Ronald Clarke - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Ronald Clarke

Tendencias En Prevencion Del Delito Y Sus Limites Privacidad Y Dignidad Humana Frente Al Uso De Las Nuevas Tecnologias 2010 Isbn 978 84 96261 89 1 Pags 173 206, 2010

Problem-oriented Policing establishes a new unit of work of policing and a new unit of analysis f... more Problem-oriented Policing establishes a new unit of work of policing and a new unit of analysis for police research. That unit is the "problem". Problem-oriented policing management and research has been hampered by an inability to define and organize problems -- group similar problems and separate dissimilar ones. To address this deficiency, this paper proposes a method for classifying common problems encountered by local police agencies. Routine Activity Theory provides the basis for a two-dimensional classification scheme, Using this classification scheme, all common problems are typed by the behavior of the participants and the environment where they occur. Concerns that cannot be described on both behavioral and environmental dimensions are not "problems" in the technical sense. After explaining the development of this classification scheme, this paper describes how it can be applied, examines its limitations, propose a research agenda using the scheme, and ...

Abstract: This chapter seeks to achieve three things, in decreasing order of importance: (1) To p... more Abstract: This chapter seeks to achieve three things, in decreasing order of importance: (1) To point out the basic phenomenon, i.e., the prematurity,of many,crime,prevention,effects relative to the point at which,they would,occur if they were,the product,of their presumed mechanism.,This is termed anticipatory,benefits. (2) To trawl published literature for instances,of possible and,probable,anticipatory,benefits. (3) To classify possible,reasons,for anticipatory,benefits,and,to set out their implications.

ABSTRACT It is well established that certain products create opportunities for crime because they... more ABSTRACT It is well established that certain products create opportunities for crime because they are useful "tools" for criminals or they lack security features that make them ready targets for theft. This paper takes the first step towards establishing "crime proofing'''' codes that assess the vulnerability to theft of one class of products: portable electronic devices. We begin by proposing a general framework for thinking about security codes, the main elements of which are: (1) corporate social responsibility, and (2) the economic arguments for regulating negative externalities produced by industry, of which product- related crime is one. This analysis leads to the conclusion that the most efficient form of regulation would be a voluntary code, administered by the electronics industry (specifically its trade associations), with some limited but crucial support from government. A draft security code is constructed based on two dimensions: (I) the intrinsic uhotness" of the product derived from previous research, and (2) the security features that have been built into the product or its marketing.

European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 2007

A literature review undertaken for the EU Crime Proofing Steering Group identified a set of legis... more A literature review undertaken for the EU Crime Proofing Steering Group identified a set of legislative crime risk indicators. These are intended to assist in scanning summaries of new legislative proposals to identify regulation that might contribute to fraud, corruption, illegal trade, or environmental crime. The case studies reviewed suggest that any regulation carries the risk of such unintended crime consequences, which: (1) introduces product disposal requirements or any other new or more burdensome fee or obligation; (2) introduces a concession on a tax, or a concession on any other fee or obligation; (3) introduces a grant, subsidy, or compensation scheme; (4) introduces or increases the tax on legal goods, or in any other way increases the costs of legal goods; (5) prohibits or restricts a demanded product or service, or in any other way decreases the availability of demanded goods and services; (6) introduces or removes a law enforcement capacity, increases or decreases funding for enforcement activity or in any other way impacts the intensity of law enforcement activity; and (7) provides officials with regulatory power.

From Bioterrorism to Earthquakes, 2012

The terrorist attack on the US World Trade Center Twin Towers on September l1, 2001, is commonly ... more The terrorist attack on the US World Trade Center Twin Towers on September l1, 2001, is commonly compared to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 in which 2401 persons were killed, more than 1000 wounded, and the US Pacific Fleet decimated. The shock to the nation was such that it pulled the isolationist-leaning United States into World War II. The shock of the 9/1l attack, which killed more than 2500 persons and continues to cause deaths, injury, and sickness in its aftermath, pushed the United States into wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The truly common element of the two disasters was the surprise of the attacks and the chaos that followed. In hindsight, critics have argued that the US military commanders should have anticipated and been prepared for the Japanese attack. The 9/11 Commission has similarly criticized the US counterterrorism agencies for their failure to anticipate and therefore prepare for attacks such as that of 9/11. 9/11, THE BEGINNING In what follows, we provide a brief account of the events that occurred on the ground during the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center (WTC). The account is based on the exhaustive report provided by the 9/11 Commission.' Our review is confined to just the first 17 minutes of the attack. It may be argued that the 1993 attack on the WTC should also be considered part of a case study of this disaster. But several terrorist attacks had been directed against US targets in the intervening years, such as those against US embassies abroad and against the USS Cole. Their consideration would mean broadening our focus beyond that of local police to include the counterterrorism policy, strategy, and operations of federal agencies such as the FBI, CIA, and others. Be that as it may, this case study of local police and other first responders to the one 9/11 attack occurs against a backdrop of counterterrorism policies Local Planning for Terror and Disaster: From Bioterrorism to Earthquakes, First Edition.

12 Abstract: The concentration of much crime in a few members of any group of 13 homogeneous faci... more 12 Abstract: The concentration of much crime in a few members of any group of 13 homogeneous facilities is quite common and follows a well-known pattern found 14 throughout the physical, biological and social sciences. Like repeat victimization 15 (a closely related phenomenon), risky facilities provide opportunities for prevention. 16 We explore a variety of explanations for risky facilities; examine measurement 17 problems associated with studying them; list policy options; and conclude by explor- 18 ing the hypothesis that crime concentration among groups of homogeneous facilities 19 may be the outgrowth of complex dynamic interactions among individuals - 20 offenders, targets, and place managers. 21

Many ordinary manufactured products provide the means or the temptation to commit crime, and the ... more Many ordinary manufactured products provide the means or the temptation to commit crime, and the introduction of new products, such as the cellphone or bank machines can create a crime "harvest." Manufacturers have modified dozens, perhaps hundreds of these criminogenic products to make them less attractive to criminals, mostly for commercial reasons, but in some cases under government pressure. This chapter reviews the international experience of modifying products, whether these are the targets or the tools of crime. It describes the range of products modified, the successes that have been achieved and the scope for further changes provided by new technology. It explains why governments have become increasingly drawn into product change, it examines the different roles they have taken, and it identifies the role of other agents of change such as the media or pressure groups. It concludes by discussing the difficulties for governments of taking a more proactive role in pr...

British Journal of Criminology, 1996

... by seriousness and opportunity to commit them, which would present insuperable difficulties i... more ... by seriousness and opportunity to commit them, which would present insuperable difficulties in the ... very common offences are generally opportunistic and therefore especially susceptible to opportunity reduction. ... of the number of vehicles were exceeding the speed limit by more ...

Security Journal, 2009

Before 2005, the city of Edmonton ' s transit security staff served only its Light Rail Transit (... more Before 2005, the city of Edmonton ' s transit security staff served only its Light Rail Transit (LRT) not its buses. During 2005, the city redeployed the security staff to serve the buses as well. This meant that fewer ticket checks could be made on the LRT, which operates an ' honor ' system of fare collection. Subsequently, in early 2007, it was decided to issue more fi nes and fewer warnings for evading fares on the LRT-a decision that was not publicized. Using weekly data for 163 weeks, this study examined the effect of these two changes on rates of LRT fare evasion. By the end of the period the risk of being checked for fare evasion had declined by a factor of nearly four, whereas the risk of being fi ned, if caught without a valid ticket, increased by a factor of 15. Despite these substantial changes in levels of enforcement, no clear trends were apparent in weekly evasion rates during the entire period. Possible explanations were explored for these results, including that the changes in levels of enforcement were not perceived by potential fare evaders. The implications of the fi ndings are discussed for situational prevention and for transit authorities using ' honor ' fare collection systems.

Security Journal, 2001

During the 1990s, criminals in the US discovered ways of altering cellular phones to obtain free ... more During the 1990s, criminals in the US discovered ways of altering cellular phones to obtain free service. In 'cloning' frauds, criminals using scanners were able to capture the identifying numbers broadcast by legitimate phones and to program these into illegitimate 'clones'. These could then be used to obtain free access to the wireless network. In 'tumbling' frauds, telephones were altered so that they randomly transmitted illegally obtained identifying numbers. This allowed the phone to gain access to free cellular service, particularly when used outside the area where the numbers had been issued. By 1995, these frauds were costing the cellular telephone industry about $800 million per year. They also created 'upstream' crime costs in terms of thefts of phones for cloning and 'downstream' costs by facilitating drug dealing and other organized crimes. They were virtually eliminated by the end of the 1990s, through technological countermeasures adopted by the industry. There was little sign of displacement to other forms of cell phone fraud, and the preventive measures appeared to be highly cost-effective. The case study permits comment on the UK 'Foresight' initiative that envisages partnerships between the government and industry to anticipate and remove opportunities for crime created by new technology.

Policing, 2007

It is becoming clear that the police have an important role in preventing terrorism. They are in ... more It is becoming clear that the police have an important role in preventing terrorism. They are in a good position to learn about and investigate local terrorist threats, and they can work to ensure that vulnerable targets in their jurisdictions are protected. Filling the first of these functions, investigation of terrorists, will require police to extend their normal community policing

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 2004

Modifying products to prevent crime is not a new idea. At the end of the 17th century, milled edg... more Modifying products to prevent crime is not a new idea. At the end of the 17th century, milled edges were introduced for silver coins to stop people from clipping the edges to collect enough silver to make new coins. In fact, manufacturers have modified hundreds of different products to prevent crime. In most cases they have made these modifications to protect business profits.

Criminology, 1987

It has been claimed that the rational choice perspective, which sees criminal behavior as the out... more It has been claimed that the rational choice perspective, which sees criminal behavior as the outcome of decisions and choices made by the offender. can provide a useful framework for analyzing crime control policies. By developing the concept of 'khoice-structuring properties, '' which refers to the constellation of opportunities, costs, and benefits attaching to particular kinds of crime, this paper attempts to develop rational choice theory in order to improve analysis of crime displacement+ concept frequently invoked by the critics of opportunity-reducing measures of crime prevention. The model of the offender as a decision maker underlies much criminological work recently undertaken by psychologists, economists, and sociologists of deviance (Clarke and Cornish, 1985; Cornish and Clarke, 1986a). This "rational choice" perspective on crime assumes that offenders seek to benefit themselves by their criminal behavior; that this involves the making of decisions and choices, however rudimentary on occasions these choices might be; and that these processes, constrained as they are by time, the offender's cognitive abilities, and by the availability of relevant information, exhibit limited rather than normative rationality. Our own formulation of rational choice theory was founded on the additional premise that the decision processes and the factors taken into account are likely to vary greatly at the different stages of decision making and among different crimes. For this reason, we drew attention to the needs both to be crime-specific when analyzing criminal choices and to treat decisions relating to the various stages of criminal involvement in particular crimes (initial involvement, continuation, desistance) separately from those, such as target selection, relating to the criminal event itself (Clarke and Cornish, 1985; Cornish and Clarke, 1986a). A RATIONAL CHOICE PERSPECTIVE ON CRIME DISPLACEMENT Our intention in developing an emphasis upon criminal decision making was to provide a general framework for thinking about the prevention and

Crime and Justice, 1992

Ronald V. Clarke and Patricia M. Harris Auto Theft and Its Prevention ABSTRACT Auto theft makes a... more Ronald V. Clarke and Patricia M. Harris Auto Theft and Its Prevention ABSTRACT Auto theft makes a substantial contribution to the crime statistics of the United States. Eleven percent of all Uniform Crime Report index crimes in 1989 and 12 percent of crimes reported in the Victim Risk ...

Crime and Justice, 1985

... 152 Ronald V. Clarke and Derek В. ... vi) The observation made by Cohen (1972) in his study o... more ... 152 Ronald V. Clarke and Derek В. ... vi) The observation made by Cohen (1972) in his study of clashes between groups of &amp;amp;quot;mods&amp;amp;quot; and &amp;amp;quot;rockers&amp;amp;quot; and by Marsh, Rosser, and Harre (1978) in their studies of football hooliganism, that much of the &amp;amp;quot;uncontrollable&amp;amp;quot; violence between ...