comparators to the governance performance of developing countries. It is the latest in a series of conditionality strategies aimed at making aid 'effective'. It is also the most sophisticated in terms of quantification of the eligibility conditions, giving the impression that the direction of aid flows has moved into a scientific direction of applying solid statistical information in a formulaic manner, thus making the system both transparent and reliable. The MCA process has the advantage of learning from previous experience, but whether it will be able to 'solve' the problem remains in doubt. This paper looks at the context for this initiative by tracing some of the key historical episodes shaping development assistance in an attempt to understand the increasing reliance on conditionality. A broad taxonomy of conditionality is proposed. The paper also examines the MCA process to date, looking at the growth of, and reliance on, statistical comparators as the critical decision-making tool. It concludes with some thoughts on the place of conditionality in development assistance and the place of statistics in conditionality. It is not within the aims of this paper to comment on, or attempt a measurement of, the effectiveness of aid. This is one of the big questions in development assistance. Recent work demonstrates the need for far greater care in tackling this issue and, in particular, the need to disaggregate emergency aid, institution-building aid delivering benefits over the longer term, and aid intended to stimulate growth in the shorter term (Clemens, Radelet and Bhavnani, 2004). While the debate on aid effectiveness continues, the working assumption in the development assistance community is that improvements in direction and delivery are necessary. Conditionality continues to be a key part of the formula.
Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, 2010
THE UN DEMOCRACY FUND (UNDEF) IS A RELATIVELY NEW BODY ESTABlished to contribute to building demo... more THE UN DEMOCRACY FUND (UNDEF) IS A RELATIVELY NEW BODY ESTABlished to contribute to building democracy around the world. It is the only UN body with the word "Democracy" in its title, and one of only two entities singled out by name by President Barack Obama in his 2010 UN General Assembly speech as deserving of increased support. (1) As a fund, its purpose is to invest in democratization processes and thus to encourage progress toward the ideals of democracy. In the first five years of UNDEF's assistance, some thirty-eight states have contributed around $110 million. The two leading contributors to UNDEF are the United States and India. The idea of creating UNDEF emerged from discussions between these two countries. Other major contributors are Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Qatar, Spain, and Sweden, as well as a wide range of nontraditional donors from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. By 2010, UNDEF had held four rounds of funding and launched 335 projects. (2) To determine how and in whom to invest these funds, UNDEF must situate itself in several ways. First, it needs to understand the theoretical context in which it works and determine where it fits into this wider picture. Second, UNDEF needs to find its place within the UN family so as to complement the work of other members of the organization, not duplicate it. Finally, it needs to understand the market in which it is operating. Because UNDEF is a voluntary fund and contributions to UNDEF are eligible as official development assistance (ODA), it is within the ODA processes that UNDEF must situate itself. In this article, I examine each of these issues before arriving at a solution. Much of the information that I draw on is available at the UNDEF website, www.un.org/democracyfund/. Debating Democracy: Beware of Adjectives The oft-repeated social science expression that "we are all footnotes to Plato" is as true of democratic theory as other fields. Plato's preference for the philosopher king over the vulgar opinions of the masses is mirrored today in the debate between the Beijing and Washington models of governance. It is beyond the scope of this essay to encapsulate two and one-half millennia of debate or to proclaim new Platonic footnotes. Nor is it necessary to deal with the definition of democracy or "power to the people" that has formed the basis of so much impressive scholarly work. (3) But it is necessary initially to deal with the question of models of democracy because those involved in promoting democracy require a vision of the ideal they are working toward. Beware of adjectives. This is the lesson we should draw from an instructive paper by David Collier and Steven Levitsky who found 550 adjectives used in the literature to describe democracy. (4) Some adjectives undermine the noun they are describing such as Sukarno's "guided democracy" or Singapore's "disciplined democracy." Many of these adjectives have been bundled together in the concept of "facade democracy" where essential elements of suffrage, contestation, or civil liberties are missing. (5) But other adjectives are necessary for reasons of taxonomy and analysis purposes to harness the meaning of this powerful and broad term. In this essay, I will draw on the three adjectives that are considered essential to the construction of modern national democracies. Liberal Democracy Larry Diamond defines the term liberal in liberal democracy to mean "a political system in which individual and group liberties are well protected and in which there exist autonomous spheres of civil society and private life, insulated from the state." (6) A society "where liberties are well protected" is essential to the success and quality of democracy. Yet there is a tension within Diamond's definition. While he sees individuals and civil society leading a private life independent of the state, the protection of the liberties on which that autonomous private life rests is dependent on the state. …
The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1989
Reaction of the 3-chloro-1-methylcyclopentyl cation with CO at-78 O C gives the two stereoisomers... more Reaction of the 3-chloro-1-methylcyclopentyl cation with CO at-78 O C gives the two stereoisomers of (3chloro-1-methylcyclopenty1)carbonyl cation (5) in a 93:7 ratio, as established by GLC analysis of the methyl esters formed upon methanol quenching of the acyl cation. The two methyl esters (6) were interconverted to a 52:48 ratio by lithium chloride in dimethylformamide. A high-resolution NMR study with homonuclear spin decoupling, heteronuclear C/H chemical shift correlation, and lanthanide shift reagent experiments indicated that the ester-5 LiCl, 90 " C cis-6 trans-6 (1) (a) Clarkson Univereity. (b) Postdoctoral research associate. (c) (2) FBrcagiu, D.
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1987
An increased inflammatory mass in the subarachnoid space during bacterial meningitis may correlat... more An increased inflammatory mass in the subarachnoid space during bacterial meningitis may correlate with a poor outcome of disease. Using a rabbit model of pneumococcal meningitis, we sought to reduce this inflammatory process. The ability of the pneumococcal cell wall to cause death and to generate leukocytosis and abnormal chemistry in cerebrospinal fluid was prevented when animals were treated with inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonate metabolism. Bacterial lysis by ampicillin led to release of cell wall that caused a significant, transient increase in meningeal inflammation. This inflammatory burst was also prevented by administering cyclooxygenase inhib-itors concurrently with the antibiotic.
Journal of Democracy, 2001
The word "democracy" does not appear in the Charter of the United Nations, nor was it mentioned i... more The word "democracy" does not appear in the Charter of the United Nations, nor was it mentioned in the Covenant of the League of Nations. None of the standard textbooks on international law includes chapters on democracy. The International Court of Justice has not based any of its decisions on the legal application of democratic principles. If one were to look no further than these pillars of international law, one might conclude that democracy is not relevant. Yet the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action adopted by the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights asserted in paragraph 8 of Section I, "Democracy, development and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms are interdependent and mutually reinforcing.. .. The international community should support the strengthening and promoting of democracy, development and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms in the entire world." Though a nonbinding instrument, this Declaration represents a clear indication of the direction of international opinion and the development of international law. Twice in the twentieth century the international community toyed with the notion of making democracy a norm of international law. The first time was when Woodrow Wilson described America's entry into World War I as a crusade to make the world "safe for democracy." Victors, however, earn the right to redraft the rules. The vindictive Treaty of Versailles divided the spoils and hobbled the vanquished, but it stopped
Helvetica Chimica Acta, 1979
COOEt COOEt I I COCH3 EtOCO-CH CH C-CH2CH2COOEt HOOC-CH CH C-CH2CH2COOH 2 21 COCH3 2 21 2 3 2803 ... more COOEt COOEt I I COCH3 EtOCO-CH CH C-CH2CH2COOEt HOOC-CH CH C-CH2CH2COOH 2 21 COCH3 2 21 2 3 2803 4 5 6 98YO Ausbeute die Dicarbonsaure 3, deren Cyclisierung zum Diketoester 4 mit Acetanhydrid allein oder unter Zusatz von Pyridin [5] unbefriedigend verlief. Sie gelang aber in 63% Ausbeute unter Zusatz von Kaliumacetat. Versuche zur intramolekularen Aldol-Kondensation des Diketoesters 4 in Gegenwart von Sauren [6] fiihrten nicht zum bicyclischen Ketol 5 ; dieser bildete sich aber mit Natriumathanolat in Athanol in 50% Ausbeute, wobei ein Teil der Ausgangssubstanz 4 zu 4-Oxocyclohexancarbonsaureathylester gespalten wurde. Das Ketol 5 wurde mit Athandithiol quantitativ in das Thioacetal 6 ubergefuhrt und dieses mit Raney-Nickel zum gewunschten Hydroxyester 7 in 98% Ausbeute reduziert. Zur Herstellung des Nisylates l a von 7 mit p-Nitrobenzolsulfonylchlorid in Pyridin ist eine drei-bis viertagige Reaktionsdauer bei 65" erforderlich, was auch fur die unten beschriebenen Bicyclo [2.2.2]oct-1-ylnisylate 1 gilt. Alkalische Hydrolyse des Nisylates l a lieferte 4-(p-Nitrophenylsulfonyloxy)bicyclo [2.2.2]octan-1-carbonsaure (Id). Zur Herstellung von 4-(N-Athoxycarbonylamino)-bicyclo [2.2.2]octan-1-01 (10) wurde der Hydroxyester 7 analog [7] rnit Hydrazinhydrat zurn Hydrazid 8 umgesetzt und dieses nach Curtius mit Isopentylnitrit abgebaut. 4-(N, N-Dimethylamino)bicyclo [2.2.2]octan-1-01 (12) entstand durch saure Hydrolyse des Urethans 10 und reduktive Methylierung (CH,O, H,, Pd/C) des intermediar gebildeten primaren Amins 11. Reduktive Spaltung des Hydroxyhydrazids 8 mit Raney-Nickel lieferte das Hydroxyamid 14, das rnit zwei Mol-aquiv. Nisylchlorid in Pyridin nicht das envartete Nisyloxyamid l e ergab, sondern das entsprechende Nisyloxynitril If. Mit nur einem Mol-Aquiv. Nisylchlorid hingegen entstand das Hydroxynitril 15. Das gewunschte Nisylat le konnte schliesslich durch Umsetzung der Saure Id rnit Thionylchlorid und anschliessende Behandlung rnit Ammoniak gewonnen werden. Weniger bequem als oben beschrieben lasst sich 4-Nisyloxy-bicyclo [2.2.2]octan-1-carbonitril (If) wie folgt herstellen. Die Hydroxysaure 13 wird mit Acetylchlorid in die Acetoxysaure 16 ubergefuhrt. Umsetzung rnit Thionylchlorid und nachfolgende Behandlung des erhaltenen Saurechlorids rnit Ammoniak ergibt das Acetoxyamid 17. Wasserabspaltung rnit Thionylchlorid liefert das Acetoxynitril 18, das rnit einem Mol-Aquiv. NaOH zum Hydroxynitril 15 verseift wird. Obliche Nisylierung ergibt If. 4-Nisyloxy-bicyclo [2.2.2]octan-1-carbonsauremethylester (1 g) wurde durch Methylierung der Hydroxysaure 13 mit Diazomethan zu 19 und anschliessende ') 4-Methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-ol(34) ist bereits von uns beschrieben worden [ 151.
Helvetica Chimica Acta, 1979
Hydrolysisofbicyclo[2.2.2]octylp-nitrobenzenesulfonate (14a,X =p-N02C6H4S03), and nineteen 4-R-su... more Hydrolysisofbicyclo[2.2.2]octylp-nitrobenzenesulfonate (14a,X =p-N02C6H4S03), and nineteen 4-R-substituted derivatives 14b-14 t in 70% aqueous dioxane yield the corresponding bicyclo [2.2.2]octanols 14 (X = OH), exclusively. The 7-center fragmentation to 1,4-dimethylidene-cyclohexane (15) is not observed. The logarithms of most of the rate constants, measured in 80% ethanol, correlate well with the corresponding inductive substituent constants a? of R. Hence, in these cases ionization rate is controlled by the inductive effect of R only. Poor correlations result when the substituents are potentially electrofugal groups, such as COO- ,