Ridwan Rusli - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Ridwan Rusli

Chemische Berichte, Mar 1, 1990

The reactions of acetonitrile, propyne, acetylene, trimethyl-silylacetylene, and tetramethylsilan... more The reactions of acetonitrile, propyne, acetylene, trimethyl-silylacetylene, and tetramethylsilane, with distonic ions CH2XCH2+ [X = CH2 (2), O (3)] are studied in the gas phase using Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry. In line with previous studies, CH2+ is transferred to the electron Ione-pair of the nitrogen atom of CH3CN to generate CH3CN–CH2+ (4); upon collisional excitation, this ion undergoes competitive losses of H* and CH*. While both neutrals originate from the “methylene” unit of 4′, detailed studies employing labeled substrates and using various types of collision experiments reveal an intriguing dissociation pattern in that the dissociations are preceded by two intramolecular hydrogen migrations giving rise to CH3C(H) = NCH* + (6) and CH3C = N(H)CH*+ (7). While 6 serves as intermediate en route to loss of H* from the “CH” moiety, 7 is the actual precursor to generate, by loss of CH*, protonated acetonitrile, CH3CNH+ (12) (Scheme 5). In addition, 12 is formed by bimolecular proton transfer. In this reaction, translationally excited CX3CN – CY2+ * (X, Y = H, D) transfers X +- to neutral CX3CN to generate CX3CNX+ (Scheme 4). The bimolecular proton transfer as well as the intramolecular isomerizations of 4 to 6 and 7 are subject to very large kinetic isotope effects. In the transfer of CH2+ to CH3C = CH two products are formed [i.e. H3C - C ≡ C - CH3+ (16) and CH2 C = CHCH3+ (l7) presumably via intermediate 18 (Scheme 6)]; the latter is formed by addition of CH2+ to the less hindered carbon atom of HC ≡ CCH3 reflecting the higher stability of the so-formed intermediate compared with addition to C-2, Reactions of 2 and 3 with HC ≡ CH do not result in the formation of a detectable CH2+-transfer product. When using CH2CH2CH2+ (2) the reaction is prohibited by the endothermicity to generate the initial complex (structurally related to 18). On the other hand, when CH2OCH2+ (3) is employed, the intermediate of CH2+ transfer is formed with sufficient energy to split off a hydrogen atom. Preliminary experiments with silicon-containing molecules, like Si(CH3)4 or HC ≡ CSi(CH3)3, demonstrate that the favored processes of these neutrals with 2 and 3 are due to charge transfer (in the form of an electron or an anion like CH-3 or C2H-) from the silicon-containing molecule to the distonic ions. The experimental results obtained for the CH3CN/CH2+ system are supported by ab initio MO calculations (3-21G/3-21G + ZPVE).

RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, Mar 1, 2014

We examine the economic consequences of resource extraction and associated revenue windfalls, mea... more We examine the economic consequences of resource extraction and associated revenue windfalls, measured at the subnational level. Our analysis focuses on variations across Indonesian districts and municipalities to estimate the spillover effects on economic activity, measured in terms of local GDP. Two important channels are identified: direct spillover e ects from extraction activity, and the fiscal spillovers from local government spending associated with revenue windfalls from extraction activity. We use Indonesia's fiscal sharing rules to quantify and disentangle these two channels by application of an instrumental variable. We show that the main economic gains accrue via transfers to, and spending by, local government. While direct project-level investments and production contribute to measures of overall GDP, these are found to be largely due driven by the value of oil extraction, with only limited evidence for a direct impact on non-oil GDP. In contrast to other works, it appears that regionally decentralized government spending can be growth-enhancing over the decade surveyed. We argue that resource endowments do contribute to increased economic activity at the subnational level in Indonesia, but may lower the overall growth e ect of spending.

RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2021

In this paper we study the role of private debt financing in disciplining a state owned firm oper... more In this paper we study the role of private debt financing in disciplining a state owned firm operating for a government that incurs a cost of public financing. We show that debt contracts allow the government to avoid socially costly subsidies by letting unprofitable state-owned firms default. Debt is never used when the firm and government share the same information about the firm. By contrast, when the state-owned firm has private information, the government has an incentive to use debt to reduce the firm’s information rents. We identify the conditions under which a positive debt level benefits governments. They depend on the cost of public funds, the interbank funding rate, the share of foreign investors, the level and uncertainty of the firm’s cost.

Asia's Energy Trends and Developments, 2013

Energy inputs such as electricity and fuels are essential to facilitate industrial, commercial an... more Energy inputs such as electricity and fuels are essential to facilitate industrial, commercial and household activities. The characteristics of electricity and fuel demand are determined by the objectives of the main users: households need affordable, steady and safe availability, while commerce and industry demand an economically competitive, secure and sustainable supply of electricity and fuel. Thus the price and availability of energy are important determinants of economic competitiveness (through lower inputs, production and transport costs), energy supply security (to ensure stable industrial, commerce and household activities) and sustainable development (through sustainable management of natural resources, energy efficiency, environmental and climate control measures).

We examine the economic consequences of resource extraction and the associated revenue windfalls ... more We examine the economic consequences of resource extraction and the associated revenue windfalls on subnational government revenues and spending patterns. Making use of Indonesia’s fiscal sharing rules and an offshore oil and gas production instrument, we find a positive impact of resource revenues on the center-local balancing funds including the general allocation fund, despite the latters’ fiscal rebalancing purposes. Fiscal windfalls from resource extraction increase public sector spending on capital and infrastructure projects as well as public goods and services, with positive spillover benefits on local tax revenues. At the same time spending on personnel and administration increases less and decrease as percentage of total expenditures. Interaction with district economic governance index data indicates enhanced infrastructure spending but also increases in the balancing funds.

Journal of Public Economic Theory, 2018

We study the role of private debt …nancing in reducing government transfers and information costs... more We study the role of private debt …nancing in reducing government transfers and information costs in a state-owned …rm. We show that debt contracts allow the government to reduce socially costly subsidies by letting underperforming state-owned …rms default. When the …rm has private information, the government uses debt to reduce the …rm's information rents. The option of default and privatize allows the government to stop subsidizing the …rm. We identify the conditions under which information costs outweigh privatization costs and a positive debt level bene…ts governments.

The Singapore Economic Review, 2016

CREA Discussion Paper Series, 2010

Indonesia's decentralisation laws have granted local governments more authority for generating hi... more Indonesia's decentralisation laws have granted local governments more authority for generating higher own revenues and running more tailored decentralised public services. There is evidence, though, that inefficient and ineffective local governance continues to predominate after decentralisation. Regional autonomy, as defined in the decentralisation laws, has left some matters ambiguous, requiring more detailed implementing regulations. In the natural resource sector, in particular, the implementation of these laws has generated uncertainty for most social actors. Traditional as well as new formal and informal rules of conduct among a wide array of social actors continue to influence the management and allocation of the economic and social benefits of natural resources at the local level. All this has resulted in central-local policy inconsistencies and coordination issues, new hierarchies along geographic-political divisions, the wider spread of corruption, serious fiscal and environmental issues and adverse effects on the investment climate of the country.

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022