Roma Ghai - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Roma Ghai

Cns & Neurological Disorders-drug Targets, Dec 31, 2020

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a chronic, devastating dysfunction of neurons in the brain leading to... more Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a chronic, devastating dysfunction of neurons in the brain leading to dementia. It mainly arises due to neuronal injury in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus area of the brain and is clinically manifested as a progressive mental failure, disordered cognitive functions, personality changes, reduced verbal fluency and impairment of speech. The pathology behind AD is the formation of intraneuronal fibrillary tangles, deposition of amyloid plaque and decline in choline acetyltransferase and loss of cholinergic neurons. Tragically, the disease cannot be cured, but its progression can be halted. Various cholinesterase inhibitors available in the market like Tacrine, Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine, etc. are being used to manage the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. The paper’s objective is to throw light not only on the cellular/genetic basis of the disease, but also on the current trends and various strategies of treatment including the use of phytopharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Enormous literature survey was conducted and published articles of PubMed, Scifinder, Google Scholar, Clinical Trials.org and Alzheimer Association reports were studied intensively to consolidate the information on the strategies available to combat Alzheimer’s disease. Currently, several strategies are being investigated for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Immunotherapies targeting amyloid-beta plaques, tau protein and neural pathways are undergoing clinical trials. Moreover, antisense oligonucleotide methodologies are being approached as therapies for its management. Phytopharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals are also gaining attention in overcoming the symptoms related to AD. The present review article concludes that novel and traditional therapies simultaneously promise future hope for AD treatment.

International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS), Jul 2, 2022

Sleep is commonly defined as a state in which physical activities and sensory perception are grea... more Sleep is commonly defined as a state in which physical activities and sensory perception are greatly reduced, and it is frequently associated with our body's recuperative period. However, research has shown that sleep is also required for other vital processes such as memory consolidation and normal physiological functioning. Extensive research has shown that the areas that control our sleeping behaviour are the hypothalamus, brain stem, midbrain, and amygdala. These areas coordinate events during the non-REM and REM phases of sleep-wake cycles. GABA and adenosine, two chemical neurotransmitters, are also involved and play an important role in our sleep cycle. Insomnia has caused a slew of psychological and physiological issues such as fatigue, decreased mental concentration, irritable nature and a higher risk of heart attacks and stroke. It has reduced the patient's quality of life of the patient and have a social impact on them. Primary insomnia is defined as the inability/absence of proper sleep and impaired daily life functioning. Secondary insomnia, on the other hand, is believed to result from preexisting medical conditions, substance abuse, or as a side effect of certain drug therapy. Insomnia is diagnosed through physical examination and the use of electrical devices to monitor sleep behavior. Both non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches have been well established for their treatment, which significantly aids in the alleviation of insomnia.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2022

Current Bioactive Compounds, May 22, 2023

Introduction: Cardiovascular disorders are the most prevalent and life-threatening conditions aff... more Introduction: Cardiovascular disorders are the most prevalent and life-threatening conditions affecting human beings. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the cardioprotective effect of P. rubra leaves. Aim: Plumeria rubra L. has been used for ages in alternative/traditional systems of medicine for several conditions, such as arthritis, toothache, pruritus, asthma, dysuria, gonorrhoea, diabetes, and various types of inflammation. Methods: Acute toxicity studies were performed using OECD 423 guidelines, and cardiomyopathy was induced in Wistar albino rats through an intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin hydrochloride. Different groups were established to study the efficacy of doxorubicin-treated P. rubra leaf extract for 7 days. Blood pressure of both systolic and diastolic was recorded with noninvasive blood pressure apparatus, and the mean was considered. Biochemical parameters were analysed for serum and tissue homogenate viz. lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Results: The LD50 cut-off range for the leaf extract was found to be 2,000 mg/kg body weight. P. rubra leaf extract prevented the increase in heart rate (364.8 BPM) and mean blood pressure (122.24 mmHg) and demonstrated good results as an antihypertensive agent. The treatment with the extract was also found to revert the oxidative stress levels, as depicted by the MDA, SOD, and catalase levels in heart tissue in treated rats. Conclusion: P. rubra leaf extract at a higher dose (200 mg/kg) exerted a compelling cardioprotective action against cardiomyopathy induced by doxorubicin in Wistar rats due to the presence of lignan glycoside, liriodendrin.

Phytomedicine plus, May 1, 2023

World journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jun 2, 2015

Lycopene, a potent antioxidant provides protection against free radicals and has been used in the... more Lycopene, a potent antioxidant provides protection against free radicals and has been used in the treatment of cancer, coronary heart disease and hypercholestrimia. Losarton has been used for the treatment of essential hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and various cardiovascular disorders. The present study was designed to evaluate the cardioprotective effect of combination of Losartan with Lycopene in isoproterenol induced cardiomyopathy in rats. Myocardial infarction was induced by isoproterenol (ISO, 85 mg/kg, sc) twice at an interval of 24 hrs in Wistar rats. ISO produced significant alteration in the hemodynamic parameters (Blood pressure and heart rate), creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, TBARS, GSH, SOD and catalase. Oral treatment with losartan (10 mg/kg) and lycopene (4 mg/kg) for 21 days in ISO treated rats attenuated above mentioned parameters. The treatment with combination of losartan and lycopene reduced the cardiotoxicity induced by ISO which was confirmed by reduction in hemodynamic parameters, TBARS, LDH, CK and increase in GSH, SOD and Catalase enzymes. The effect could be due to the myocardial membrane protection provided by antioxidant and free radical scavenging property. Thus, combination therapy with losartan and lycopene provides new intervention in the treatment of cardiomyopathy.

Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, 2022

December 2019 was marked by the arrival of the novel coronavirus, which has now reportedly result... more December 2019 was marked by the arrival of the novel coronavirus, which has now reportedly resulted in 4,200,412 deaths (as ofJuly 30, 2021) worldwide. Although the casualty rate of SARS-CoV-2 is lower than other viral infections, yet its uncertainty poses a global threat. The virus that causes Covid-19 diseases is spreading among people, and more people are becoming infected. According to clinical studies, SARS-CoV-2 develops and migrates through the respiratory tract along the conducting airways, eliciting a robust innate immune response that leads to severe clinical manifestations such as cytokine storms, the release of chemical mediators including IL-2 and IL-6 at vital organs, and worsens in patients with co-morbidities. The treatment is largely focused on the assessment of patients since the studies are evaluating a wide array of medications for possible outcomes during this emergency period of the Covid 19 epidemic. On the contrary, few conventional drugs have been disapproved, such as hydroxychloroquine while others like ribavirin and lopinavir, are effective in combination therapies as per the studies. Monoclonal antibodies, kinase inhibitors, and basic febrifuges, along with anti-tussive syrups, have become a growing therapy for coronavirus patients. Although this virus seems to have a specific treatment due to the effects of viral variation and mutation, it's causing a leading global challenge for researchers. This article aggregates the conventional and new breakthrough therapeutics for tackling Covid 19 and its emerging therapeutic rationale reviewed by WHO, ICMR, FDA, PubMed, Google scholar, and the Covid update newsletter.

Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research, Jun 1, 2019

To investigate the antioxidant activity of chloroform extract of dried Polygonatum cirrhifolium (... more To investigate the antioxidant activity of chloroform extract of dried Polygonatum cirrhifolium (P. cirrhifolium) rhizome. Methods Antioxidant activity of the extract was tested by using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl). Results : P. cirrhifolium chloroform extracts scavenged DPPH thus having antioxidant activity.

International journal of pharmacology and toxicology, Mar 25, 2016

Free radicals mediated oxidative stress is the major risk factor for many chronic diseases like a... more Free radicals mediated oxidative stress is the major risk factor for many chronic diseases like atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, cancer, ageing and neurodegenerative diseases. Therapy with anti-oxidants is gradually gaining lot of importance for treatment of such diseases. Hydro-alcoholic extract of Eugenia caryophyllus was studied for its in-vivo antioxidant activity using two different animal models viz. Triton induced hyperlipidemia and High fat diet induced hyperlipidemia. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content, DPPH assay was also carried out for in vitro anti-oxidant efficacy. Total protein, lipid peroxidation (MDA), reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase were evaluated in the liver tissue in Triton induced hyperlipidemia and diet induced hyperlipidemia models. The study findings indicated significant in-vivo and in-vitro antioxidant property that may be related to the amount of polyphenols and flavonoids present in the extract. These results clearly indicate that Eugenia caryophyllus is effective against free radical mediated oxidative stress.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021

Abstract In response to pathogens, injury or irritation, inflammation is a natural biological mec... more Abstract In response to pathogens, injury or irritation, inflammation is a natural biological mechanism. The inflammation process is a difficult immune response that can be characterised as the synchronous activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation seems to be significantly correlated with various types of diseases, such as arthritis, allergy, atherosclerosis and cancer. Some intermittent events, including redness, swelling, heat, and pain, often progressing to exudation and loss of function, typically describe inflammation. Some inflammatory cytokines that are important chemical substances found in the tissues of the body, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, prostacyclin, lymphocytes, and chemokines such as interferon-alpha (IFN-α), IFN-γ, are involved in the inflammation phase. Vegetables and fruit-derived formulations have been used to treat inflammatory conditions and their associated disorders. Evidence shows that fruits like grapes, watermelon, orange and vegetable-rich diets like Allium cepa, Momordica charantia, Raphanus sativus etc. are beneficial against common chronic diseases, cancer, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. In addition, these fruits and vegetables provide vitamins, minerals and fibre in our diet. Anti-inflammatory compounds in onions help to lessen the clinical symptoms associated with conditions like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Due to the presence of various phytochemicals in bitter melon, it is used in inflammation in bones and joints, inflammation in cancer and cardiovascular as well as neurodegenerative diseases and haemorrhoids. Lycopene in tomato also acts on cytokine channels in human adipose tissue, and inhibit the level of inflammatory biomarkers. This article focuses on such healthy foods and vegetables that have the capability to treat inflammatory disorders. From this we can conclude that fruits and vegetables are promising in limiting the inflammation.

International journal of pharmacology and toxicology, Jul 19, 2016

Hydrogen peroxide, 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and Phosphomolybdenum in-vitro assay was... more Hydrogen peroxide, 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and Phosphomolybdenum in-vitro assay was employed to determine the antioxidant potency of glycopeptides RN Mannose, RK starch, RNRN Mannose and RHRCR Starch using ascorbic acid as the standard drug. The percentage scavenging activity of the glycopeptides were determined at different concentrations and the IC50 value of the test compounds were subsequently compared with that of ascorbic acid. RN Mannose was found to be most potent antioxidant compound. Also, Swiss dock study was performed with three glycopeptides, viz., RHRCR Mannose, RN Mannose and RNRN Mannose.Among these, RHRCR Mannose was found to have the best affinity for the receptor with stearic energy-0.2306kcal/mol.

Materials Today: Proceedings, Apr 1, 2021

Abstract Cancer begins when genes mutate and cause cell proliferation in an uncontrollable manner... more Abstract Cancer begins when genes mutate and cause cell proliferation in an uncontrollable manner. Breast cancer develops in females in the lobules and ducts of breast cells. As per the American Institute of Cancer Research, Breast cancer is diagnosed as the second leading cause of death in women if not noticed at the early stages of treatment. In recent decades, the widespread awareness and improvements in the screening and treatment of breast cancer have lowered the mortality rate of breast cancer by 40%. However, drugs for breast cancer therapy do carry adverse effects. Worldwide efforts are ongoing to detect and to neutralize these adverse effects. That is why it is inevitable to bring it to the notice of physicians through adverse drug reaction monitoring of anticancer drugs. This paper explores some of the variables causing these ADRs in the individual case reports that has been assembled via different renowned journal databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, Cochrane Library & PubMed. Accustomized breast cancer medications such as 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, sunitinib, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, & topotecan are being used in the treatment of breast cancer. A specific approach to monitor the ADR is necessary to deal with them. This review addresses the complexity of the ADRs that can subsequently be used by the clinicians who are serving in the tertiary health care system.

International Journal of Microbiology, Apr 28, 2022

Antibiotic resistance represents one of the biggest challenges, and there is an urgent need for p... more Antibiotic resistance represents one of the biggest challenges, and there is an urgent need for plant-based antimicrobial agents that enable managing this crisis e ectively. In this work, we aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of Astragalus candolleanus (A. candolleanus) hydromethanolic root extract against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gramnegative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Kocuria rhizophila) strains by the cup-plate method. e root was powdered and extracted with 70% methanol by cold maceration for 5 days. Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed with di erent solvents in the order of increasing polarity. Pure compounds were isolated by column chromatography and were characterized through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Targeted predictions of the isolated compounds were also studied using Swiss Target prediction software and prediction of activity spectra for substances. e extract showed a broad zone of inhibition against pathogenic bacteria. Four pure compounds were isolated, of which a novel terpenoid compound has been identi ed as stemmadenine along with scillirosidin, cephalotaxine, and myxoxanthophyll. e structures of the isolated phytoconstituents were elucidated by spectral analysis. e four pure components isolated from the roots of A. candolleanus are suggested to be e ective against tested pathogens. Overall results of drug design suggest that myxoxanthophyll is a promising bioactive compound endowed with antibacterial activity.

Current Organic Chemistry, Mar 1, 2021

The heterocyclic compounds have a great significance in medicinal chemistry because they have ext... more The heterocyclic compounds have a great significance in medicinal chemistry because they have extensive biological activities. Cancer is globally the leading cause of death and it is a challenge to develop appropriate treatment for the management of cancer. Continuous efforts are being made to find a suitable medicinal agent for cancer therapy. Nitrogencontaining heterocycles have received noteworthy attention due to their wide and distinctive pharmacological activities. One of the most important nitrogen-containing heterocycles in medicinal chemistry is ‘quinazoline’ that possesses a wide spectrum of biological properties. This scaffold is an important pharmacophore and is considered a privileged structure. Various substituted quinazolines displayed anticancer activity against different types of cancer. This review highlights the recent advances in quinazoline based molecules as anticancer agents. Several in-vitro and in-vivo models used along with the results are also included. A subpart briefing natural quinazoline containing anticancer compounds is also incorporated in the review.

Indian drugs, Jul 28, 2023

The present investigation was performed to examine the hepatoprotective effect of the aqueous eth... more The present investigation was performed to examine the hepatoprotective effect of the aqueous ethanolic extract of Polygonatum cirrhifolium in antitubercular drug-induced liver damage. P. cirrhifolium rhizomes were crushed, dissolved in various solvents (in order of polarity), and then tested for phytochemicals. Based on their findings, mass extraction utilizing the ethanol-water mixture (50: 50) was carried out using the Soxhlet method. The doses for animal research were established through acute toxicity tests. The hepatoprotective potential of aqueous ethanolic extract (50:50) of rhizomes was determined in Wistar rats at doses of 200 mg kg-1 and 400 mg kg-1 p.o. per day. Blood samples were examined for the biochemical markers SGOT, SGPT, ALP, total bilirubin, and albumin. Histopathology of the liver was also conducted followed by in vitro anti-oxidant studies. Simultaneously, the extract was subjected to LCMS characterization. P. cirrhifolium extract at both the doses 200 mg kg-1 and 400 mg kg-1 has shown significant hepatoprotective activity against hepatotoxicity induced by INH+ RIF in a dose-dependent manner, as depicted by the significant changes in the values of blood biomarkers and in vitro anti-oxidant studies. Histopathological studies showed that the treatment with 200 mg kg-1 and 400 mg kg-1 of P. cirrhifolium exhibited regeneration of liver architecture and portal system by reducing the haemorrhage and inflammatory infiltrate. LC-MS characterization showed serpentine, 5-hydroxy methylfurfural and cephalotaxine as active constituents. It can be inferred that hydroethanolic extract of P. cirrhifolium protects the liver from anti-TB induced toxicity and this protection could be due to the active phytoconstituents.

INDIAN DRUGS

Current Bioactive Compounds

Aim: Plumeria rubra L. has been used for ages in alternative/traditional systems of medicine for ... more Aim: Plumeria rubra L. has been used for ages in alternative/traditional systems of medicine for several conditions, such as arthritis, toothache, pruritus, asthma, dysuria, gonorrhoea, diabetes, and various types of inflammation. Introduction: Cardiovascular disorders are the most prevalent and life-threatening conditions affecting human beings. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the cardioprotective effect of P. rubra leaves. Method: Acute toxicity studies were performed using OECD 423 guidelines, and cardiomyopathy was induced in Wistar albino rats through an intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin hydrochloride. Different groups were established to study the efficacy of doxorubicin-treated P. rubra leaf extract for 7 days. Blood pressure of both systolic and diastolic was recorded with non-invasive blood pressure apparatus, and the mean was considered. Biochemical parameters were analysed for serum and tissue homogenate viz. lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), thiobarbituric acid r...

International journal of health sciences

International Journal of Microbiology