Sports and Exercise Medicine – Open Journal (original) (raw)

Papers by Sports and Exercise Medicine – Open Journal

Openventio Publishers, 2022

This research explored Instagram 'Fitness Influencers', to develop an understanding of the conten... more This research explored Instagram 'Fitness Influencers', to develop an understanding of the content they post online, the level of objectification and gender differences in the extent of this objectification. The media previously has presented gendered representations of women and men, with women subjected to greater objectification than males, with similar findings in social media research. Fitness Influencers are online micro-celebrities influential on young people, thus knowledge of the images being consumed is beneficial due to the associated detrimental effects of unconsciously internalising objectified media and that promoting unattainable beauty standards. Methods A content analysis of 90 influencer images was conducted to provide an understanding of the type of images shared, followed by a Chi square (χ 2) to determine gender differences; the qualitative content analysis phase identified four main themes, lifestyle, brand endorsements, engaged in activity and objectification. Results There were no significant gender differences found (p>0.05) however, objectification sub-themes found significant differences in muscularity between males and females and in sultry poses (p<0.001), in line with gender stereotypes and norms in society. Conclusion The identification of greater objectification of males highlights the need for greater consideration for male's body image, and greater consideration for the content being shared online more generally, due to the associated detrimental effects of consuming certain types of imagery.

Openventio Publishers, 2022

Boxing is a weight categorised sport in which athletes are expected to be weighed prior to compet... more Boxing is a weight categorised sport in which athletes are expected to be weighed prior to competition so that the athletes are matched with similar size, strength and power attributes. By obtaining and maintaining a certain weight may result in boxers typically engaging in extreme weight loss practices to 'make weight', irrespective of their overall health and well-being. Therefore, this research aimed to establish the experiences and perceptions of weight management of female boxers how they engage with 'making weight' practices and the impact on their overall well-being. Methods In-depth semi-structured one-to-one interview's were conducted with five elite level female amateur boxers over a digital, online platform. A six-stage thematic analysis was used and data collated into themes and sub-themes. Results Data identified 5 key themes and consisted of: emotions surrounding weight gain; long-term behavioural impacts; guidance and justifications; comparison to other boxers; and weight management methods. These accounts highlighted the long-term impact engaging in such weight loss methods had on female boxers both physically and psychologically. Conclusion Typically, boxers engaged in strict and extreme weight-loss behaviours due to negative emotions surrounding weight gain. Significantly these behaviours and emotions have a long-term impact and continue after retirement from boxing.

Openventio Publishers, 2022

Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (C... more Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used animal model of MS. Oxygen therapy, such as hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) or normobaric oxygen (NBO), has been advanced as a potential treatment option to allay the motor and sensory deficits associated with MS. However, it is unclear whether any therapeutic benefits derived from treatment are a result of pressurized oxygen or simply pure oxygen administration. This study aimed to explore whether pressurized oxygen (HBO) or sea-level oxygen (NBO) would attenuate the motor and sensory deficits associated with EAE. Methods Forty-two male Harlan Lewis rats were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: MBP/HBO, MBP/NBO, MBP/no treatment, or a vehicle group. Injections of MBP or vehicle were administered on day 1, and animals were allowed one-week to recover. Following recovery, animals were administered HBO at 2.0 atmospheres absolute (ATA) or sea-level oxygen for 60-minutes daily. Mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MPWT) testing was conducted on the first day and every alternate day after the start of treatment to assess the development of tactile allodynia. Motor impairment tests were performed twice daily (immediately prior to and after oxygen treatment) to assess for the presence of motor deficits or paralysis. Results On days 14 through 18, animals injected with MBP had a greater level of motor impairment compared to the vehicle control group. Interestingly, results also indicated that NBO was as effective as HBO in attenuating EAE symptoms. Conclusion In conclusion, these results underscore the need for further research to determine the ideal parameters of oxygen treatment, particularly whether pressurization is necessary to attenuate symptoms of EAE.

Openventio Publishers, 2022

The purpose of this investigation was to extend research examining physical and social influences... more The purpose of this investigation was to extend research examining physical and social influences in the exercise/self-esteem relationship by investigating the moderating role of physical activity motives. Research reveals multiple motives for exercise participation beyond physical health enhancement. It is thought that these motives may play an important role in the relationship between exercise and self-esteem. Previous research has established the contribution of the physical self-system in the relationship. Furthermore, research examining the contribution social self-system has shown promise, yet the mechanisms operating in the relationship are less clear. It was hypothesized that motivation for physical activity participation may be such a mechanism. Results A population of 147 undergraduates completed assessments of physical activity participation, motives for physical activity, and physical, social and global self-perceptions. As expected, physical activity participation influenced self-esteem through both physical and social systems. Additionally, socially motivated exercisers exhibited greater self-esteem enhancement through the social as opposed to the physical self-system. Conclusion The hypothesis that physical activity motives would play an important role in determining the pathway through which physical activity participation influences self-esteem was partially supported. Results showed that those who reported social motives for physical activity showed greater enhancement in self-esteem through the social self-system, while physical motives did not serve a moderating role. The findings from the present investigation are important not only from the perspective of self-esteem theory but also with regard to the numerous practical implications of the results. The findings confirm that the relationship between exercise participation and self-esteem is more complex than previously thought in that physical activity participation influences self-esteem through multiple pathways. What remains to be investigated is how to best flesh out which pathway is more meaningful to the exerciser and then how to best serve the interests of the exerciser with the ultimate goal of enhancing self-esteem.

Openventio Publishers, 2022

Materials and Methods Data were gathered from a total of n=206 professional football participants... more Materials and Methods Data were gathered from a total of n=206 professional football participants (x±s; age=24.1±5.4-years, body mass=78.8±8.4 kg, stature=180.1±7.0 cm, Db 1.075±0.01 g.ml-1). Bland and Altman limits of agreement (LoA) approaches were used to determine bias and random variation derived from the calibration models. Results Bias and random errors for the published calibration models ranged from-0.005 to +0.015 g.ml-1 and 1.012 to 1.090 g.ml-1 respectively. A priori criterion (±3.8% p=<0.05 (g.ml-1)) was set as acceptable limits for the LoA method of which 13 calibration models found that (on average) estimated Db derived from HW was greater than Db derived from the models. Discussion A rank order of LoA identified the best model to use, however, LoA were not narrow enough for measurements to be of practical use and in most instances, selected models are not appropriate for estimating Db in male professional footballers.

Openventio Publishers, 2021

Background The hindlimb suspended (HLS) rat model has been used in land-based research to evaluat... more Background The hindlimb suspended (HLS) rat model has been used in land-based research to evaluate effects of simulated microgravity. Previous research demonstrated that 2-4 weeks of HLS reduced vasoconstrictive responses of aortic, mesenteric, and femoral arterial rings to phenylephrine (PHE) while acute exposure to hyperoxia amplified constrictive responses to PHE. The purpose of this study was to determine if hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBO) during HLS would reverse the attenuation of the vasoconstrictive response. Methods Five-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into aging controls (AC), AC-HBO, HLS, and HLS-HBO. Groups receiving HBO (AC-HBO; HLS-HBO) were placed in a cage that was fitted for the animal hyperbaric chamber to maintain HLS. HBO groups received 24 treatments, once a day, 6 d/week using a wound care protocol. The chamber was flushed with 100% oxygen, compressed over 10 min to 2.5 atmospheres absolute (ATA) (22.5 psig), a 90-minute treatment, then a 10 min decompression. After 28 d of HLS, animals were sacrificed under isoflurane anesthesia and thoracic aorta segments isolated. Relaxation of aortic rings was measured in response to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) after pre-constriction with PHE (3×10-7). Constriction of aortic rings was also determined in response to increasing concentrations of PHE. All drugs were administered cumulatively in vessel baths at 10-10-10-4 M. Data were analyzed using four-parameter (i.e., minimum, maximum, EC 50 , slope) nonlinear regression, and groups compared using 2×2 ANOVA with HBO and HLS as main effects. Results Responses to ACh and SNP were not affected by HLS or HBO. However, in response to PHE, there was a decrease in maximum vasoconstriction in HLS compared to controls (44.7±7.3% vs 82.4±6.0%, respectively, p≤0.05) and in HBO compared to controls (48.5±6.5% vs 78.6±6.8%, p≤0.05). Conclusion These results indicate that PHE-induced constriction of thoracic aorta is decreased after HLS. HBO did not reverse HLS-induced reductions in contractile responses; instead, HBO independently reduced PHE-stimulated constriction of aortic segments. This suggests that HBO may be useful in conditions where constriction is enhanced, such as diabetes.

Openventio Publishers, 2021

The purpose of this study was to 1) compare the body composition values of an active group of bre... more The purpose of this study was to 1) compare the body composition values of an active group of breast cancer survivors (BCS) determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and anthropometry, and 2) compare the bone mineral density of the upper thoracic region to assess the effect of tumor burden on bone health. Design and Methods Forty (n=40) breast cancer survivors from a local competitive Dragon Boat Team were measured as part of team assessments. ANOVA with Dunn's post-hoc testing was used to compare results of DXA, body density, and body composition estimated from anthropometry. Bland-Altman testing and correlational analysis were calculated. Results Percentage of fat measure by DXA was significantly higher than values used to estimate body fat from skinfold measures or from body density equations (DXA 41.1±6.0% vs. 3-site skinfolds 28.8±4.9%, 4-site skinfolds, 22.1±4.1%, skinfold and body density, 31.8±9.4%, respectively, p<0.05). Post-hoc testing revealed that all values were significantly different and the strongest correlation with DXA was skinfolds at three sites was r=0.81. Regional (upper thoracic) bone mineral density was not significantly different based on tumor side diagnosis (breast cancer diagnosis side versus healthy, 0.971±0.198 vs. 0.988±0.190 gm*cc-1). Anthropometry and bilateral bone mineral density characteristics are presented to serve as a comparative sample of BCS for future studies. Conclusion As body composition is an important factor in long-term cancer survivorship, we found the use of skinfold measures inadequate to accurately determine percentage of fat in this group of active female BCS. As a result, recommendations aimed at achieving an ideal body composition based solely on anthropometry would have grossly underestimated fat mass, which may lead to overall clinically poorer outcomes.

Openventio Publishers, 2020

The 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines recommend that the more than 53 million people living with ... more The 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines recommend that the more than 53 million people living with a physical disability in the United States to participate in regular physical activities consisting of both aerobic and anaerobic components, if possible. Also, if individuals with physical disabilities are unable to meet the recommended physical activity guidelines, they are encouraged to do as much as their physical disability permits. Despite the recommended guidelines, several individuals with physical disabilities do not participate in regular physical activities. Prior research suggests that several societal and structural barriers in sport and exercise environments often negatively affect individuals with physical disabilities. Thus, it is essential for family members, healthcare practitioners, rehabilitation/recreational teams, and community leaders to encourage individuals with physical disabilities to conquer barriers that restrict participation.

Openventio Publishers, 2020

Hierarchical regression analyses indicate that specific AIQ factors accounted for a statistically... more Hierarchical regression analyses indicate that specific AIQ factors accounted for a statistically significant increase in the explanation of variance beyond the current level of evaluation for several performance metrics (e.g., career approximate value; sacks, tackles, rushing yards). Further, specific factors of the AIQ are related to position specific statistics, offering the possibility that performance prediction can be focused in for the specific skills required by a given position. Discussion Given the recent impact of analytics in professional sports, and the significant findings noted in the current investigation, the authors discuss the potential importance of the AIQ in the selection and coaching processes.

Openventio Publishers, 2020

Introduction Sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor for life-altering comorbidities. Though the Wo... more Introduction
Sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor for life-altering comorbidities. Though the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) have provided guidelines, 80% of Americans do not get the recommended physical activity (PA) dose per day. Motivation continues to be an important and elusive factor to effect change.
Purpose
Assess the available evidence regarding the application of the transtheoretical model and stages of change theory (TTM-SOC) in the last 10-years to behavior changes for PA.
Methods
Databases including PSYCInfo, ERIC, CINAHL, EBM, DARE, and OVID, were searched with the following key search terms: “Lifestyle Changes” OR “Lifestyle” OR “Active Living” OR “Lifestyle Changes” OR “Physical Activity” OR “Actigraphy” OR “Exercise” OR “Activity Level” AND “Transtheoretical Model” OR “Stages of Change”. Seventy-nine studies fit the inclusion criteria and were assessed for quality and validity using the PEDrO scale for experimental studies and the specialist unit for review evidence (SURE) for cohort investigations.
Results
Of the five (5) interventional studies included, none used all four components of the TTM-SOC, namely, stages of change, decisional balance, processes of change and self-efficacy. Observational studies were assessed with eleven (11) classified as observational analytical and nineteen (19) as observational descriptive.
Conclusion
None of the investigations assessed the full TTM-SOC. As such, there can be no definitive conclusions with regard to the effectiveness of stage-matched interventions to promote a change from sedentary lifestyle to adoption of PA. There is a need for more rigorous research to test the application of TTM-SOC with both physiologic and quantitative measures for PA.

Openventio Publishers, 2020

The objective of the present study was to examine the influence of social self-concept and physic... more The objective of the present study was to examine the influence of social self-concept and physical self-worth on global selfesteem in college athletes compared to their non-competing peers. It was hypothesized that the unique contribution of each variable on self-esteem would be markedly different between the groups. Methods In a population of 146 undergraduate students, regression analyses revealed significant relationships between the domain-specific self-perceptions and global self-esteem in both groups. It was determined, however, that athletes and non-athletes differed in the distribution of variance explained by the variables. Specifically, the variance in self-esteem in athletes was attributed exclusively to physical self-worth while non-athletes revealed unique contributions from both social self-concept as well as physical self-worth. Results and Conclusion The results of the present study may be meaningful from the perspective of athletic identity and retirement from sport. Further investigation is warranted, both qualitatively and quantitatively, that may assist in developing strategies to ease the transition from participating athlete to non-competitive participation. An additional area of interest may be in examining the relationship between the domain-specific self-perceptions and psychological risk for, and impact of, athletic injury.

Openventio Publishers, 2020

Background Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia whic... more Background
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia which is due to reduced insulin secretion and/ or action. It has 6 sub-classes but type 2 is the most common. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is rising at a very high rate in the sub-Saharan Africa region. Prevention is however better than cure and there are multiple pieces of evidence of the highest level that type 2 diabetes is preventable. Prevention of type 2 diabetes is looked at from the perspectives of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary prevention.
Methods
Measures that have been documented in the literature that can be adopted in the prevention of diabetes include lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy and surgical interventions. Lifestyle modification is the most commonly reported measure and physical activity is a central focus in lifestyle modification. Physical activity refers to all body movements that lead to expenditure of energy above the resting level. Exercise is a structured and monitored subset of physical activity. Physical activity has been documented to help in the primordial prevention of type 2 diabetes for children born to a woman with gestational diabetes. It helps in modifying risk factors for diabetes such as obesity, dyslipidaemia and high blood pressure.
Conclusion
It is also valuable for secondary prevention of diabetes by modifying risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, excess calorie intake and lipids. Physical activity plays a central role in the management of a patient diagnosed with diabetes at the level of secondary prevention. Effective rehabilitation of patients with type 2 diabetes who have suffered macrovascular complications would constitute a tertiary level of prevention. Since physical activity is an effective, affordable and available form of preventing type 2 diabetes sub-Saharan Africa where the population has limited resources can leverage on its cost-effectiveness. This will help to improve longevity and improve the quality of life of people and save scarce resources in the region

Openventio Publishers, 2020

The aim of this study was to assess challenges and current practices in implementation of coachin... more The aim of this study was to assess challenges and current practices in implementation of coaching manuals in selected Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia youth handball coaching program. Methods The study was employed a descriptive survey research method. Ten sample youth projects were selected, from twenty-four youth handball projects using stratified and purposive sampling technique. Thus, the samples of this study were 50 players, 10 coaches and 32 sport administrative officials. The data was collected through questionnaire and observation checklist and thus, analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods by describing statements and frequency counts and percentages. Results The findings of the study indicated that, lack of coordination work among the concerned stakeholders, due to financial scarcity; unavailability of adequate training materials and equipment, and the selection of trainees conducted just randomly without clearly stated criteria. Lack of suitable and standardized handball courts in the area and less emphasis given to maintain even the existing ones, the existed manual was not well designed and modified based on the trainee's age level since similar manual for both sex. Due to monitoring were limited to certain sport expertise, here were no concerned bodies in charge of finding immediate solutions to the problem that were faced by the coaches and trainees. Furthermore, due to lack of awareness of communities, trainee families did not support the training program. Conclusion This kind of implementations revealed that was exposed to failure to solve the confronted challenges. Therefore, attention must be paid to the availability of sport infrastructures and qualified human resources should be employed. In addition, special attention must be given to acquiring and developing resource material such as manuals and coaching kits, which may assist in improving knowledge and advancing the technical skills of sport experts and coaches.

Openventio Publishers, 2020

Background The prevalence of softball injuries in young pitchers is increasing with more injuries... more Background
The prevalence of softball injuries in young pitchers is increasing with more injuries in the upper extremity in the beginning of
the season.
Research Question
Calculate the forces generated during the pitching motion of female youth pitchers at four main areas: the stride, hips, shoulder,
and wrist for 2 groups. R1: u1≠u2.
Study Design
Pilot study, Cross-sectional design.
Level of Evidence
Level-2, Strength-B.
Methods
This study included a total of 15 female youth fastpitch softball pitchers (mean age, 14.33-years; mean weight, 59.01 kg) recruited
to participate during the Fall Softball League (2014). Divided into two groups: 270° hip rotation group vs. a projected 360° hip
rotation group.
Results
A paired sample t-test showed that the 2 groups (270° hip rotation and projected 360° hip rotation) were strongly and positively
correlated (r=0.993, p<0.001). There was a significant average difference between 270° hip rotation and the projected 360° hip
rotation forces (t14=12.996, p<0.001). On average, the projected 360° hip rotation forces were 580.68 N higher than 270° hip
rotation forces (95% CI [676.51, 484.84].
Conclusion
The Current Method (CM) of pitching clearly uses the shoulder as the driving force of the pitch, as pitchers created 467.96 N of
force at the shoulder. Pitchers who used 270° hip rotation produced an average of 147.33 N at the hip while these same individuals
can create an average of 589.30 N with full hip rotation.
Clinical Relevance
Pitchers using the CM of pitching generated an average of 468 N of force at the shoulder. Identifying interruptions in the kinetic
chain is the key to reducing injuries. This is accomplished by creating the ideal kinetic chain and teaching it through a certified
pitching coach program. Once identified, interruptions can be modified and changed through exercises to strengthen and improve
the kinetic chain.

Openventio Publishers, 2019

Aim The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between pre-season testing per... more Aim The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between pre-season testing performance and playing time within a Division II men’s soccer team over a competitive season. Methods Data was collected from pre-season athletic performance testing data for 13 male National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division II men’s soccer players (age=20±1.5-years; height=180±6 cm; weight=75±7 kg), and was analyzed to determine if relationships existed between physical performance tests (countermovement jump height, peak anaerobic power in watts derived from jump height], change-of-direction performance (505-agility, modified T-test), linear speed (10 m and 30 m sprint intervals), and aerobic fitness (20 m multi-stage fitness test), and playing time over a collegiate season were provided by the University’s coaching staff and retrospectively analyzed.
Results A Pearson’s moment correlations correlation revealed significant (p <0.05) moderate relationships between playing time and 10 m speed (r=-0.569) only.
Discussion These results suggest that linear speed, in particular acceleration over short distance, could be a key characteristic that has some influence on playing time for Division II men’s soccer players. Conclusion Pre-season testing of soccer players is commonly used to assess athletic potential. Minimal research has investigated the associations between these tests and playing time over the course of a collegiate season.

Openventio Publishers, 2019

Purpose At the most elite level, even an increase of 1% improvement can make the difference betwe... more Purpose At the most elite level, even an increase of 1% improvement can make the difference between winning and losing. Sports scientists can help athletes gain insights that can be the differentiating factor. The purpose of this protocol is to delineate the process from the identification of key performance indicators to the presentation of the findings for sports scientists. It is designed to provide chronological steps in efforts to mitigate barriers of collecting data and tracking players as well as to help gain athlete buy-in to sports science by helping them maximize their performance.
Study Design The competitive nature of professional sports leads to players, their agents, and teams to seek the expertise in sports performance areas such as those from athletic trainers, strength and conditioning coaches, physical therapists, nutritionists, and sports psychologists. However, much of the knowledge provided by these entities typically remain in silos. Thus, the whole picture of the athlete’s performance enhancement mechanism is not elucidated. This is where the significance of a sports scientist ensues, with the ability to integrate the data from each of the sports performance areas with the objective of obtaining a complete and comprehensive picture of the athlete.
Data Collection This area of collecting data and monitoring athletes is becoming mainstream. As such professional sports leagues have started to implement privacy rules and regulations on the protection of athlete biometric data. It is important to be aware of the rules related to wearable technology and athlete biometric data as well as how to go about the process of collecting data from professional athletes. That is why it is important that care be taken and a protocol be followed to ensure the integrity of data collection in the field of sports science.
Data Processing and Analyses Data mining is the extraction of data for the purpose of discovering meaningful patterns, normalization, and the choosing of statistical models that can help in making data driven decisions. The interpretation and presentation of the data can have a large impact on the decisions. As such, a protocol should be adhered to.
Conclusion The following protocol will serve as a guide on how to collect data efficiently and successfully.

Openventio Publishers, 2019

Purpose To investigate the additional beneficial effects of combined oat bran consumption and bri... more Purpose To investigate the additional beneficial effects of combined oat bran consumption and brisk walking exercise compared to oat bran consumption alone on bone metabolism markers in 40 to 50-years-old hypercholesterolemic women. Methods Thirty-three hypercholesterolemic women participants aged 40 to 50-years-old were recruited and were assigned into three groups, with eleven participants per group (n=11): sedentary without oat bran consumption control (C), oat bran consumption alone (Ob), and combined oat bran consumption and brisk walking exercise (ObEx) groups. Participants in the ObEx group performed brisk walking exercise sessions 30 minutes per session, 3 sessions per week for 6 weeks. Participants in the Ob group and ObEx group consumed 18 g of oat bran powder, 7 days per week for 6 weeks. Participants' anthropometry and blood bone metabolism markers were measured at pre-and post-tests. Results There were no significant main effects of time (p>0.05) in serum total calcium, serum phosphorus and serum C-terminal telopep-tide of type 1 collagen (1CTP) (bone resorption marker) concentrations in all the groups. However, significantly (p<0.05) increase in serum alkaline phosphatase (bone formation marker) concentration was observed in Ob group and ObEx group respectively. Conclusion The present observations did not show large difference in the beneficial effects of combined oat bran consumption and brisk walking compared to oat bran consumption alone on bone metabolism markers. Future studies with longer duration may be needed to elicit greater effects of combined oat bran consumption and brisk walking than oat bran consumption alone on bone metabolism markers in middle age hypercholesterolemic women.

Openventio Publishers, 2019

Background Adhesive capsulitis is a condition in which the shoulder becomes painful to move and m... more Background
Adhesive capsulitis is a condition in which the shoulder becomes painful to move and movement is often restricted. Trigger points
cause weakness and easy fatigue in muscles with 95% of patients, having trigger points in the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres
minor and subscapularis and other scapular muscles. Trigger points in the neck also produce radiating pain to other areas.
Objective
To investigate whether physical therapy techniques to inactivate myofascial trigger points can reduce symptoms and improve
shoulder and neck function in daily activities in the population of chronic periarthris shoulder patients.
Materials and Methods
All 10 eligible patients both male and female were informed about the study; consent was taken from the willingly participating
patients. Baseline assessments were done which included a range of motion of neck and shoulder, pain intensity and neck disability
index. Treatment starting with inactivation of the active myofascial trigger points by manual techniques employing compression
technique combined with an intermittent cold application by using ice-cubes followed by myofascial release, friction massage and
stretching the muscle daily for 2 weeks with follow-up on the 14th day was given. Data were collected and statistically analyzed using unpaired t-test and results were obtained.
Results
This study showed that the values on unpaired t-test were significant and relevant in statistical and data analysis on 5% level of
significance.
Conclusion
There was an increase in neck flexion and neck extension and a decrease in Neck Disability Index (NDI)s and pain on Visual
Analogue Scale (VAS). The myofascial trigger point release is effective in treating neck disability and increasing range of motion.

Openventio Publishers, 2019

Background Mechanical low back pain (MLBP) is a mechanically-derived, musculoskeletal back pain n... more Background
Mechanical low back pain (MLBP) is a mechanically-derived, musculoskeletal back pain not involving nerve root compression or
serious spinal diseases. Prevalence is higher in young and active adults with nearly 60% people. These people have suffered from
low back pain at some time during their lifespan. Low back pain also restricts mobility, interferes with normal functioning and
results in lifelong pain and permanent disability. Lack of spinal core stability is supposed to be one of the important predisposing
causes of recurrent low back pain.
Objective of the Study
To investigate the effect of core stability exercise on pain intensity in patients with mechanical low backache.
Methods and Materials
All 10 eligible young patients both male and female were included in the study. They were suffering from no radiating non-specific
low backache after sitting at desks for an extended period of time from last six weeks. They were informed about the study. Informed consent was taken from the willingly participating patients after explaining the procedure from subjects, by experiencing
non-specific low back pain since six weeks. Measures of pain intensity on visual analogue scale (VAS) was recorded. The study was
conducted in a busy physiotherapy centre in Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Data was collected on day 0 and day 21. It was statistically
analyzed by student’s unpaired t-test and results were obtained. Comparisons were made between day 0 and day 21 on included
subjects. Exercise like abdominal curl ups, progressive exercises in hook lying with cycling, quadruped positioning, prone lying
with progression to contralateral upper and lower extremity lifting and then head, trunk, arm and leg lifts for 30 second hold 5
repetitions at day 0 progressing to 10 and then 15 repetitions at day 21.
Results
The study showed that the values on unpaired t-test were significant and relevant in statistical and data analysis on 5% level of
significance.
Conclusion
Core stabilization helps to decrease pain intensity in mechanical non-specific low back pain. Core stabilization exercises should be
an integral component of treatment protocol for patients with low back pain.

Openventio Publishers, 2019

Given the prevalence of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in contact sports such as American Footbal... more Given the prevalence of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in contact sports such as American Football, the need for increased research in TBI has been dramatically increased over the last 20-years. TBI has two main mechanisms that cause neuronal cell death
following an incident: direct axonal death and neuronal inflammation, with the latter being the most common because it persists
more than a decade and chronically affects neighboring neurons. Therefore, proper management that reduces inflammation
post-TBI should be stressed in order to facilitate propitious recovery. While sideline concussion protocols have been implemented in sports fields, it is important immediately to initiate recovery protocols in order to minimize the degree of progressive neuronal death caused by TBI. While difficult to individualize symptoms for each occurrence, it is essential to incorporate a pretest
of cognition, memory, and balance as a means of determining the severity of TBI. Although the sports concussion assessment
tool 2 has been used by collegiate and professional teams, this tool is just based on observation and comparison. Thus, more
precise and advanced diagnosis using biological methods are needed to accurately assess individual symptoms, which should
save lives. One example is to use serum creatine kinase (CK) levels because CK released from damaged brain tissues enters the
bloodstream and thus TBI can be quickly assessed and identified. While the immediate diagnosis of TBI is one part of management, efficacious treatments of post-TBI is also critical. Regarding this, exercise and nutritional supplementation have been
reported to be effective. While specific pathways of neuroprotective mechanisms remain to be elucidated, endurance exercise
along with supplementation of fish oil, caffeine, and vitamin D seems to elicit neuroprotective effects. This review provides
potential mechanisms responsible for exercise and nutritional supplementation-mediated neuroprotection against TBI. Since
human subjects are limited to mechanistic studies requiring invasive surgical procedures, research involving animals (e.g., mouse
and rat) are also introduced in this review.

Openventio Publishers, 2022

This research explored Instagram 'Fitness Influencers', to develop an understanding of the conten... more This research explored Instagram 'Fitness Influencers', to develop an understanding of the content they post online, the level of objectification and gender differences in the extent of this objectification. The media previously has presented gendered representations of women and men, with women subjected to greater objectification than males, with similar findings in social media research. Fitness Influencers are online micro-celebrities influential on young people, thus knowledge of the images being consumed is beneficial due to the associated detrimental effects of unconsciously internalising objectified media and that promoting unattainable beauty standards. Methods A content analysis of 90 influencer images was conducted to provide an understanding of the type of images shared, followed by a Chi square (χ 2) to determine gender differences; the qualitative content analysis phase identified four main themes, lifestyle, brand endorsements, engaged in activity and objectification. Results There were no significant gender differences found (p>0.05) however, objectification sub-themes found significant differences in muscularity between males and females and in sultry poses (p<0.001), in line with gender stereotypes and norms in society. Conclusion The identification of greater objectification of males highlights the need for greater consideration for male's body image, and greater consideration for the content being shared online more generally, due to the associated detrimental effects of consuming certain types of imagery.

Openventio Publishers, 2022

Boxing is a weight categorised sport in which athletes are expected to be weighed prior to compet... more Boxing is a weight categorised sport in which athletes are expected to be weighed prior to competition so that the athletes are matched with similar size, strength and power attributes. By obtaining and maintaining a certain weight may result in boxers typically engaging in extreme weight loss practices to 'make weight', irrespective of their overall health and well-being. Therefore, this research aimed to establish the experiences and perceptions of weight management of female boxers how they engage with 'making weight' practices and the impact on their overall well-being. Methods In-depth semi-structured one-to-one interview's were conducted with five elite level female amateur boxers over a digital, online platform. A six-stage thematic analysis was used and data collated into themes and sub-themes. Results Data identified 5 key themes and consisted of: emotions surrounding weight gain; long-term behavioural impacts; guidance and justifications; comparison to other boxers; and weight management methods. These accounts highlighted the long-term impact engaging in such weight loss methods had on female boxers both physically and psychologically. Conclusion Typically, boxers engaged in strict and extreme weight-loss behaviours due to negative emotions surrounding weight gain. Significantly these behaviours and emotions have a long-term impact and continue after retirement from boxing.

Openventio Publishers, 2022

Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (C... more Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used animal model of MS. Oxygen therapy, such as hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) or normobaric oxygen (NBO), has been advanced as a potential treatment option to allay the motor and sensory deficits associated with MS. However, it is unclear whether any therapeutic benefits derived from treatment are a result of pressurized oxygen or simply pure oxygen administration. This study aimed to explore whether pressurized oxygen (HBO) or sea-level oxygen (NBO) would attenuate the motor and sensory deficits associated with EAE. Methods Forty-two male Harlan Lewis rats were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: MBP/HBO, MBP/NBO, MBP/no treatment, or a vehicle group. Injections of MBP or vehicle were administered on day 1, and animals were allowed one-week to recover. Following recovery, animals were administered HBO at 2.0 atmospheres absolute (ATA) or sea-level oxygen for 60-minutes daily. Mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MPWT) testing was conducted on the first day and every alternate day after the start of treatment to assess the development of tactile allodynia. Motor impairment tests were performed twice daily (immediately prior to and after oxygen treatment) to assess for the presence of motor deficits or paralysis. Results On days 14 through 18, animals injected with MBP had a greater level of motor impairment compared to the vehicle control group. Interestingly, results also indicated that NBO was as effective as HBO in attenuating EAE symptoms. Conclusion In conclusion, these results underscore the need for further research to determine the ideal parameters of oxygen treatment, particularly whether pressurization is necessary to attenuate symptoms of EAE.

Openventio Publishers, 2022

The purpose of this investigation was to extend research examining physical and social influences... more The purpose of this investigation was to extend research examining physical and social influences in the exercise/self-esteem relationship by investigating the moderating role of physical activity motives. Research reveals multiple motives for exercise participation beyond physical health enhancement. It is thought that these motives may play an important role in the relationship between exercise and self-esteem. Previous research has established the contribution of the physical self-system in the relationship. Furthermore, research examining the contribution social self-system has shown promise, yet the mechanisms operating in the relationship are less clear. It was hypothesized that motivation for physical activity participation may be such a mechanism. Results A population of 147 undergraduates completed assessments of physical activity participation, motives for physical activity, and physical, social and global self-perceptions. As expected, physical activity participation influenced self-esteem through both physical and social systems. Additionally, socially motivated exercisers exhibited greater self-esteem enhancement through the social as opposed to the physical self-system. Conclusion The hypothesis that physical activity motives would play an important role in determining the pathway through which physical activity participation influences self-esteem was partially supported. Results showed that those who reported social motives for physical activity showed greater enhancement in self-esteem through the social self-system, while physical motives did not serve a moderating role. The findings from the present investigation are important not only from the perspective of self-esteem theory but also with regard to the numerous practical implications of the results. The findings confirm that the relationship between exercise participation and self-esteem is more complex than previously thought in that physical activity participation influences self-esteem through multiple pathways. What remains to be investigated is how to best flesh out which pathway is more meaningful to the exerciser and then how to best serve the interests of the exerciser with the ultimate goal of enhancing self-esteem.

Openventio Publishers, 2022

Materials and Methods Data were gathered from a total of n=206 professional football participants... more Materials and Methods Data were gathered from a total of n=206 professional football participants (x±s; age=24.1±5.4-years, body mass=78.8±8.4 kg, stature=180.1±7.0 cm, Db 1.075±0.01 g.ml-1). Bland and Altman limits of agreement (LoA) approaches were used to determine bias and random variation derived from the calibration models. Results Bias and random errors for the published calibration models ranged from-0.005 to +0.015 g.ml-1 and 1.012 to 1.090 g.ml-1 respectively. A priori criterion (±3.8% p=<0.05 (g.ml-1)) was set as acceptable limits for the LoA method of which 13 calibration models found that (on average) estimated Db derived from HW was greater than Db derived from the models. Discussion A rank order of LoA identified the best model to use, however, LoA were not narrow enough for measurements to be of practical use and in most instances, selected models are not appropriate for estimating Db in male professional footballers.

Openventio Publishers, 2021

Background The hindlimb suspended (HLS) rat model has been used in land-based research to evaluat... more Background The hindlimb suspended (HLS) rat model has been used in land-based research to evaluate effects of simulated microgravity. Previous research demonstrated that 2-4 weeks of HLS reduced vasoconstrictive responses of aortic, mesenteric, and femoral arterial rings to phenylephrine (PHE) while acute exposure to hyperoxia amplified constrictive responses to PHE. The purpose of this study was to determine if hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBO) during HLS would reverse the attenuation of the vasoconstrictive response. Methods Five-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into aging controls (AC), AC-HBO, HLS, and HLS-HBO. Groups receiving HBO (AC-HBO; HLS-HBO) were placed in a cage that was fitted for the animal hyperbaric chamber to maintain HLS. HBO groups received 24 treatments, once a day, 6 d/week using a wound care protocol. The chamber was flushed with 100% oxygen, compressed over 10 min to 2.5 atmospheres absolute (ATA) (22.5 psig), a 90-minute treatment, then a 10 min decompression. After 28 d of HLS, animals were sacrificed under isoflurane anesthesia and thoracic aorta segments isolated. Relaxation of aortic rings was measured in response to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) after pre-constriction with PHE (3×10-7). Constriction of aortic rings was also determined in response to increasing concentrations of PHE. All drugs were administered cumulatively in vessel baths at 10-10-10-4 M. Data were analyzed using four-parameter (i.e., minimum, maximum, EC 50 , slope) nonlinear regression, and groups compared using 2×2 ANOVA with HBO and HLS as main effects. Results Responses to ACh and SNP were not affected by HLS or HBO. However, in response to PHE, there was a decrease in maximum vasoconstriction in HLS compared to controls (44.7±7.3% vs 82.4±6.0%, respectively, p≤0.05) and in HBO compared to controls (48.5±6.5% vs 78.6±6.8%, p≤0.05). Conclusion These results indicate that PHE-induced constriction of thoracic aorta is decreased after HLS. HBO did not reverse HLS-induced reductions in contractile responses; instead, HBO independently reduced PHE-stimulated constriction of aortic segments. This suggests that HBO may be useful in conditions where constriction is enhanced, such as diabetes.

Openventio Publishers, 2021

The purpose of this study was to 1) compare the body composition values of an active group of bre... more The purpose of this study was to 1) compare the body composition values of an active group of breast cancer survivors (BCS) determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and anthropometry, and 2) compare the bone mineral density of the upper thoracic region to assess the effect of tumor burden on bone health. Design and Methods Forty (n=40) breast cancer survivors from a local competitive Dragon Boat Team were measured as part of team assessments. ANOVA with Dunn's post-hoc testing was used to compare results of DXA, body density, and body composition estimated from anthropometry. Bland-Altman testing and correlational analysis were calculated. Results Percentage of fat measure by DXA was significantly higher than values used to estimate body fat from skinfold measures or from body density equations (DXA 41.1±6.0% vs. 3-site skinfolds 28.8±4.9%, 4-site skinfolds, 22.1±4.1%, skinfold and body density, 31.8±9.4%, respectively, p<0.05). Post-hoc testing revealed that all values were significantly different and the strongest correlation with DXA was skinfolds at three sites was r=0.81. Regional (upper thoracic) bone mineral density was not significantly different based on tumor side diagnosis (breast cancer diagnosis side versus healthy, 0.971±0.198 vs. 0.988±0.190 gm*cc-1). Anthropometry and bilateral bone mineral density characteristics are presented to serve as a comparative sample of BCS for future studies. Conclusion As body composition is an important factor in long-term cancer survivorship, we found the use of skinfold measures inadequate to accurately determine percentage of fat in this group of active female BCS. As a result, recommendations aimed at achieving an ideal body composition based solely on anthropometry would have grossly underestimated fat mass, which may lead to overall clinically poorer outcomes.

Openventio Publishers, 2020

The 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines recommend that the more than 53 million people living with ... more The 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines recommend that the more than 53 million people living with a physical disability in the United States to participate in regular physical activities consisting of both aerobic and anaerobic components, if possible. Also, if individuals with physical disabilities are unable to meet the recommended physical activity guidelines, they are encouraged to do as much as their physical disability permits. Despite the recommended guidelines, several individuals with physical disabilities do not participate in regular physical activities. Prior research suggests that several societal and structural barriers in sport and exercise environments often negatively affect individuals with physical disabilities. Thus, it is essential for family members, healthcare practitioners, rehabilitation/recreational teams, and community leaders to encourage individuals with physical disabilities to conquer barriers that restrict participation.

Openventio Publishers, 2020

Hierarchical regression analyses indicate that specific AIQ factors accounted for a statistically... more Hierarchical regression analyses indicate that specific AIQ factors accounted for a statistically significant increase in the explanation of variance beyond the current level of evaluation for several performance metrics (e.g., career approximate value; sacks, tackles, rushing yards). Further, specific factors of the AIQ are related to position specific statistics, offering the possibility that performance prediction can be focused in for the specific skills required by a given position. Discussion Given the recent impact of analytics in professional sports, and the significant findings noted in the current investigation, the authors discuss the potential importance of the AIQ in the selection and coaching processes.

Openventio Publishers, 2020

Introduction Sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor for life-altering comorbidities. Though the Wo... more Introduction
Sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor for life-altering comorbidities. Though the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) have provided guidelines, 80% of Americans do not get the recommended physical activity (PA) dose per day. Motivation continues to be an important and elusive factor to effect change.
Purpose
Assess the available evidence regarding the application of the transtheoretical model and stages of change theory (TTM-SOC) in the last 10-years to behavior changes for PA.
Methods
Databases including PSYCInfo, ERIC, CINAHL, EBM, DARE, and OVID, were searched with the following key search terms: “Lifestyle Changes” OR “Lifestyle” OR “Active Living” OR “Lifestyle Changes” OR “Physical Activity” OR “Actigraphy” OR “Exercise” OR “Activity Level” AND “Transtheoretical Model” OR “Stages of Change”. Seventy-nine studies fit the inclusion criteria and were assessed for quality and validity using the PEDrO scale for experimental studies and the specialist unit for review evidence (SURE) for cohort investigations.
Results
Of the five (5) interventional studies included, none used all four components of the TTM-SOC, namely, stages of change, decisional balance, processes of change and self-efficacy. Observational studies were assessed with eleven (11) classified as observational analytical and nineteen (19) as observational descriptive.
Conclusion
None of the investigations assessed the full TTM-SOC. As such, there can be no definitive conclusions with regard to the effectiveness of stage-matched interventions to promote a change from sedentary lifestyle to adoption of PA. There is a need for more rigorous research to test the application of TTM-SOC with both physiologic and quantitative measures for PA.

Openventio Publishers, 2020

The objective of the present study was to examine the influence of social self-concept and physic... more The objective of the present study was to examine the influence of social self-concept and physical self-worth on global selfesteem in college athletes compared to their non-competing peers. It was hypothesized that the unique contribution of each variable on self-esteem would be markedly different between the groups. Methods In a population of 146 undergraduate students, regression analyses revealed significant relationships between the domain-specific self-perceptions and global self-esteem in both groups. It was determined, however, that athletes and non-athletes differed in the distribution of variance explained by the variables. Specifically, the variance in self-esteem in athletes was attributed exclusively to physical self-worth while non-athletes revealed unique contributions from both social self-concept as well as physical self-worth. Results and Conclusion The results of the present study may be meaningful from the perspective of athletic identity and retirement from sport. Further investigation is warranted, both qualitatively and quantitatively, that may assist in developing strategies to ease the transition from participating athlete to non-competitive participation. An additional area of interest may be in examining the relationship between the domain-specific self-perceptions and psychological risk for, and impact of, athletic injury.

Openventio Publishers, 2020

Background Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia whic... more Background
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia which is due to reduced insulin secretion and/ or action. It has 6 sub-classes but type 2 is the most common. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is rising at a very high rate in the sub-Saharan Africa region. Prevention is however better than cure and there are multiple pieces of evidence of the highest level that type 2 diabetes is preventable. Prevention of type 2 diabetes is looked at from the perspectives of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary prevention.
Methods
Measures that have been documented in the literature that can be adopted in the prevention of diabetes include lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy and surgical interventions. Lifestyle modification is the most commonly reported measure and physical activity is a central focus in lifestyle modification. Physical activity refers to all body movements that lead to expenditure of energy above the resting level. Exercise is a structured and monitored subset of physical activity. Physical activity has been documented to help in the primordial prevention of type 2 diabetes for children born to a woman with gestational diabetes. It helps in modifying risk factors for diabetes such as obesity, dyslipidaemia and high blood pressure.
Conclusion
It is also valuable for secondary prevention of diabetes by modifying risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, excess calorie intake and lipids. Physical activity plays a central role in the management of a patient diagnosed with diabetes at the level of secondary prevention. Effective rehabilitation of patients with type 2 diabetes who have suffered macrovascular complications would constitute a tertiary level of prevention. Since physical activity is an effective, affordable and available form of preventing type 2 diabetes sub-Saharan Africa where the population has limited resources can leverage on its cost-effectiveness. This will help to improve longevity and improve the quality of life of people and save scarce resources in the region

Openventio Publishers, 2020

The aim of this study was to assess challenges and current practices in implementation of coachin... more The aim of this study was to assess challenges and current practices in implementation of coaching manuals in selected Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia youth handball coaching program. Methods The study was employed a descriptive survey research method. Ten sample youth projects were selected, from twenty-four youth handball projects using stratified and purposive sampling technique. Thus, the samples of this study were 50 players, 10 coaches and 32 sport administrative officials. The data was collected through questionnaire and observation checklist and thus, analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods by describing statements and frequency counts and percentages. Results The findings of the study indicated that, lack of coordination work among the concerned stakeholders, due to financial scarcity; unavailability of adequate training materials and equipment, and the selection of trainees conducted just randomly without clearly stated criteria. Lack of suitable and standardized handball courts in the area and less emphasis given to maintain even the existing ones, the existed manual was not well designed and modified based on the trainee's age level since similar manual for both sex. Due to monitoring were limited to certain sport expertise, here were no concerned bodies in charge of finding immediate solutions to the problem that were faced by the coaches and trainees. Furthermore, due to lack of awareness of communities, trainee families did not support the training program. Conclusion This kind of implementations revealed that was exposed to failure to solve the confronted challenges. Therefore, attention must be paid to the availability of sport infrastructures and qualified human resources should be employed. In addition, special attention must be given to acquiring and developing resource material such as manuals and coaching kits, which may assist in improving knowledge and advancing the technical skills of sport experts and coaches.

Openventio Publishers, 2020

Background The prevalence of softball injuries in young pitchers is increasing with more injuries... more Background
The prevalence of softball injuries in young pitchers is increasing with more injuries in the upper extremity in the beginning of
the season.
Research Question
Calculate the forces generated during the pitching motion of female youth pitchers at four main areas: the stride, hips, shoulder,
and wrist for 2 groups. R1: u1≠u2.
Study Design
Pilot study, Cross-sectional design.
Level of Evidence
Level-2, Strength-B.
Methods
This study included a total of 15 female youth fastpitch softball pitchers (mean age, 14.33-years; mean weight, 59.01 kg) recruited
to participate during the Fall Softball League (2014). Divided into two groups: 270° hip rotation group vs. a projected 360° hip
rotation group.
Results
A paired sample t-test showed that the 2 groups (270° hip rotation and projected 360° hip rotation) were strongly and positively
correlated (r=0.993, p<0.001). There was a significant average difference between 270° hip rotation and the projected 360° hip
rotation forces (t14=12.996, p<0.001). On average, the projected 360° hip rotation forces were 580.68 N higher than 270° hip
rotation forces (95% CI [676.51, 484.84].
Conclusion
The Current Method (CM) of pitching clearly uses the shoulder as the driving force of the pitch, as pitchers created 467.96 N of
force at the shoulder. Pitchers who used 270° hip rotation produced an average of 147.33 N at the hip while these same individuals
can create an average of 589.30 N with full hip rotation.
Clinical Relevance
Pitchers using the CM of pitching generated an average of 468 N of force at the shoulder. Identifying interruptions in the kinetic
chain is the key to reducing injuries. This is accomplished by creating the ideal kinetic chain and teaching it through a certified
pitching coach program. Once identified, interruptions can be modified and changed through exercises to strengthen and improve
the kinetic chain.

Openventio Publishers, 2019

Aim The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between pre-season testing per... more Aim The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between pre-season testing performance and playing time within a Division II men’s soccer team over a competitive season. Methods Data was collected from pre-season athletic performance testing data for 13 male National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division II men’s soccer players (age=20±1.5-years; height=180±6 cm; weight=75±7 kg), and was analyzed to determine if relationships existed between physical performance tests (countermovement jump height, peak anaerobic power in watts derived from jump height], change-of-direction performance (505-agility, modified T-test), linear speed (10 m and 30 m sprint intervals), and aerobic fitness (20 m multi-stage fitness test), and playing time over a collegiate season were provided by the University’s coaching staff and retrospectively analyzed.
Results A Pearson’s moment correlations correlation revealed significant (p <0.05) moderate relationships between playing time and 10 m speed (r=-0.569) only.
Discussion These results suggest that linear speed, in particular acceleration over short distance, could be a key characteristic that has some influence on playing time for Division II men’s soccer players. Conclusion Pre-season testing of soccer players is commonly used to assess athletic potential. Minimal research has investigated the associations between these tests and playing time over the course of a collegiate season.

Openventio Publishers, 2019

Purpose At the most elite level, even an increase of 1% improvement can make the difference betwe... more Purpose At the most elite level, even an increase of 1% improvement can make the difference between winning and losing. Sports scientists can help athletes gain insights that can be the differentiating factor. The purpose of this protocol is to delineate the process from the identification of key performance indicators to the presentation of the findings for sports scientists. It is designed to provide chronological steps in efforts to mitigate barriers of collecting data and tracking players as well as to help gain athlete buy-in to sports science by helping them maximize their performance.
Study Design The competitive nature of professional sports leads to players, their agents, and teams to seek the expertise in sports performance areas such as those from athletic trainers, strength and conditioning coaches, physical therapists, nutritionists, and sports psychologists. However, much of the knowledge provided by these entities typically remain in silos. Thus, the whole picture of the athlete’s performance enhancement mechanism is not elucidated. This is where the significance of a sports scientist ensues, with the ability to integrate the data from each of the sports performance areas with the objective of obtaining a complete and comprehensive picture of the athlete.
Data Collection This area of collecting data and monitoring athletes is becoming mainstream. As such professional sports leagues have started to implement privacy rules and regulations on the protection of athlete biometric data. It is important to be aware of the rules related to wearable technology and athlete biometric data as well as how to go about the process of collecting data from professional athletes. That is why it is important that care be taken and a protocol be followed to ensure the integrity of data collection in the field of sports science.
Data Processing and Analyses Data mining is the extraction of data for the purpose of discovering meaningful patterns, normalization, and the choosing of statistical models that can help in making data driven decisions. The interpretation and presentation of the data can have a large impact on the decisions. As such, a protocol should be adhered to.
Conclusion The following protocol will serve as a guide on how to collect data efficiently and successfully.

Openventio Publishers, 2019

Purpose To investigate the additional beneficial effects of combined oat bran consumption and bri... more Purpose To investigate the additional beneficial effects of combined oat bran consumption and brisk walking exercise compared to oat bran consumption alone on bone metabolism markers in 40 to 50-years-old hypercholesterolemic women. Methods Thirty-three hypercholesterolemic women participants aged 40 to 50-years-old were recruited and were assigned into three groups, with eleven participants per group (n=11): sedentary without oat bran consumption control (C), oat bran consumption alone (Ob), and combined oat bran consumption and brisk walking exercise (ObEx) groups. Participants in the ObEx group performed brisk walking exercise sessions 30 minutes per session, 3 sessions per week for 6 weeks. Participants in the Ob group and ObEx group consumed 18 g of oat bran powder, 7 days per week for 6 weeks. Participants' anthropometry and blood bone metabolism markers were measured at pre-and post-tests. Results There were no significant main effects of time (p>0.05) in serum total calcium, serum phosphorus and serum C-terminal telopep-tide of type 1 collagen (1CTP) (bone resorption marker) concentrations in all the groups. However, significantly (p<0.05) increase in serum alkaline phosphatase (bone formation marker) concentration was observed in Ob group and ObEx group respectively. Conclusion The present observations did not show large difference in the beneficial effects of combined oat bran consumption and brisk walking compared to oat bran consumption alone on bone metabolism markers. Future studies with longer duration may be needed to elicit greater effects of combined oat bran consumption and brisk walking than oat bran consumption alone on bone metabolism markers in middle age hypercholesterolemic women.

Openventio Publishers, 2019

Background Adhesive capsulitis is a condition in which the shoulder becomes painful to move and m... more Background
Adhesive capsulitis is a condition in which the shoulder becomes painful to move and movement is often restricted. Trigger points
cause weakness and easy fatigue in muscles with 95% of patients, having trigger points in the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres
minor and subscapularis and other scapular muscles. Trigger points in the neck also produce radiating pain to other areas.
Objective
To investigate whether physical therapy techniques to inactivate myofascial trigger points can reduce symptoms and improve
shoulder and neck function in daily activities in the population of chronic periarthris shoulder patients.
Materials and Methods
All 10 eligible patients both male and female were informed about the study; consent was taken from the willingly participating
patients. Baseline assessments were done which included a range of motion of neck and shoulder, pain intensity and neck disability
index. Treatment starting with inactivation of the active myofascial trigger points by manual techniques employing compression
technique combined with an intermittent cold application by using ice-cubes followed by myofascial release, friction massage and
stretching the muscle daily for 2 weeks with follow-up on the 14th day was given. Data were collected and statistically analyzed using unpaired t-test and results were obtained.
Results
This study showed that the values on unpaired t-test were significant and relevant in statistical and data analysis on 5% level of
significance.
Conclusion
There was an increase in neck flexion and neck extension and a decrease in Neck Disability Index (NDI)s and pain on Visual
Analogue Scale (VAS). The myofascial trigger point release is effective in treating neck disability and increasing range of motion.

Openventio Publishers, 2019

Background Mechanical low back pain (MLBP) is a mechanically-derived, musculoskeletal back pain n... more Background
Mechanical low back pain (MLBP) is a mechanically-derived, musculoskeletal back pain not involving nerve root compression or
serious spinal diseases. Prevalence is higher in young and active adults with nearly 60% people. These people have suffered from
low back pain at some time during their lifespan. Low back pain also restricts mobility, interferes with normal functioning and
results in lifelong pain and permanent disability. Lack of spinal core stability is supposed to be one of the important predisposing
causes of recurrent low back pain.
Objective of the Study
To investigate the effect of core stability exercise on pain intensity in patients with mechanical low backache.
Methods and Materials
All 10 eligible young patients both male and female were included in the study. They were suffering from no radiating non-specific
low backache after sitting at desks for an extended period of time from last six weeks. They were informed about the study. Informed consent was taken from the willingly participating patients after explaining the procedure from subjects, by experiencing
non-specific low back pain since six weeks. Measures of pain intensity on visual analogue scale (VAS) was recorded. The study was
conducted in a busy physiotherapy centre in Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Data was collected on day 0 and day 21. It was statistically
analyzed by student’s unpaired t-test and results were obtained. Comparisons were made between day 0 and day 21 on included
subjects. Exercise like abdominal curl ups, progressive exercises in hook lying with cycling, quadruped positioning, prone lying
with progression to contralateral upper and lower extremity lifting and then head, trunk, arm and leg lifts for 30 second hold 5
repetitions at day 0 progressing to 10 and then 15 repetitions at day 21.
Results
The study showed that the values on unpaired t-test were significant and relevant in statistical and data analysis on 5% level of
significance.
Conclusion
Core stabilization helps to decrease pain intensity in mechanical non-specific low back pain. Core stabilization exercises should be
an integral component of treatment protocol for patients with low back pain.

Openventio Publishers, 2019

Given the prevalence of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in contact sports such as American Footbal... more Given the prevalence of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in contact sports such as American Football, the need for increased research in TBI has been dramatically increased over the last 20-years. TBI has two main mechanisms that cause neuronal cell death
following an incident: direct axonal death and neuronal inflammation, with the latter being the most common because it persists
more than a decade and chronically affects neighboring neurons. Therefore, proper management that reduces inflammation
post-TBI should be stressed in order to facilitate propitious recovery. While sideline concussion protocols have been implemented in sports fields, it is important immediately to initiate recovery protocols in order to minimize the degree of progressive neuronal death caused by TBI. While difficult to individualize symptoms for each occurrence, it is essential to incorporate a pretest
of cognition, memory, and balance as a means of determining the severity of TBI. Although the sports concussion assessment
tool 2 has been used by collegiate and professional teams, this tool is just based on observation and comparison. Thus, more
precise and advanced diagnosis using biological methods are needed to accurately assess individual symptoms, which should
save lives. One example is to use serum creatine kinase (CK) levels because CK released from damaged brain tissues enters the
bloodstream and thus TBI can be quickly assessed and identified. While the immediate diagnosis of TBI is one part of management, efficacious treatments of post-TBI is also critical. Regarding this, exercise and nutritional supplementation have been
reported to be effective. While specific pathways of neuroprotective mechanisms remain to be elucidated, endurance exercise
along with supplementation of fish oil, caffeine, and vitamin D seems to elicit neuroprotective effects. This review provides
potential mechanisms responsible for exercise and nutritional supplementation-mediated neuroprotection against TBI. Since
human subjects are limited to mechanistic studies requiring invasive surgical procedures, research involving animals (e.g., mouse
and rat) are also introduced in this review.