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Papers by ADIL SALMAN

A cross-sectional Seroprevalence study using Multistage-sampling techniques, was conducted from t... more A cross-sectional Seroprevalence study using Multistage-sampling techniques, was conducted from the period between February 2019 to June 2020 at two livestock export quarantine stations and Livestock markets located in Bossaso, Somalia, to determine the Seroprevalence and associated risk factor of ruminant’s brucellosis. A total of 1068 sera samples were screened for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal plate test, all-positive Serum samples and 80% negative samples with RBPT from sheep and goats and 50% negative sample from cattle were further tested using iELISA. The overall Seroprevalence rate of brucellosis in the current study was 1% and 1.84% using RBPT and i-ELISA respectively in Goats while 9.5% and 9% were positive in cattle using RBPT and i-ELISA respectively but there were no positive samples for sheep by both test of (RBPT) and (i-ELISA). The most significant Associated risk factors were species, castration and other risk factors such as age and Sex can affect statu...

The objective of this study is to detect the effect of Cinamomum Cassia (or cassia cinnamon, know... more The objective of this study is to detect the effect of Cinamomum Cassia (or cassia cinnamon, known in Sudan as Cinnamon) on lipid profile of apparently healthy subjects. To achieve this objective, 84 apparently healthy volunteers, between 30 and 60 years old, 42 of them (21 female, 21 male) were given one gm of grinded cinnamon for 60 successive days, and the other 42 (21 female , 21 male) given one gm of placebo (whole ground wheat) for the same period. All patients were interviewed before the study for their diet and daily activity with continuous assessment during the duration of the study. The serum LDL (low density lipoprotein), HDL (high density lipoprotein) and triglyceride, of both groups were measured before having Cinnamomum Cassia, in 45 day, and in the 60 day using Auto analyzer XL 7-8036 (selctra xl ) .LDL values for volunteers, was changed from (83.1 mg/dl, before , to 70 and 66.5 mg/dl of blood in the 45 and in the 60 day of having 1gm. of Cinnamomum Cassia with a red...

European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences

This study was conducted in Khartoum-Sudan between October 2021 and February 2022 to evaluate the... more This study was conducted in Khartoum-Sudan between October 2021 and February 2022 to evaluate the extent to which university students in Khartoum State are concerned about food safety. It also assessed their knowledge and practice in food microbiology, preparation, storage, and hygiene, and the effect of gender on food safety awareness, Knowledge, and practice. A structured questionnaire was designed to collect data from 400 students representing four colleges: veterinary, dentistry, banking, and languages (each 100 questionnaires). The questionnaire was divided into three sections: demographic characteristics, practice, and knowledge. Practice and knowledge took three values: good (65%-100%), fair (46%-65%) poor (<45%). The overall results of participants were fair in food handling practice (54.9±21.6) and poor in food safety knowledge (40.9±11.8). The results revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in food safety practice and knowledge among gender; the f...

This research aimed at analyzing household consumers' food safety awareness level regarding milk ... more This research aimed at analyzing household consumers' food safety awareness level regarding milk and milk products in Khartoum state-Sudan. Study was based on primary data collection using a scientifically structured questionnaire that addressed food safety parameters. A total of 150 consumers located in various geographical areas in the state were the sample of the study where they were chosen on a stratified random base. Collected data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), to obtain frequency of distributions and chi-square values. Main results showed that 17.3 % of respondents purchased processed milk; 60.7% of these respondents purchased processed milk based on product brand; while 82.7% purchase frsh raw milk, Most of the consumers under study 79.8 % favored fresh raw milk over processed milk for their belief in its high quality compared to 20.2 % who favored fresh raw milk over processed milk due to its affordable price .100% paid considerable attention to post purchase milk treatment; 50.7 % of respondents assured they were not satisfied with safety of milk in Khartoum state. 61.5% of consumers indicated they trust raw milk quality. Education level had non-significant effect on type of milk purchased, place of milk purchase-whether groceries or street vendor, type of utensils used-whether plastic or stainless steel and Product label reading. The study was concluded that more effort to be performed in understanding consumer perceptions and preferences to enable policy makers and dairy industry players to make practical decisions that could leverage food safety and awareness programs to avoid hazards and risks associated with contaminated milk and milk products consumption hence insuring a healthy society.

European Journal of Veterinary Medicine

This study was carried to assess the risk associate with E. coli in marine fish in Port Sudan, Re... more This study was carried to assess the risk associate with E. coli in marine fish in Port Sudan, Red Sea State, Sudan, through the production chain covering five stages. The stages were fish market, fish scaling, restaurant before cooking, and restaurant after cooking, and cooking and cooling for 24 h. A total of 50 fish samples were randomly selected from marine fish chain, in Port Sudan, Red Sea State, during the period from September to December 2018 to estimate the E. coli count using the TBX medium. In this study, the mean count of E. coli in the five stages of the fish chain was 257 +0.6 cfu. In fish market the mean was 247 +0.6 cfu, 758 +0.6 cfu in fish scaling stage, 283+0.6 cfu in restaurants before cooking, and 0.0 cfu after cooking and cooling for 24 hours after cooking. The chi-square test showed significant association between the load of E. coli among the fish chain and the most important potential risk factors (p-value ≤ 0.05), such as boxes cleaning (p-value= 0.000), h...

Quick Response Code Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible bioaccumul... more Quick Response Code Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible bioaccumulation of certain heavy metals – namely Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) -in the internal parts of chickens. A total of 80 chicken muscles, kidney, liver and gizzard samples (20 of each) were randomly collected from different chicken farms, in Omdurman localitySudan. Water samples were also obtained from the water reservoir in each farm. Then wet digestion of samples was done followed by the use of Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) to measure the level of Pb and Cd. The two heavy metals were found to be present in all studied parts of the chickens. The concentration of Cd varies significantly within the poultry tissue but fall within the permissible limits for meat consumption set by the FAO and Sudanese Standards and Metrology Organization (SSMO). The mean values of Cd were 0.013 ±0.001μg/g, 0.033±0.002μg/g, 0.028 ± 00.005μg/g and 0.037±0.003μg/g, in muscles, kidneys liver and gizzard respe...

This study was carried out to detect the total bacterial count, coliform count and E. coli count ... more This study was carried out to detect the total bacterial count, coliform count and E. coli count through the production chain of marine fish (fish market, scaling, restaurant before cooking, restaurant after cooking and cooking and cooling for 24 h) in Port Sudan, Red Sea State, during the period from September to December 2018. A total of 50 fish samples were randomly selected from marine fish chain. Samples were subjected for bacteriological examination. The study showed that the mean count of E. coli in the five stages of the fish chain was 2.57×10 2 +0 .6 cfu, the mean coliform count was 2.01 ×10 3 + 0 .7 cfu/ g and the mean Aerobic Plate Count (APC) was found to be 3.6×10 6 + 0.09 cfu/ g. E. coli showed higher mean count (7.58×10 2) cfu/ g in the scaling stage. The

Quick Response Code Abstract: This research aimed at analyzing household consumers’ food safety a... more Quick Response Code Abstract: This research aimed at analyzing household consumers’ food safety awareness level regarding milk and milk products in Khartoum state Sudan. Study was based on primary data collection using a scientifically structured questionnaire that addressed food safety parameters. A total of 150 consumers located in various geographical areas in the state were the sample of the study where they were chosen on a stratified random base. Collected data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), to obtain frequency of distributions and chisquare values. Main results showed that 17.3 % of respondents purchased processed milk; 60.7% of these respondents purchased processed milk based on product brand; while 82.7% purchase frsh raw milk, Most of the consumers under study 79.8 % favored fresh raw milk over processed milk for their belief in its high quality compared to 20.2 % who favored fresh raw milk over processed milk due to its affordable price ...

The objective of this study is to determine the size of particles which when compressed into caps... more The objective of this study is to determine the size of particles which when compressed into capsules give the highest weight. To achieve this objective, cinnamon, which was the stuff of choice, was grinded into different degrees of granule particles sieved with different sizes of sieves, and filled in capsules size 0 elongated white capsules, targeting to fill each capsule with the maximum weight of cinnamon powder, with no addition of any disintegrates or lubricant material , using semi – manual filling machine. Then capsules were weighed. It was found that, the finest granules of cinnamon, which passed through all sieves with the higher percentage When compressed into capsules, it gave mean weight of 0.461 gm, which was not the highest weight. This indicated that, the finer the granules do not necessarily mean the higher the compressibility into capsules is.

Annals of Biological Research, 2016

A survey questionnaire was conducted to investigate the use of antibiotics on 136 dairy farms in ... more A survey questionnaire was conducted to investigate the use of antibiotics on 136 dairy farms in Khartoum state/ Sudan. The survey revealed that 49.3% of the farms owners were illiterate and 35.3% did not complete their education. 80% of the farms lacked written records, 75.7% had no written plans for treating sick animals with antibiotics, 17.6% of the farms completed the course of treatment and only 4.4% of the farms determined the antibiotic withdrawal period. Antibiotic-treated cows were physically separated from other milking cows in 19% of the visited farms, 8.8% of the farms milked the treated cows in a separate milking units and their milk was added to the farm whole milk in 86% of the farms. Mastitis (89%) followed by pneumonia (79%), enteritis (53%), metritis (46%), foot rot (41%) and eye infection (22%) were the most prominent diseases in dairy farms. Penicillins (83%) and Tetracyclines (78%) were mostly used for the treatment of the cases specially mastitis and in dry co...

This study was designed to monitor some bacteriological and physical quality of milk from two dai... more This study was designed to monitor some bacteriological and physical quality of milk from two dairy factories before and after pasteurization, and also to assess the compliance of this quality detected with the standard set by the Sudanese Standards and Meteorology Organization (SSMO). Two hundred and Twenty raw and pasteurized milk samples were collected from dairy factories and sale points in Khartoum State. The average total bacterial counts before pasteurization was1×10 5 -9×10 6 cfu/ml and after pasteurization it was 0-9×10 4 cfu/ml. Most of the market samples in day 1,3 and day 6 showed range of 0-1×10 4 cfu/ml. Staphylococci counts before pasteurization were found in range of less than 1×10 4 cfu/ml and after pasteurization were in the range of 0-9×10 cfu/ml. The Coliform counts before pasteurization were in the range of 1×10 3 -9×10 3 cfu/ml and immediately after pasteurization the range was reduced to 5- 1×10 2 cfu/ml. E.coli was identified from24%of the samples before past...

Annals of Biological Research, 2016

The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) plays an important socioeconomic role in rural populati... more The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) plays an important socioeconomic role in rural populations and its milk is regarded as an important component of their staple diet. This study was carried out to study the chemical composition of camel milk from she- camels raised under pastoral conditions and farms conditions. The main parameters investigated included density , fat, solid non fat, protein and lactose. The density of milk obtained from pastoral was less than the samples obtained from farm (26.5% vs 29.9%). The mean fat percentage for milk from the pastoral conditions and the farm was 2.34% and 3.6% respectively with statistical difference between the means of the samples. Solid non fat percentage was 7.4% and 8.4%, protein concentration was 2.86% and 3.3% and lactose was 3.98% and 4.53% for pastoral and farm samples, respectively. The number of parities was found to affect some of the components of the milk such as density , solid non fat and lactose.

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2018

Journal of Cell and Animal Biology, 2011

This work was conducted in Khartoum State to study the limits of the somatic cell count (SCC), th... more This work was conducted in Khartoum State to study the limits of the somatic cell count (SCC), the total bacteria count (TBC) and the acidity of the raw cow milk produced in the three geographical areas of the Khartoum State. A total of 644 stratified random raw milk samples were collected during summer and winter. The different counts and acidity were evaluated in the farm milk and compared to that sold in the market. Total bacterial count was carried out using the pour plate count. The bacterial count of equal or less than 9 × 104 cfu/ml in the state was 23.9% with a higher percentage in winter (35.4%) compared to 19.4% in summer. The majority of the samples (55.3%) had a count of less than or equal 9 × 105 cfu/ml. The percentage in winter was (71.9%) while in the summer it was (48.1%). Regarding the SCC, it was done using new man stain. The percentage of samples of less than 5 × 105 were (27%) in the state. The percentage was higher in winter (43.3%) than summer (20.8%).The major...

We show that the interaction between vortices and sound waves in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates... more We show that the interaction between vortices and sound waves in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates can be elucidated in a double-well trap: with one vortex in each well, the sound emitted by each precessing vortex can be driven into the opposing vortex (if of the same polarity). This cross-talk leads to a periodic exchange of energy between the vortices which is long-range and highly efficient. The increase in vortex energy (obtained by numerical simulations of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation) is significant and experimentally observable as a migration of the vortex to higher density over just a few precession periods. Similar effects can be controllably engineered by introducing a precessing localised obstacle into one well as an artificial generator of sound, thereby demonstrating the parametric driving of energy into a vortex.

Fifty carcasses from Alkadro slaughterhouse were selected randomly (A total of 150 samples) to es... more Fifty carcasses from Alkadro slaughterhouse were selected randomly (A total of 150 samples) to estimate the total viable bacterial count (TVC) and to identify the most dominant bacteria in beef meat. Three samples were taken from shoulder, external thoracic and thigh muscles of each bovine carcass immediately after evisceration. A significant difference at P . 0.05 was shown among the average total viable count (TVC) of the fresh bovine muscles with the least count (4.8 x106 cfu/g) in the thoracic muscle, compared to 8.6x106 and 7.9 x106 cfu/g in the shoulder and thigh muscles, respectively. After being refrigerated for 15 days at 0 پ} 4پ‹C there was no significant difference in the (TVC) among the three kinds of muscles at P . 0.05, with the thoracic muscle total viable counts (TVC) being elevated to 8.1x107 and that of shoulder and thigh muscles elevated to 2.7 x107and 4.8 x107, respectively. The frequency of isolation of Gram positive organisms was affected by the refrigeration time. The Micrococcus spp. showed a very high increase after refrigeration, whereas the isolation frequency of Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus epidermidis and Diphtheroids was reduced by the refrigeration time. The Escherichia coli showed a decrease in incidence rate after refrigeration, while Citrobacter freundii, pseudomonas spp. and proteus spp. showed a clear increase in incidence rate with the refrigeration. All samples (50 fresh and100 referigerated) were subjected to organoleptic test and regarded as normal by panelists till the 15th day of the cold storage. The pH of the fresh and refrigerated samples was within the acceptable limits (5.6 . 6). Although the total viable count was higher than the standard limits ,most of these organisms were mesophilic while fresh but after refrigeration psychrophiles were the dominant organisms. The keeping quality under refrigeration is the most efficient preservation method in tropical areas due to the high population of mesophilic bacteria and very low level of.

This study was conducted at Khartoum State – Sudan to screen for antibiotic residues in different... more This study was conducted at Khartoum State – Sudan to screen for antibiotic residues in different poultry tissues (liver, kidney and muscle). A total of 221 tissue sample was obtained from slaughtered animals. Three plate test method was used with 3 species of bacteria viz Escherichia .Coli, Staphylococcus aureaus and Bacillus subtilis. After screening for antibiotic residues, the total number of positive samples was 27 %. The highest percentage of positive samples was detected in the muscle tissue (29.2 %) and the least was in the kidney. Chi square analysis showed an association between the liver and kidney, kidney and muscle when using E. Coli and between liver and kidney when Bacillus Subtilis was used. It was concluded from this study that, when screening for residues using liver or kidney E.Coli or Bacillus subtilis can be used with the same efficiency since they both give almost the same result taking in consideration other factors such as type of drug screened for and the se...

The aim of this study was to detect antibiotic residues in table eggs consumed in Khartoum State-... more The aim of this study was to detect antibiotic residues in table eggs consumed in Khartoum State- Sudan. A total of 157 chicken egg samples were collected from 32 poultry farms and 74 sale points. A structured questionnaire was also used to gather information about the hygienic status of the farms, common signs of diseases, awareness of farmers and type of antibiotics used. It was found that diarrhea was present in 34.6% of the farms and the most frequently used antibiotic was tetracycline in 36.4% of the farms. The farmers were supervising their own farms in 57.6% of the farms, and 94% of the farmers lack the knowledge about withdrawal period. The disc assay method and Premi test kit were used for antibiotic residues detection. The total number of positive reactors was 49.6% and 12.7% respectively. Using the Kappa statistic the agreement between the two tests was 0.30 ( poor agreement) and the percent of the agreement was 61.7% . The data showed the poor hygienic status of poultry ...

European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences

European Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Annals of Biological Research, 2016

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2018

Journal of Cell and Animal Biology, 2011