Rufai Muftau - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Rufai Muftau
Journal of Education and Practice, 2016
The relevance of the United Nations in maintaining peace and harmonious relationship amongst its ... more The relevance of the United Nations in maintaining peace and harmonious relationship amongst its members is not in doubt, this being the primary functions as contained in its Charter of 1945. Since that time till date, it has recorded some tremendous achievements in this direction, though not without some challenges. These challenges among others include: armed conflicts, race in the production and stockpiling of nuclear weapons, and the Israel/Palestine conflicts, just to mention few. In this work, attempt is made to look at a brief history, structure and functions of the UN taking into account whether or not the lofty ideas and principles behind the establishment of the UN has been achieved. Observations are made. The way forward is suggested, then, followed by a conclusion of the work. Key terms: Warfare, Peace, Refugees and Human Rights. 4. Presently, the UN has 193 independent nations of the world as members. The Holy See and the state of Israel have observer status. 5. In this regard, its quick interventions through dialogue, diplomacy, peace keeping initiatives and its promotions, etc. in some trouble-spot areas of the world have helped a great deal in preventing a resort to war. 6. This can be seen through the various human rights committees that were set up by the Organization. Based on complaints written to the committees for investigation, they are expected to submit written reports to the UN for further action. 7. This is against the background of the fact that promotion of social justice and equality of man are enshrined in the UN Charter.
Imperial journal of interdisciplinary research, 2016
: The attack of US on 11 th September, 2001, took the whole world by surprise. This therefore nec... more : The attack of US on 11 th September, 2001, took the whole world by surprise. This therefore necessitated the need to initiate some new dimensions on the approach and methods of how to fight international terrorism. On 20/9/2001, former President Gorge Bush of US made a televised address to a joint session of Congress that ‘Our war on terror begins with Al-Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found and defeated.” In spite of this statement, terrorism is still on the increase. For example, on 10 th August, 2006, the British Government made an announcement that another bomb attempt was being planned: a repeat of the attack of US on 11 th September, 2001. Based on this, many arrests were made, and while investigation was still going on, on 21 st , May, 2006, the British government charged eight of those arrested to court for an offence of terrorism, but the two of them were released on 23 rd , September, 2006. [1] This did not however deter terrorists from striking. The obvious reason of this is that certain actions and inactions of the US and its allies have made terrorism to thrive. These had therefore generated a chain of reactions and counter reactions. The overt and covert supports which the US and the West gave to Israel in the Israel/Lebanon conflict is a good example of illustration of this point. On one hand, this type of altitude has polarized the world on ethnic, religion or ideological grounds. On the other hand, the failures of UN to always act timeously in crisis situations had led to self-help through the emergence of certain organizations like the Hisbollah, Al-Qaeda , among others. These organizations sprang up because the UN failed to carry out its functions as expected. Therefore, unless these injustices are addressed, any measures aimed at curbing terrorism may still not yield the desired objectives. This is therefore a food for thought for the UN, the US, the West and all other stake holders that are interested in making the world free of terrorism. [1] . Under the British law, the Police can detain a suspect for a period of 28 days without charging him to the court, but with a proviso that the Police shall go to the court with a view to justifying the continued detention of the suspect.
Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, 2016
The system of judicial justice of any country is comprised of both the civil and criminal proceed... more The system of judicial justice of any country is comprised of both the civil and criminal proceedings. For effective court proceedings, various courts are created with a view to ensuring that litigants that appear before them are as much as possible feel satisfied with their decisions. How these courts are able to deliver their final judgments with a view to determining the rights of the contesting parties is always crucial in any judicial system of a country. A quick dispensation of justice with minimal delay will restore people’s confidence in the judicial system. Thus, the usual saying that judiciary is the last hope of the common man. However, a type that is characterized with delay will definitely weaken the system and so makes the people to lose hope in the entire judicial system of that country. This assertion may therefore be the truth of what is happening in Nigeria. In Nigeria, for example, it is no dispute that there have been series of complaint and public outcry on the ...
Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, 2016
Under Nigerian law, women have been accorded some legal protections. Basically, these rights are ... more Under Nigerian law, women have been accorded some legal protections. Basically, these rights are provided for under both the Nigerian Constitution and other international treaties and conventions to which Nigeria is a party to. [1] In spite of these legal provisions, there are many instances of violations of the legal rights of women in Nigeria. These violations are attributable to many factors. First, the existing cultures in Nigeria, which have the attributes of the law, are often, at variance with some of these provisions. Others are as a result of the religious commandments, just to mention few. Some of these factors are therefore few of the inherent challenges that make enforcement of the legal rights of women in Nigeria very impracticable. In this paper, various forms of abuses of the legal rights of women in Nigeria would be looked into. In appropriate places, recommendations are offered for better enforcement and improvement of these rights in the years ahead. Keywords : Wom...
The event leading to the death of Mohammed Bouzazi in Tunisia in 2009 brought to light the dehuma... more The event leading to the death of Mohammed Bouzazi in Tunisia in 2009 brought to light the dehumanized conditions which an average Tunis had been subjected to at the hands of the Tunisian government. The death of Bouzazi lead to street protests and demonstrations by thousands of demonstrators, calling for political reforms, free speech, improved conditions of living, etc, in Tunisia. As a result of this, the regime of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali came to an end. With this success, citizens of other neighbouring countries in North Africa that had similar problems went to the streets asking for reform changes in their countries. These countries include Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, etc. What later on followed is now history. Therefore, in this work, an overview of the events that led to the uprisings in the affected countries would be looked into. The aftermaths of these uprisings are no doubt what one should ponder upon. This is with a view to analysing the lessons to be learnt fro...
The UN Secretary General remarked that: ‘I call on all warring parties to lay down their weapons ... more The UN Secretary General remarked that: ‘I call on all warring parties to lay down their weapons and observe a global ceasefire. To them I say: Stop the killings and the destruction, and create space for lasting peace.’ [1] This statement is apt because there is no society that can progress without peace and security. Thus, at the international level, the UN inserted in its Charter the two concepts of peace and security. In furtherance of this, other regional bodies have followed suit. Because the society was simple in form in those days, it was easy to maintain relative peace and security. Presently, the situation has changed. This is attributed to many reasons ranging from rapid growth in population, modernization, intolerance of people among themselves, etc. As a result of all these and many others, continuous efforts are now geared towards the search for peace and security on the continent; yet, the desired results have not been achieved. In Africa, for example, most parts of th...
A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE POST GRADUATE SCHOOL, ZARlA IN PARTITIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT... more A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE POST GRADUATE SCHOOL, ZARlA IN PARTITIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTERS IN LAW (LL.M) OF AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, 1997/98 SESSION. APRIL, 1998
The relevance of the United Nations in maintaining peace and harmonious relationship amongst its ... more The relevance of the United Nations in maintaining peace and harmonious relationship amongst its members is not in doubt, this being the primary functions as contained in its Charter of 1945. Since that time till date, it has recorded some tremendous achievements in this direction, though not without some challenges. These challenges among others include: armed conflicts, race in the production and stockpiling of nuclear weapons, and the Israel/Palestine conflicts, just to mention few. In this work, attempt is made to look at a brief history, structure and functions of the UN taking into account whether or not the lofty ideas and principles behind the establishment of the UN has been achieved. Observations are made. The way forward is suggested, then, followed by a conclusion of the work. Key terms: Warfare, Peace, Refugees and Human Rights.
The 1 st and 2nd world wars showed man’s inhumanity to humanity. This is traceable to the human c... more The 1 st and 2nd world wars showed man’s inhumanity to humanity. This is traceable to the human casualties that were lost in the two wars. To prevent a reoccurrence of this in future, the League of Nations emerged, and thereafter the establishment of the United Nations (UN) in 1945. All these were gone in a quest for peace and tranquility in this world. But it appears that the desired peace needed is still far away from us. Many years after these wars, we have learnt nothing in using past experiences to shape our future in a positive manner to ensuring that wars and hostilities are curtailed. The reason of this assertion is premised on what is happening now. Wars of various forms are still being fought, and in all these wars, the weak ones in the society, namely women, children and the aged ones are the victims. To avert this, certain measures were taken, important of which was the prosecution of offenders. At the end of every war, attempts are often made to punish violators of the ...
The 1 st and 2nd world wars showed man's inhumanity to humanity. This is traceable to the human c... more The 1 st and 2nd world wars showed man's inhumanity to humanity. This is traceable to the human casualties that were lost in the two wars. To prevent a reoccurrence of this in future, the League of Nations emerged, and thereafter the establishment of the United Nations (UN) in 1945. All these were gone in a quest for peace and tranquility in this world. But it appears that the desired peace needed is still far away from us. Many years after these wars, we have learnt nothing in using past experiences to shape our future in a positive manner to ensuring that wars and hostilities are curtailed. The reason of this assertion is premised on what is happening now. Wars of various forms are still being fought, and in all these wars, the weak ones in the society, namely women, children and the aged ones are the victims. To avert this, certain measures were taken, important of which was the prosecution of offenders. At the end of every war, attempts are often made to punish violators of the law of war. This is by establishing tribunals to punish those that have committed offences ranging from genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and other forms of man's inhumanity to humanity. To this end, we have International Tribunal for the Far East, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), International Criminal Court (ICC), the UN Special Backed Court for Sierra Leone, etc. But have these really solved in deterring future occurrences? The answer is No. Thus, some other alternatives to criminal prosecution of offenders are put into perspective. This is done so as to ensure that wars and armed conflicts are curtailed. The future effect of this would be the maintenance of international peace and development.
Journal of Education and Practice, 2016
The relevance of the United Nations in maintaining peace and harmonious relationship amongst its ... more The relevance of the United Nations in maintaining peace and harmonious relationship amongst its members is not in doubt, this being the primary functions as contained in its Charter of 1945. Since that time till date, it has recorded some tremendous achievements in this direction, though not without some challenges. These challenges among others include: armed conflicts, race in the production and stockpiling of nuclear weapons, and the Israel/Palestine conflicts, just to mention few. In this work, attempt is made to look at a brief history, structure and functions of the UN taking into account whether or not the lofty ideas and principles behind the establishment of the UN has been achieved. Observations are made. The way forward is suggested, then, followed by a conclusion of the work. Key terms: Warfare, Peace, Refugees and Human Rights. 4. Presently, the UN has 193 independent nations of the world as members. The Holy See and the state of Israel have observer status. 5. In this regard, its quick interventions through dialogue, diplomacy, peace keeping initiatives and its promotions, etc. in some trouble-spot areas of the world have helped a great deal in preventing a resort to war. 6. This can be seen through the various human rights committees that were set up by the Organization. Based on complaints written to the committees for investigation, they are expected to submit written reports to the UN for further action. 7. This is against the background of the fact that promotion of social justice and equality of man are enshrined in the UN Charter.
Imperial journal of interdisciplinary research, 2016
: The attack of US on 11 th September, 2001, took the whole world by surprise. This therefore nec... more : The attack of US on 11 th September, 2001, took the whole world by surprise. This therefore necessitated the need to initiate some new dimensions on the approach and methods of how to fight international terrorism. On 20/9/2001, former President Gorge Bush of US made a televised address to a joint session of Congress that ‘Our war on terror begins with Al-Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found and defeated.” In spite of this statement, terrorism is still on the increase. For example, on 10 th August, 2006, the British Government made an announcement that another bomb attempt was being planned: a repeat of the attack of US on 11 th September, 2001. Based on this, many arrests were made, and while investigation was still going on, on 21 st , May, 2006, the British government charged eight of those arrested to court for an offence of terrorism, but the two of them were released on 23 rd , September, 2006. [1] This did not however deter terrorists from striking. The obvious reason of this is that certain actions and inactions of the US and its allies have made terrorism to thrive. These had therefore generated a chain of reactions and counter reactions. The overt and covert supports which the US and the West gave to Israel in the Israel/Lebanon conflict is a good example of illustration of this point. On one hand, this type of altitude has polarized the world on ethnic, religion or ideological grounds. On the other hand, the failures of UN to always act timeously in crisis situations had led to self-help through the emergence of certain organizations like the Hisbollah, Al-Qaeda , among others. These organizations sprang up because the UN failed to carry out its functions as expected. Therefore, unless these injustices are addressed, any measures aimed at curbing terrorism may still not yield the desired objectives. This is therefore a food for thought for the UN, the US, the West and all other stake holders that are interested in making the world free of terrorism. [1] . Under the British law, the Police can detain a suspect for a period of 28 days without charging him to the court, but with a proviso that the Police shall go to the court with a view to justifying the continued detention of the suspect.
Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, 2016
The system of judicial justice of any country is comprised of both the civil and criminal proceed... more The system of judicial justice of any country is comprised of both the civil and criminal proceedings. For effective court proceedings, various courts are created with a view to ensuring that litigants that appear before them are as much as possible feel satisfied with their decisions. How these courts are able to deliver their final judgments with a view to determining the rights of the contesting parties is always crucial in any judicial system of a country. A quick dispensation of justice with minimal delay will restore people’s confidence in the judicial system. Thus, the usual saying that judiciary is the last hope of the common man. However, a type that is characterized with delay will definitely weaken the system and so makes the people to lose hope in the entire judicial system of that country. This assertion may therefore be the truth of what is happening in Nigeria. In Nigeria, for example, it is no dispute that there have been series of complaint and public outcry on the ...
Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, 2016
Under Nigerian law, women have been accorded some legal protections. Basically, these rights are ... more Under Nigerian law, women have been accorded some legal protections. Basically, these rights are provided for under both the Nigerian Constitution and other international treaties and conventions to which Nigeria is a party to. [1] In spite of these legal provisions, there are many instances of violations of the legal rights of women in Nigeria. These violations are attributable to many factors. First, the existing cultures in Nigeria, which have the attributes of the law, are often, at variance with some of these provisions. Others are as a result of the religious commandments, just to mention few. Some of these factors are therefore few of the inherent challenges that make enforcement of the legal rights of women in Nigeria very impracticable. In this paper, various forms of abuses of the legal rights of women in Nigeria would be looked into. In appropriate places, recommendations are offered for better enforcement and improvement of these rights in the years ahead. Keywords : Wom...
The event leading to the death of Mohammed Bouzazi in Tunisia in 2009 brought to light the dehuma... more The event leading to the death of Mohammed Bouzazi in Tunisia in 2009 brought to light the dehumanized conditions which an average Tunis had been subjected to at the hands of the Tunisian government. The death of Bouzazi lead to street protests and demonstrations by thousands of demonstrators, calling for political reforms, free speech, improved conditions of living, etc, in Tunisia. As a result of this, the regime of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali came to an end. With this success, citizens of other neighbouring countries in North Africa that had similar problems went to the streets asking for reform changes in their countries. These countries include Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, etc. What later on followed is now history. Therefore, in this work, an overview of the events that led to the uprisings in the affected countries would be looked into. The aftermaths of these uprisings are no doubt what one should ponder upon. This is with a view to analysing the lessons to be learnt fro...
The UN Secretary General remarked that: ‘I call on all warring parties to lay down their weapons ... more The UN Secretary General remarked that: ‘I call on all warring parties to lay down their weapons and observe a global ceasefire. To them I say: Stop the killings and the destruction, and create space for lasting peace.’ [1] This statement is apt because there is no society that can progress without peace and security. Thus, at the international level, the UN inserted in its Charter the two concepts of peace and security. In furtherance of this, other regional bodies have followed suit. Because the society was simple in form in those days, it was easy to maintain relative peace and security. Presently, the situation has changed. This is attributed to many reasons ranging from rapid growth in population, modernization, intolerance of people among themselves, etc. As a result of all these and many others, continuous efforts are now geared towards the search for peace and security on the continent; yet, the desired results have not been achieved. In Africa, for example, most parts of th...
A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE POST GRADUATE SCHOOL, ZARlA IN PARTITIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT... more A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE POST GRADUATE SCHOOL, ZARlA IN PARTITIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTERS IN LAW (LL.M) OF AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, 1997/98 SESSION. APRIL, 1998
The relevance of the United Nations in maintaining peace and harmonious relationship amongst its ... more The relevance of the United Nations in maintaining peace and harmonious relationship amongst its members is not in doubt, this being the primary functions as contained in its Charter of 1945. Since that time till date, it has recorded some tremendous achievements in this direction, though not without some challenges. These challenges among others include: armed conflicts, race in the production and stockpiling of nuclear weapons, and the Israel/Palestine conflicts, just to mention few. In this work, attempt is made to look at a brief history, structure and functions of the UN taking into account whether or not the lofty ideas and principles behind the establishment of the UN has been achieved. Observations are made. The way forward is suggested, then, followed by a conclusion of the work. Key terms: Warfare, Peace, Refugees and Human Rights.
The 1 st and 2nd world wars showed man’s inhumanity to humanity. This is traceable to the human c... more The 1 st and 2nd world wars showed man’s inhumanity to humanity. This is traceable to the human casualties that were lost in the two wars. To prevent a reoccurrence of this in future, the League of Nations emerged, and thereafter the establishment of the United Nations (UN) in 1945. All these were gone in a quest for peace and tranquility in this world. But it appears that the desired peace needed is still far away from us. Many years after these wars, we have learnt nothing in using past experiences to shape our future in a positive manner to ensuring that wars and hostilities are curtailed. The reason of this assertion is premised on what is happening now. Wars of various forms are still being fought, and in all these wars, the weak ones in the society, namely women, children and the aged ones are the victims. To avert this, certain measures were taken, important of which was the prosecution of offenders. At the end of every war, attempts are often made to punish violators of the ...
The 1 st and 2nd world wars showed man's inhumanity to humanity. This is traceable to the human c... more The 1 st and 2nd world wars showed man's inhumanity to humanity. This is traceable to the human casualties that were lost in the two wars. To prevent a reoccurrence of this in future, the League of Nations emerged, and thereafter the establishment of the United Nations (UN) in 1945. All these were gone in a quest for peace and tranquility in this world. But it appears that the desired peace needed is still far away from us. Many years after these wars, we have learnt nothing in using past experiences to shape our future in a positive manner to ensuring that wars and hostilities are curtailed. The reason of this assertion is premised on what is happening now. Wars of various forms are still being fought, and in all these wars, the weak ones in the society, namely women, children and the aged ones are the victims. To avert this, certain measures were taken, important of which was the prosecution of offenders. At the end of every war, attempts are often made to punish violators of the law of war. This is by establishing tribunals to punish those that have committed offences ranging from genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and other forms of man's inhumanity to humanity. To this end, we have International Tribunal for the Far East, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), International Criminal Court (ICC), the UN Special Backed Court for Sierra Leone, etc. But have these really solved in deterring future occurrences? The answer is No. Thus, some other alternatives to criminal prosecution of offenders are put into perspective. This is done so as to ensure that wars and armed conflicts are curtailed. The future effect of this would be the maintenance of international peace and development.