Roohollah Roozbeh - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Roohollah Roozbeh
The poetry of Khajeh Mohammad Hafiz Shirazi has vastly influenced the poetry of Ralph Waldo Emers... more The poetry of Khajeh Mohammad Hafiz Shirazi has vastly influenced the poetry of Ralph Waldo Emerson, as many critics have noted but have not demonstrated. Emerson is an American poet whose work reflects the influences of Persian poets, among which that of Hafiz is remarkable. The influence of Hafiz on Emerson includes memorable images, themes and motifs. While one can argue that this influence was indirect, it is obvious from the closeness of certain similarities, from Emerson’s intimate knowledge of Hafiz’s poetry, and from his love for Persian poetry, that the influence was more direct than otherwise. Although Emerson knew German and read Hafiz in German translations yet, he embarked on translating the poems of Hafiz in English in order to master Hafiz’s poetry and to introduce him to American readers. These translations themselves are another proof of the claim of influence of Hafiz on Emerson. The methodology of this article is to set the poems of the two poets over against one ...
International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies, Mar 23, 2018
This article considers Jalal Al-Ahmad and Elizabeth Braddon as writers whose fictions voiced atti... more This article considers Jalal Al-Ahmad and Elizabeth Braddon as writers whose fictions voiced attitudes towards poverty and motherhood. Two women, to get rid of poverty, have to get rid of their children in order to remarry. These two women consider remarriage as their only way to happiness and each one deems her child as an obstacle and gives up her motherly affection for her child. The study of this common subject in two different cultures is justifiable from the theory of comparative literature. Thus, aim of this paper is to examine these two English and Persian works from the theory of confluence so as to show the differences and similarities. The method of this paper is based on comparative literature ofَ American School which regards confluence as point of investigation and does not deem direct influence of one author on another as a point of departure. That the two authors have used one similar subject is a condition for their study and comparison in this school.
Many writers have found animals as a suitable and complete mirror of human subject and have expre... more Many writers have found animals as a suitable and complete mirror of human subject and have expressed human subject in the form of animals. This theme has been a dominant one in the world literature and finding and considering the human subject in an animal and giving human characteristics to it brings to mind the literary device of metaphor. Hedayat in Stray Dog considers a dog as a suitable and complete mirror of the human subject and makes use of metaphor for philosophical and existentialist purposes. Metaphor gives Hedayat the chance to express pain and loneliness of human subject so as to place a great deal of emphasis on the loneliness of human subject. This is done through defamiliarization and a sense of wonder which is the function of literature itself. The methodology of this paper is based on Jacobson's theory of metaphor which acts on basis of similarity, substitution, equivalence or contrast.
The use of mythology in renaissance is of utmost importance. The reason for mythology found in th... more The use of mythology in renaissance is of utmost importance. The reason for mythology found in the renaissance texts was because renaissance figures thought that it is important to know about these myths and classical philosophes since ancient Greece and Rome were equipped with democracy and civilization. Thus their ideas might be used and welcomed. Marlowe makes ample use of mythology in his tragedies. However, in Faustus we see the failure of mythology. In spite of his love for mythology in this tragedy mythology fails to help Marlowe a lot in bringing it as a candidate side by side with Christianity. Though the giant of Renaissance drama welcomes mythology and proposes necromancy to his hero Faustus at the end of the tragedy it is Christianity which has the upper hand and the hero turns into a pathetic figure who is no longer arrogant and proud and is torn into pieces tragically.
This article reads Othello through the discourse of cultural materialism. To do so, the writer’s ... more This article reads Othello through the discourse of cultural materialism. To do so, the writer’s discourse therefore, becomes that of the hysterical discourse going against the dominant discourse of the work. Cultural materialism borrows the ideas of many critics in order to study canonical works against the grain. Thus, this article uses cultural materialism in order to read Othello against the grain. To read it so requires resisting or hystericising the dominant discourse and worldview and shifting sympathy. The gaze of Othello signifies how psychologically the white society looked at him and how the white society considered him. Othello is Moorish and hence an Arab in Europe, manifestly calling to mind all the multifaceted confrontations and conflicts of Self/Other in a framework of power struggle. He is a non-western protagonist whose wife, a European equals Othello’s tribe. Othello is an odd-one-out protagonist whose wife, Desdemona, is referred to as a pearl. This pearl calls ...
By carefully examining the works of Emerson, a well-known American poet and a look at his poetry ... more By carefully examining the works of Emerson, a well-known American poet and a look at his poetry and literature, themes and motifs, the influence of one of the great Iranian poets, Saadi Shirazi, can be made clear and confident. Emerson, who was recognized as the founder of the literary school of transcendentalism in American literature, was particularly interested in Sheikh Ajil Saadi, and in his opinion Sa'di was one of the world's greatest poets. The American poet was immersed in Saadi's poetry, tailoring it to his needs. This article tries to investigate Sa'di's contribution to Emerson's works. A poet like Emerson was immersed in Sa'di, loved Saadi, and repeatedly acknowledged that he would love to be like Sa'di and make poetry like his. In order to disseminate his philosophic belief, he needed viable sources from non-European countries. Emerson wanted to criticize the weaknesses of American culture by referring to other rich cultures. It is possi...
International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies, 2017
One of the research topics in the field of comparative literature is the study of l cinematic ada... more One of the research topics in the field of comparative literature is the study of l cinematic adaptation. The scope of this article is to examine Mehrjui's special interpretation of A Doll's House in the form of its re-creation in his film Sara. Adaptation is derivation, but it is not derivative; it is rather a new and exquisite cultural art that has its own artistic style. Consequently, Mehrjuj makes Ibsen's A Doll's House his own, and presents a new design that is fresh and exquisite. Therefore, using interdisciplinary research in the field of comparative literature and comparative studies, the crossover between cinema and literature is broken between written texts and visual texts, and among popular works. Sara, produced in 1991, released in 1992, was directed by Mehrjui based on the textbook of A Doll's House (1897, by Henrik Ibsen). Sara is not an alternative to Ibsen's work, but a new cultural work with its own artistic dignity. This article deals with ...
Two poets mourning the death of their poet friends are Sepehri and Spencer in different contexts ... more Two poets mourning the death of their poet friends are Sepehri and Spencer in different contexts of Iran and England. The two poets who are dead are Forough and Sidney who have been great poets and have been admired by the mourning poets. To remember their friends, they have written poems to enliven the memory of their dead friends. Sepehri considers Forough, a female Iranian poet, a friend and a great poet. The methodology of this article is based on comparative literature with the emphasis on American school of comparative literature which considers aesthetics and attention to critique and analysis. This school regards literature as a universal phenomenon and in relation to other branches of human knowledge and fine arts. This school does not accept any boundaries in the field of comparative literature and believes in the study of literature as a whole, and compares literature with other arts and human sciences. The followers of this school believe that comparative literature is a...
Roohollah Roozbeh Department of English Vali-e-Asr university of Rafsanjan Iran ABSTRACT One of t... more Roohollah Roozbeh Department of English Vali-e-Asr university of Rafsanjan Iran ABSTRACT One of the research topics in the field of comparative literature is the study of l cinematic adaptation. The scope of this article is to examine Mehrjui’s special interpretation of A Doll’s House in the form of its re-creation in his film Sara. Adaptation is derivation, but it is not derivative; it is rather a new and exquisite cultural art that has its own artistic style. Consequently, Mehrjuj makes Ibsen’s A Doll’s House his own, and presents a new design that is fresh and exquisite. Therefore, using interdisciplinary research in the field of comparative literature and comparative studies, the crossover between cinema and literature is broken between written texts and visual texts, and among popular works. Sara, produced in 1991, released in 1992, was directed by Mehrjui based on the textbook of A Doll’s House (1897, by Henrik Ibsen). Sara is not an alternative to Ibsen’s work, but a new cult...
Studies in Literature and Language, 2017
The use of mythology in renaissance is of utmost importance. The reason for mythology found in th... more The use of mythology in renaissance is of utmost importance. The reason for mythology found in the renaissance texts was because renaissance figures thought that it is important to know about these myths and classical philosophes since ancient Greece and Rome were equipped with democracy and civilization. Thus their ideas might be used and welcomed. Marlowe makes ample use of mythology in his tragedies. However, in Faustus we see the failure of mythology. In spite of his love for mythology in this tragedy mythology fails to help Marlowe a lot in bringing it as a candidate side by side with Christianity. Though the giant of Renaissance drama welcomes mythology and proposes necromancy to his hero Faustus at the end of the tragedy it is Christianity which has the upper hand and the hero turns into a pathetic figure who is no longer arrogant and proud and is torn into pieces tragically.
Roohollah Roozbeh Faculty of Humanities Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan Iran ABSTRACT This pap... more Roohollah Roozbeh Faculty of Humanities Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan Iran ABSTRACT This paper argues that Pasolini includes the Orient as a cultural character in his movie though other critics believe Pasolini stereotypes the Orient. It is not Orientalism through which to discuss the film. This article reads the movie through Marxism to claim that Pasolini includes the Orient as a cultural character. His film creates very different symmetries from those in the Nights, emphasizing the relationship between the proletariat couple Zumurrud and Nur-ed-Din on the one hand and the bourgeois Arab sheikhs on the other, and ends by celebrating the union of Zumurrud and Nur-ed-Din victorious over the tyranny of their bourgeois Arab sheikhs through the lens of Marxism which is the methodology of this paper. The findings of the study show that through Arabian Nights it seems Pasolini materializes the promise of Marx and creates a revolution by making the slave Zumurrud the king and the pro...
Roohollah Roozbeh Department of English Vali-eAsr University of Rafsanjan Iran ABSTRACT This arti... more Roohollah Roozbeh Department of English Vali-eAsr University of Rafsanjan Iran ABSTRACT This article considers Jalal Al-Ahmad and Elizabeth Braddon as writers whose fictions voiced attitudes towards poverty and motherhood. Two women, to get rid of poverty, have to get rid of their children in order to remarry. These two women consider remarriage as their only way to happiness and each one deems her child as an obstacle and gives up her motherly affection for her child. The study of this common subject in two different cultures is justifiable from the theory of comparative literature. Thus, aim of this paper is to examine these two English and Persian works from the theory of confluence so as to show the differences and similarities. The method of this paper is based on comparative literature ofَ American School which regards confluence as point of investigation and does not deem direct influence of one author on another as a point of departure. That the two authors have used one sim...
This article compares D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers with Abbas Maroufi’s Symphony of the Dead.... more This article compares D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers with Abbas Maroufi’s Symphony of the Dead. These two novels have striking similarities; they deal with the tragedy of two growing men whose mothers aroused in them, to full consciousness, the desires normally re-served for darling wives; their hatred of the father and what the father stands for in these two novels is also conspicuous. what binds these two novels, then, is psychological criticism.
Hollywood has been fascinated with the Thousand and One Nights. It has adapted it from the very o... more Hollywood has been fascinated with the Thousand and One Nights. It has adapted it from the very outset of Cinema itself. Based on Linda Hutcheon’s (2006) A Theory of Adaptation, this paper tries to examine Rawlins’ Arabian Nights (1942) to see how Hollywood adapts from this Oriental work. Hutcheon argues that adapters adapt differently; some adapt to pay tribute and homage to the author, some adapt because they want to make money; some adapt to gain cultural authority and canonicity; others adapt to critique and subvert the ideology of the text. In this paper we will argue that Hollywood occupies the fourth category in adapting Thousand and One Nights in Arabian Nights directed by Rawlins, that is to say Hollywood seeks to subvert the ideology of the text and critique what it stands for and what the text stands for is the East and mostly Arabic culture. To do that, Hollywood does not indigenize the culture of the East and critiques the culture of the Arabs through the tropes of bell...
Roohollah Roozbeh Department of English, Faculty of Humanities Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan... more Roohollah Roozbeh Department of English, Faculty of Humanities Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan Iran ABSTRACT Poetry of William Wordsworth and Sohrab Sepehri is widely appreciated due to romantic touch in their works. Their works have amazing similarities and need to be explored for wider appreciation. Both poets have shrieked against verse poetry and did not engage themselves in the verse form. Both rely on the elements of nature while expressing their spontaneous, powerful feelings. Both look at nature and represent nature in their works. With this background of identical features in the works of these poets, this article attempts to examine the romantic elements in William Wordsworth and Sohrab Sepehri's poetry. The paper utilises descriptive-analytical research design of American school of comparative literature used in comparative studies. The study primarily focuses on the comparison of the outlooks of these two poets towards the romantic elements in order to delve the d...
In Margaret Atwood’s novel The Handmaid’s Tale , the handmaid of the title is most frequently vie... more In Margaret Atwood’s novel The Handmaid’s Tale , the handmaid of the title is most frequently viewed by critics as a symbol of female marginality whose innocence and sincerity expose the hypocrisy and artificiality of patriarchal society. We will argue that Atwood goes beyond establishing Handmaids as simply one side of a dialectical opposition between matriarchal society and patriarchal society. The handmaids additionally stand as a symbol of proletariat, subjugated by the bourgeoisie to the point of slavery, harshly indoctrinated in a psychologically-damaging fashion, and are denied the basic freedoms. From a sociological perspective, Atwood’s story is an appreciated instrument to scrutinize through the theory of Marxism. With the application of this theoretical analysis, it is discovered that the world portrayed in The Handmaid’s Tale is a dystopian nightmare which subdues the proletariats. Most criticism overseas the class to which the handmaid belongs.
The International Journal of Literary Humanities
The poetry of Khajeh Mohammad Hafiz Shirazi has vastly influenced the poetry of Ralph Waldo Emers... more The poetry of Khajeh Mohammad Hafiz Shirazi has vastly influenced the poetry of Ralph Waldo Emerson, as many critics have noted but have not demonstrated. Emerson is an American poet whose work reflects the influences of Persian poets, among which that of Hafiz is remarkable. The influence of Hafiz on Emerson includes memorable images, themes and motifs. While one can argue that this influence was indirect, it is obvious from the closeness of certain similarities, from Emerson’s intimate knowledge of Hafiz’s poetry, and from his love for Persian poetry, that the influence was more direct than otherwise. Although Emerson knew German and read Hafiz in German translations yet, he embarked on translating the poems of Hafiz in English in order to master Hafiz’s poetry and to introduce him to American readers. These translations themselves are another proof of the claim of influence of Hafiz on Emerson. The methodology of this article is to set the poems of the two poets over against one ...
International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies, Mar 23, 2018
This article considers Jalal Al-Ahmad and Elizabeth Braddon as writers whose fictions voiced atti... more This article considers Jalal Al-Ahmad and Elizabeth Braddon as writers whose fictions voiced attitudes towards poverty and motherhood. Two women, to get rid of poverty, have to get rid of their children in order to remarry. These two women consider remarriage as their only way to happiness and each one deems her child as an obstacle and gives up her motherly affection for her child. The study of this common subject in two different cultures is justifiable from the theory of comparative literature. Thus, aim of this paper is to examine these two English and Persian works from the theory of confluence so as to show the differences and similarities. The method of this paper is based on comparative literature ofَ American School which regards confluence as point of investigation and does not deem direct influence of one author on another as a point of departure. That the two authors have used one similar subject is a condition for their study and comparison in this school.
Many writers have found animals as a suitable and complete mirror of human subject and have expre... more Many writers have found animals as a suitable and complete mirror of human subject and have expressed human subject in the form of animals. This theme has been a dominant one in the world literature and finding and considering the human subject in an animal and giving human characteristics to it brings to mind the literary device of metaphor. Hedayat in Stray Dog considers a dog as a suitable and complete mirror of the human subject and makes use of metaphor for philosophical and existentialist purposes. Metaphor gives Hedayat the chance to express pain and loneliness of human subject so as to place a great deal of emphasis on the loneliness of human subject. This is done through defamiliarization and a sense of wonder which is the function of literature itself. The methodology of this paper is based on Jacobson's theory of metaphor which acts on basis of similarity, substitution, equivalence or contrast.
The use of mythology in renaissance is of utmost importance. The reason for mythology found in th... more The use of mythology in renaissance is of utmost importance. The reason for mythology found in the renaissance texts was because renaissance figures thought that it is important to know about these myths and classical philosophes since ancient Greece and Rome were equipped with democracy and civilization. Thus their ideas might be used and welcomed. Marlowe makes ample use of mythology in his tragedies. However, in Faustus we see the failure of mythology. In spite of his love for mythology in this tragedy mythology fails to help Marlowe a lot in bringing it as a candidate side by side with Christianity. Though the giant of Renaissance drama welcomes mythology and proposes necromancy to his hero Faustus at the end of the tragedy it is Christianity which has the upper hand and the hero turns into a pathetic figure who is no longer arrogant and proud and is torn into pieces tragically.
This article reads Othello through the discourse of cultural materialism. To do so, the writer’s ... more This article reads Othello through the discourse of cultural materialism. To do so, the writer’s discourse therefore, becomes that of the hysterical discourse going against the dominant discourse of the work. Cultural materialism borrows the ideas of many critics in order to study canonical works against the grain. Thus, this article uses cultural materialism in order to read Othello against the grain. To read it so requires resisting or hystericising the dominant discourse and worldview and shifting sympathy. The gaze of Othello signifies how psychologically the white society looked at him and how the white society considered him. Othello is Moorish and hence an Arab in Europe, manifestly calling to mind all the multifaceted confrontations and conflicts of Self/Other in a framework of power struggle. He is a non-western protagonist whose wife, a European equals Othello’s tribe. Othello is an odd-one-out protagonist whose wife, Desdemona, is referred to as a pearl. This pearl calls ...
By carefully examining the works of Emerson, a well-known American poet and a look at his poetry ... more By carefully examining the works of Emerson, a well-known American poet and a look at his poetry and literature, themes and motifs, the influence of one of the great Iranian poets, Saadi Shirazi, can be made clear and confident. Emerson, who was recognized as the founder of the literary school of transcendentalism in American literature, was particularly interested in Sheikh Ajil Saadi, and in his opinion Sa'di was one of the world's greatest poets. The American poet was immersed in Saadi's poetry, tailoring it to his needs. This article tries to investigate Sa'di's contribution to Emerson's works. A poet like Emerson was immersed in Sa'di, loved Saadi, and repeatedly acknowledged that he would love to be like Sa'di and make poetry like his. In order to disseminate his philosophic belief, he needed viable sources from non-European countries. Emerson wanted to criticize the weaknesses of American culture by referring to other rich cultures. It is possi...
International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies, 2017
One of the research topics in the field of comparative literature is the study of l cinematic ada... more One of the research topics in the field of comparative literature is the study of l cinematic adaptation. The scope of this article is to examine Mehrjui's special interpretation of A Doll's House in the form of its re-creation in his film Sara. Adaptation is derivation, but it is not derivative; it is rather a new and exquisite cultural art that has its own artistic style. Consequently, Mehrjuj makes Ibsen's A Doll's House his own, and presents a new design that is fresh and exquisite. Therefore, using interdisciplinary research in the field of comparative literature and comparative studies, the crossover between cinema and literature is broken between written texts and visual texts, and among popular works. Sara, produced in 1991, released in 1992, was directed by Mehrjui based on the textbook of A Doll's House (1897, by Henrik Ibsen). Sara is not an alternative to Ibsen's work, but a new cultural work with its own artistic dignity. This article deals with ...
Two poets mourning the death of their poet friends are Sepehri and Spencer in different contexts ... more Two poets mourning the death of their poet friends are Sepehri and Spencer in different contexts of Iran and England. The two poets who are dead are Forough and Sidney who have been great poets and have been admired by the mourning poets. To remember their friends, they have written poems to enliven the memory of their dead friends. Sepehri considers Forough, a female Iranian poet, a friend and a great poet. The methodology of this article is based on comparative literature with the emphasis on American school of comparative literature which considers aesthetics and attention to critique and analysis. This school regards literature as a universal phenomenon and in relation to other branches of human knowledge and fine arts. This school does not accept any boundaries in the field of comparative literature and believes in the study of literature as a whole, and compares literature with other arts and human sciences. The followers of this school believe that comparative literature is a...
Roohollah Roozbeh Department of English Vali-e-Asr university of Rafsanjan Iran ABSTRACT One of t... more Roohollah Roozbeh Department of English Vali-e-Asr university of Rafsanjan Iran ABSTRACT One of the research topics in the field of comparative literature is the study of l cinematic adaptation. The scope of this article is to examine Mehrjui’s special interpretation of A Doll’s House in the form of its re-creation in his film Sara. Adaptation is derivation, but it is not derivative; it is rather a new and exquisite cultural art that has its own artistic style. Consequently, Mehrjuj makes Ibsen’s A Doll’s House his own, and presents a new design that is fresh and exquisite. Therefore, using interdisciplinary research in the field of comparative literature and comparative studies, the crossover between cinema and literature is broken between written texts and visual texts, and among popular works. Sara, produced in 1991, released in 1992, was directed by Mehrjui based on the textbook of A Doll’s House (1897, by Henrik Ibsen). Sara is not an alternative to Ibsen’s work, but a new cult...
Studies in Literature and Language, 2017
The use of mythology in renaissance is of utmost importance. The reason for mythology found in th... more The use of mythology in renaissance is of utmost importance. The reason for mythology found in the renaissance texts was because renaissance figures thought that it is important to know about these myths and classical philosophes since ancient Greece and Rome were equipped with democracy and civilization. Thus their ideas might be used and welcomed. Marlowe makes ample use of mythology in his tragedies. However, in Faustus we see the failure of mythology. In spite of his love for mythology in this tragedy mythology fails to help Marlowe a lot in bringing it as a candidate side by side with Christianity. Though the giant of Renaissance drama welcomes mythology and proposes necromancy to his hero Faustus at the end of the tragedy it is Christianity which has the upper hand and the hero turns into a pathetic figure who is no longer arrogant and proud and is torn into pieces tragically.
Roohollah Roozbeh Faculty of Humanities Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan Iran ABSTRACT This pap... more Roohollah Roozbeh Faculty of Humanities Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan Iran ABSTRACT This paper argues that Pasolini includes the Orient as a cultural character in his movie though other critics believe Pasolini stereotypes the Orient. It is not Orientalism through which to discuss the film. This article reads the movie through Marxism to claim that Pasolini includes the Orient as a cultural character. His film creates very different symmetries from those in the Nights, emphasizing the relationship between the proletariat couple Zumurrud and Nur-ed-Din on the one hand and the bourgeois Arab sheikhs on the other, and ends by celebrating the union of Zumurrud and Nur-ed-Din victorious over the tyranny of their bourgeois Arab sheikhs through the lens of Marxism which is the methodology of this paper. The findings of the study show that through Arabian Nights it seems Pasolini materializes the promise of Marx and creates a revolution by making the slave Zumurrud the king and the pro...
Roohollah Roozbeh Department of English Vali-eAsr University of Rafsanjan Iran ABSTRACT This arti... more Roohollah Roozbeh Department of English Vali-eAsr University of Rafsanjan Iran ABSTRACT This article considers Jalal Al-Ahmad and Elizabeth Braddon as writers whose fictions voiced attitudes towards poverty and motherhood. Two women, to get rid of poverty, have to get rid of their children in order to remarry. These two women consider remarriage as their only way to happiness and each one deems her child as an obstacle and gives up her motherly affection for her child. The study of this common subject in two different cultures is justifiable from the theory of comparative literature. Thus, aim of this paper is to examine these two English and Persian works from the theory of confluence so as to show the differences and similarities. The method of this paper is based on comparative literature ofَ American School which regards confluence as point of investigation and does not deem direct influence of one author on another as a point of departure. That the two authors have used one sim...
This article compares D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers with Abbas Maroufi’s Symphony of the Dead.... more This article compares D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers with Abbas Maroufi’s Symphony of the Dead. These two novels have striking similarities; they deal with the tragedy of two growing men whose mothers aroused in them, to full consciousness, the desires normally re-served for darling wives; their hatred of the father and what the father stands for in these two novels is also conspicuous. what binds these two novels, then, is psychological criticism.
Hollywood has been fascinated with the Thousand and One Nights. It has adapted it from the very o... more Hollywood has been fascinated with the Thousand and One Nights. It has adapted it from the very outset of Cinema itself. Based on Linda Hutcheon’s (2006) A Theory of Adaptation, this paper tries to examine Rawlins’ Arabian Nights (1942) to see how Hollywood adapts from this Oriental work. Hutcheon argues that adapters adapt differently; some adapt to pay tribute and homage to the author, some adapt because they want to make money; some adapt to gain cultural authority and canonicity; others adapt to critique and subvert the ideology of the text. In this paper we will argue that Hollywood occupies the fourth category in adapting Thousand and One Nights in Arabian Nights directed by Rawlins, that is to say Hollywood seeks to subvert the ideology of the text and critique what it stands for and what the text stands for is the East and mostly Arabic culture. To do that, Hollywood does not indigenize the culture of the East and critiques the culture of the Arabs through the tropes of bell...
Roohollah Roozbeh Department of English, Faculty of Humanities Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan... more Roohollah Roozbeh Department of English, Faculty of Humanities Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan Iran ABSTRACT Poetry of William Wordsworth and Sohrab Sepehri is widely appreciated due to romantic touch in their works. Their works have amazing similarities and need to be explored for wider appreciation. Both poets have shrieked against verse poetry and did not engage themselves in the verse form. Both rely on the elements of nature while expressing their spontaneous, powerful feelings. Both look at nature and represent nature in their works. With this background of identical features in the works of these poets, this article attempts to examine the romantic elements in William Wordsworth and Sohrab Sepehri's poetry. The paper utilises descriptive-analytical research design of American school of comparative literature used in comparative studies. The study primarily focuses on the comparison of the outlooks of these two poets towards the romantic elements in order to delve the d...
In Margaret Atwood’s novel The Handmaid’s Tale , the handmaid of the title is most frequently vie... more In Margaret Atwood’s novel The Handmaid’s Tale , the handmaid of the title is most frequently viewed by critics as a symbol of female marginality whose innocence and sincerity expose the hypocrisy and artificiality of patriarchal society. We will argue that Atwood goes beyond establishing Handmaids as simply one side of a dialectical opposition between matriarchal society and patriarchal society. The handmaids additionally stand as a symbol of proletariat, subjugated by the bourgeoisie to the point of slavery, harshly indoctrinated in a psychologically-damaging fashion, and are denied the basic freedoms. From a sociological perspective, Atwood’s story is an appreciated instrument to scrutinize through the theory of Marxism. With the application of this theoretical analysis, it is discovered that the world portrayed in The Handmaid’s Tale is a dystopian nightmare which subdues the proletariats. Most criticism overseas the class to which the handmaid belongs.
The International Journal of Literary Humanities