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Papers on Near Eastern Archaeology by Rozhen K. Mohammed-Amin

International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2019

Against the backdrop of the destruction of Iraqi heritage over the past quarter of a century, thi... more Against the backdrop of the destruction of Iraqi heritage over the past quarter of a century, this article critically reviews key aspects of the current state of Iraq’s cultural heritage, including damage to heritage buildings caused by Daesh in Iraq’s second largest city, Mosul. We bring together Iraqi and non-Iraqi expertise in heritage, archaeology, and human rights law to frame our approach, building on the movement to link cultural diversity, heritage, and cultural rights. We emphasise the need for planning to enhance protection of Iraq’s heritage, in particular through the preparation of inventories, the provision of resources for heritage education in schools and the development of Iraq’s museum sector. Iraq’s presence on the UNESCO World Heritage Lists needs to be enhanced, and the issues of illicit site looting and traffic in looted antiquities must be addressed within international contexts. Iraq’s future accession as State Party to the 1999 Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention is a priority in achieving these goals. The paper stresses the need for co-creation of heritage knowledge and a gender-sensitive human rights approach for the future of Iraq’s globally significant cultural heritage.

Papers by Rozhen K. Mohammed-Amin

In 2019 RASHID International examined public spaces in Iraq and their role in the promotion and p... more In 2019 RASHID International examined public spaces in Iraq and their role in the promotion and protection of cultural rights. The report reiterates a key definition of 'public space' and analyzes public spaces in connection with their political role, their accessibility to women, families and disabled persons, cultural facilities as public spaces, as well as social media and the wider internet, the 'virtual public space'. Submitted to the UN Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights, it formed part of a study to inform the UN General Assembly in autumn 2019. This report is a publication of the non-profit organization RASHID International e.V. We are a charitable organization registered in the Federal Republic of Germany and are in <em>special consultative status</em> with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations since 2019. Learn more about our work at www.rashid-international.org

Social Inclusion, 2021

Feminist street art aims to transform patriarchal spaces into places of gendered resistance by as... more Feminist street art aims to transform patriarchal spaces into places of gendered resistance by asserting a feminist presence in the city. Considering this, as well as women’s social life, their struggle against lingering forces of patriarchy, and relating features of inequality (domestic violence), there was a feminist installation artwork by the young Kurdish artist Tara Abdulla that shook the city of Sulaimani in Iraqi Kurdistan on 26 October 2020. She had prepared a 4,800‐meter‐long washing line covered with the clothes of 99,678 Kurdish women who were survivors of sexual and gender‐based violence. They installed it along the busiest street of the city (Salim Street). She used this piece of feminine to express her reaction to the Kurdish society regarding, the abuse that goes on silently, behind closed doors. She also aimed towards normalizing women’s bodies. After the installation, she received many controversial reactions. As her artwork was a pioneering project in line with fe...

Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research, 2020

This research paper presents a descriptive model to assess the quality of bus services by measur... more This research paper presents a descriptive model to assess the quality of bus services by measuring passengers’ satisfaction in Sulaimani city. Transportation facilities are enlivening the economic activities of any country. Public transportation services are an important aspect of any urban transportation system, as they provide mobility for a number of passengers to different destinations in different directions at the same time via one transportation facility. Public transportation is considered a sustainable mode of transportation. This study intends to assess the services’ quality and identify the challenges to sustainable development in public transportation in order to achieve sustainable development for the current public transportation system. A passenger survey was conducted in order to assess the level of service quality including 300 participants. The study depends mainly on the passengers’ survey, as well as interviews and personal observations for data collection. SPS...

Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research, 2020

Walkability within urban design and planning context refers to urban environments that are friend... more Walkability within urban design and planning context refers to urban environments that are friendly and supportive for the pedestrian. Walkable environments offer many economic, social, health, and environmental benefits and contribute to UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In public places, including city centers, walkability is a major asset for making them vibrant by attracting and maintaining pedestrians, including tourists. It is no coincidence that the top tourist destinations and livable cities as well as popular city centers and streets all share walkability character. Walkability quality in city center streets and any urban environment require planning. Good planning needs to be informed by measuring and assessing the state of walkability in existing streets and environments. While the literature presents systematic walkability assessment studies from different city centers of developed and developing countries, such studies are rare in the context of many other develo...

International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2019

Against the backdrop of the destruction of Iraqi heritage over the past quarter of a century, thi... more Against the backdrop of the destruction of Iraqi heritage over the past quarter of a century, this article critically reviews key aspects of the current state of Iraq's cultural heritage, including damage to heritage buildings caused by Daesh in Iraq's second largest city, Mosul. We bring together Iraqi and non-Iraqi expertise in heritage, archaeology, and human rights law to frame our approach, building on the movement to link cultural diversity, heritage, and cultural rights. We emphasise the need for planning to enhance protection of Iraq's heritage, in particular through the preparation of inventories, the provision of resources for heritage education in schools and the development of Iraq's museum sector. Iraq's presence on the UNESCO World Heritage Lists needs to be enhanced, and the issues of illicit site looting and traffic in looted antiquities must be addressed within international contexts. Iraq's future accession as State Party to the 1999 Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention is a priority in achieving these goals. The paper stresses the need for co-creation of heritage knowledge and a gender-sensitive human rights approach for the future of Iraq's globally significant cultural heritage.

Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research, 2017

Walkable cities, neighborhoods, and streets promote good health. A growing number of research sho... more Walkable cities, neighborhoods, and streets promote good health. A growing number of research show compelling evidence about the positive impacts of walkable neighborhoods and streets on everything from real-estate values to health, mental well-being, crime rate, safety feeling, creativity, and even making cities more democratic. Walkability has health, environmental, and economic benefits. For example, several studies found that people in walkable neighborhoods have a higher amount of physical activity and were substantially less likely to be overweight or obese than those living in low-walkable neighborhoods. Walkable neighborhoods and streets incorporate features that promote regular walking, cycling and public transit use. While the city of Sulaimani in general suffers from lack of walkable neighborhoods and streets, due to many factors including incomplete streets, some of the city’s neighborhoods and streets have potential for becoming effective walkable neighborhoods and stre...

Proceedings of the second international ACM workshop on Personalized access to cultural heritage, 2012

Heritage interpretation plays a key role in understanding, imagining, and appreciating tangible c... more Heritage interpretation plays a key role in understanding, imagining, and appreciating tangible cultural heritage, including historic sites. Interpretation becomes critical for visitors to historic sites that are partially or fully buried or in ruins, which is most often the case for archaeological sites. However, it remains a challenge for developers of AR systems and content to navigate the plethora of technologies and requirements in this evolving area. In response, we present the design of Arbela Layers Uncovered (ALU), a mobile Augmented Reality (AR) system for the ancient site of Arbela, Iraq. The site consists of an accumulation of buried layers left by successive civilizations inhabiting the area. In addition to describing the objectives of ALU, we discuss the development of a proof-of-concept and the design decisions involved. ALU features media for guiding visitors and interpreting and presenting the complex and multifaceted history of the site.

International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2019

Against the backdrop of the destruction of Iraqi heritage over the past quarter of a century, thi... more Against the backdrop of the destruction of Iraqi heritage over the past quarter of a century, this article critically reviews key aspects of the current state of Iraq’s cultural heritage, including damage to heritage buildings caused by Daesh in Iraq’s second largest city, Mosul. We bring together Iraqi and non-Iraqi expertise in heritage, archaeology, and human rights law to frame our approach, building on the movement to link cultural diversity, heritage, and cultural rights. We emphasise the need for planning to enhance protection of Iraq’s heritage, in particular through the preparation of inventories, the provision of resources for heritage education in schools and the development of Iraq’s museum sector. Iraq’s presence on the UNESCO World Heritage Lists needs to be enhanced, and the issues of illicit site looting and traffic in looted antiquities must be addressed within international contexts. Iraq’s future accession as State Party to the 1999 Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention is a priority in achieving these goals. The paper stresses the need for co-creation of heritage knowledge and a gender-sensitive human rights approach for the future of Iraq’s globally significant cultural heritage.

In 2019 RASHID International examined public spaces in Iraq and their role in the promotion and p... more In 2019 RASHID International examined public spaces in Iraq and their role in the promotion and protection of cultural rights. The report reiterates a key definition of 'public space' and analyzes public spaces in connection with their political role, their accessibility to women, families and disabled persons, cultural facilities as public spaces, as well as social media and the wider internet, the 'virtual public space'. Submitted to the UN Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights, it formed part of a study to inform the UN General Assembly in autumn 2019. This report is a publication of the non-profit organization RASHID International e.V. We are a charitable organization registered in the Federal Republic of Germany and are in <em>special consultative status</em> with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations since 2019. Learn more about our work at www.rashid-international.org

Social Inclusion, 2021

Feminist street art aims to transform patriarchal spaces into places of gendered resistance by as... more Feminist street art aims to transform patriarchal spaces into places of gendered resistance by asserting a feminist presence in the city. Considering this, as well as women’s social life, their struggle against lingering forces of patriarchy, and relating features of inequality (domestic violence), there was a feminist installation artwork by the young Kurdish artist Tara Abdulla that shook the city of Sulaimani in Iraqi Kurdistan on 26 October 2020. She had prepared a 4,800‐meter‐long washing line covered with the clothes of 99,678 Kurdish women who were survivors of sexual and gender‐based violence. They installed it along the busiest street of the city (Salim Street). She used this piece of feminine to express her reaction to the Kurdish society regarding, the abuse that goes on silently, behind closed doors. She also aimed towards normalizing women’s bodies. After the installation, she received many controversial reactions. As her artwork was a pioneering project in line with fe...

Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research, 2020

This research paper presents a descriptive model to assess the quality of bus services by measur... more This research paper presents a descriptive model to assess the quality of bus services by measuring passengers’ satisfaction in Sulaimani city. Transportation facilities are enlivening the economic activities of any country. Public transportation services are an important aspect of any urban transportation system, as they provide mobility for a number of passengers to different destinations in different directions at the same time via one transportation facility. Public transportation is considered a sustainable mode of transportation. This study intends to assess the services’ quality and identify the challenges to sustainable development in public transportation in order to achieve sustainable development for the current public transportation system. A passenger survey was conducted in order to assess the level of service quality including 300 participants. The study depends mainly on the passengers’ survey, as well as interviews and personal observations for data collection. SPS...

Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research, 2020

Walkability within urban design and planning context refers to urban environments that are friend... more Walkability within urban design and planning context refers to urban environments that are friendly and supportive for the pedestrian. Walkable environments offer many economic, social, health, and environmental benefits and contribute to UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In public places, including city centers, walkability is a major asset for making them vibrant by attracting and maintaining pedestrians, including tourists. It is no coincidence that the top tourist destinations and livable cities as well as popular city centers and streets all share walkability character. Walkability quality in city center streets and any urban environment require planning. Good planning needs to be informed by measuring and assessing the state of walkability in existing streets and environments. While the literature presents systematic walkability assessment studies from different city centers of developed and developing countries, such studies are rare in the context of many other develo...

International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2019

Against the backdrop of the destruction of Iraqi heritage over the past quarter of a century, thi... more Against the backdrop of the destruction of Iraqi heritage over the past quarter of a century, this article critically reviews key aspects of the current state of Iraq's cultural heritage, including damage to heritage buildings caused by Daesh in Iraq's second largest city, Mosul. We bring together Iraqi and non-Iraqi expertise in heritage, archaeology, and human rights law to frame our approach, building on the movement to link cultural diversity, heritage, and cultural rights. We emphasise the need for planning to enhance protection of Iraq's heritage, in particular through the preparation of inventories, the provision of resources for heritage education in schools and the development of Iraq's museum sector. Iraq's presence on the UNESCO World Heritage Lists needs to be enhanced, and the issues of illicit site looting and traffic in looted antiquities must be addressed within international contexts. Iraq's future accession as State Party to the 1999 Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention is a priority in achieving these goals. The paper stresses the need for co-creation of heritage knowledge and a gender-sensitive human rights approach for the future of Iraq's globally significant cultural heritage.

Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research, 2017

Walkable cities, neighborhoods, and streets promote good health. A growing number of research sho... more Walkable cities, neighborhoods, and streets promote good health. A growing number of research show compelling evidence about the positive impacts of walkable neighborhoods and streets on everything from real-estate values to health, mental well-being, crime rate, safety feeling, creativity, and even making cities more democratic. Walkability has health, environmental, and economic benefits. For example, several studies found that people in walkable neighborhoods have a higher amount of physical activity and were substantially less likely to be overweight or obese than those living in low-walkable neighborhoods. Walkable neighborhoods and streets incorporate features that promote regular walking, cycling and public transit use. While the city of Sulaimani in general suffers from lack of walkable neighborhoods and streets, due to many factors including incomplete streets, some of the city’s neighborhoods and streets have potential for becoming effective walkable neighborhoods and stre...

Proceedings of the second international ACM workshop on Personalized access to cultural heritage, 2012

Heritage interpretation plays a key role in understanding, imagining, and appreciating tangible c... more Heritage interpretation plays a key role in understanding, imagining, and appreciating tangible cultural heritage, including historic sites. Interpretation becomes critical for visitors to historic sites that are partially or fully buried or in ruins, which is most often the case for archaeological sites. However, it remains a challenge for developers of AR systems and content to navigate the plethora of technologies and requirements in this evolving area. In response, we present the design of Arbela Layers Uncovered (ALU), a mobile Augmented Reality (AR) system for the ancient site of Arbela, Iraq. The site consists of an accumulation of buried layers left by successive civilizations inhabiting the area. In addition to describing the objectives of ALU, we discuss the development of a proof-of-concept and the design decisions involved. ALU features media for guiding visitors and interpreting and presenting the complex and multifaceted history of the site.