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Papers by S.Ghasem Zamani
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Sep 30, 2012
Faṣlnāmah-i Pizhūhish-i Huqūq-i ̒Umūmī, 2012
One of the aspects of international law for peaceful settlement of legal disputes is the consent ... more One of the aspects of international law for peaceful settlement of legal disputes is the consent of parties to the jurisdiction of international court of justice (ICJ). In this regard, the way this consent will be presented, is not important. By taking into account of this rule and jurisprudence of ICJ and short comings of statute of the court, there must be some other jurisdictions which are beyond those ones anticipated in the statute of the international court of justice (ICJ). For these reasons,there is another kind of jurisdiction which is called "Forum Prorogatum",in rules of the court. According to this kind of jurisdiction, the respondent can informimpliedly or expressly the court about its consent.Even after,filing an application by defendant in the registry of the court. It can be done impliedly by taking an action or participation in hearing without any objections or explicitly by sending a letter in this regard to the court. This kind of jurisdiction at first a...
Faṣlnāmah-i Pizhūhish-i Huqūq-i ̒Umūmī, 2012
One of the aspects of international law for peaceful settlement of legal disputes is the consent ... more One of the aspects of international law for peaceful settlement of legal disputes is the consent of parties to the jurisdiction of international court of justice (ICJ). In this regard, the way this consent will be presented, is not important. By taking into account of this rule and jurisprudence of ICJ and short comings of statute of the court, there must be some other jurisdictions which are beyond those ones anticipated in the statute of the international court of justice (ICJ). For these reasons,there is another kind of jurisdiction which is called "Forum Prorogatum",in rules of the court. According to this kind of jurisdiction, the respondent can informimpliedly or expressly the court about its consent.Even after,filing an application by defendant in the registry of the court. It can be done impliedly by taking an action or participation in hearing without any objections or explicitly by sending a letter in this regard to the court. This kind of jurisdiction at first a...
Journal of Legal Research, Sep 22, 2008
Journal of Legal Research, Sep 23, 2003
Faṣlnāmah-i Pizhūhish-i Huqūq-i ̒Umūmī, Apr 1, 2018
Comparative Law Researches, Nov 10, 2018
Journal of Legal Research, Sep 23, 2005
Journal of Legal Research, Mar 20, 2008
Journal of Legal Research, Mar 20, 2004
ºBµºo¼£nj°¤B'{An°CjB½²nA±ªµ¬B®L §¨B¯,³¯B¼«n°Bi•š †®«ºBµn±zŸ¬B¼«nj ¤kL«»¯B´]°ºA³š †®«RB´]±U¬±¯BŸ³M... more ºBµºo¼£nj°¤B'{An°CjB½²nA±ªµ¬B®L §¨B¯,³¯B¼«n°Bi•š †®«ºBµn±zŸ¬B¼«nj ¤kL«»¯B´]°ºA³š †®«RB´]±U¬±¯BŸ³MAnn±zŸ¬CJ±®]²s½°³M³Ÿ²j±M»®¼¯±i ºBµ°o¼Ç¯,1970•Çµjnj¬B®ÇL §³ÇM»®¼ †v¦Ç-¬B£nA°Cj°n°K›BíT«/SwA³TiBw BµkíM/k¯k{¬B®L §jnA°1978¤Bwnj»¦¼ÄAowAºBµ°o¼¯°,1976¤Bwnjºn±w ³®dae³M¬B®L §±d¯-½kM°,k®T{Aj¥¼v£¬B®L §³M»«BŠ¯º°o¼¯q¼¯o¢½jºBµn±zŸ@ ™L ‡oM³ŸkdT«¥¦«¬B«pBwS¼®«AºAn±{/k{¤kL«o¢¯Ao½°»«BŠ¯ºBµºo¼£nj ²jB«)²k½jo£nAj²k´îAn»¯B´]S¼®«A°c¦ae²jBîA°‰-e»¦aeAS¼ §°AEv«n±z®« ºA²joTv£RAnB¼TiApA(n±z®«51» §A39jA±«)©T-µ¥~-K §B›nj°(n±z®«24 ³Ç¯AnBÇŸp°B\ÇURBÇ«Ak›A°c¦ae蚯°k½k´UBM³¦MBš«°,pAoeA,ºo¼¢z¼QS´] jn±«j±iºBµ³«B®í †›nm¢µnpAAn¬B®L §njj±]±«S¼íƒ°BµnBM,³Tz£nAjn±ioM ¬B®L §jn±«nj³«B®í †›76,¬±®Ÿ@ BU1978¤BwpAS¼®«AºAn±{/SwA²jAjnAo›³]±Ü°j g½nBUnj³ŸS¼®«AºAn±{1559²nBª{³«B®í †›-½Aj±]°BMSwA²joŸnjBae »®¼z¯KšîSwA±inj-ªƒk¼wnK½±~U³M(1383n±½o´{12)2004oL«BTPw »«BŠ¯ºBµ²°o£¨BªUbÀwé¦i°¤ÀdªƒA,¬B®L §pA»]nBi»«BŠ¯ºBµ°o¼¯³¼¦Ÿ@ ºn±´ª]SwB½n³¯B-~®«°jApCRBMBhT¯AºnAq£oMpAS½Bªe°,»¯B®L §o¼"°»¯B®L §°¥ «FU¥MB›»›±šeˆBd §³M¥ÄBv«-½A³ŸSwA²k{nBTwA±iq¼¯Ann±zŸ-½Anj http://jlr.sdil.ac.ir/article_44730.html
Journal of Legal Research, May 22, 2017
Journal of Legal Research, Mar 21, 2002
¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še™¼šdU°xp±«Cu¯Ao-®Ÿ-¼ §°ApA»{nAq£@ B¼wCnj »¯B«p©wB›k Ø ¼woTŸj 30ºBµp°nnjB¼wCnj¥¦ª §A-... more ¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še™¼šdU°xp±«Cu¯Ao-®Ÿ-¼ §°ApA»{nAq£@ B¼wCnj »¯B«p©wB›k Ø ¼woTŸj 30ºBµp°nnjB¼wCnj¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še™¼šdU°xp±«Cu¯A o-®Ÿ-¼ §°A :²k¼ña ¥¦Çª §A-¼ÇM˜±šÇe-ª\ǯA>SªÇµ³ÇM(1380jAjo«9°8)2001º¿°r31°n j/k½jo£nAq£oMn±QB¢®wnj<B¼wCnj¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še³íw±UjB¼®M>°<n±QB¢®w [®ÇQnjk®TÇ{Ajn±‚Çe»½B¼ÇwC¬BššdÇ«°¬AjBTwApAo-¯61³Ÿu¯A o-®Ÿ-½A :S-o£nAo›oŠ¯¤jBLU°WdMjn±«o½p-½°B®îºnBŸtÀ]A B¼ÇwCnj¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še™¼šdU°xp±«CoMoYAE«»¦¦ª §A-¼MºB´z½Ao£/1 ³ †MA n/3ºoŠ¯ºBµºo¼¢T´]°B¼wC²B¢½B]:ºnAj³½B«ow³L¦"°¬k{»¯B´]/2 ±šenj¬k{»¯B´]k¯°n/4¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še™¼šdU°xp±«C°ºr± §±®ñU¬B¼« kÇeA°³«B¯oÇM/5»¦¦Çª §A-¼ÇM»¯kÇ«³í«BÇ]ºo¼£¥ñ{k®½Co-°¬nk«¥¦ª §A-¼M /k½k]ºB¼wCºAoM¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še»{p±«C ¬B½BÇQ²k®Ç½CºAoÇM»Çeo ‡³ÄA nA°tÀ]AoLh«xnAq£³ÄA nABMu¯A o-®Ÿ-½A /S-B½ /n±QB¢®w,u¯A o-®Ÿ,B¼wC,¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še,™¼šdU,xp±«C :ºk¼¦Ÿ¬B£rA°/ SwA-µoLÇ«°cǃA°¬B¢ªÇµoÇM¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še™¼šdU°xp±«C³M³]±US Ø ¼ªµA°³ TiBwnAk½BQB¯°SvwAnB´T¦«ºpBwAk]njBµpo«yš¯,¥¦ª §A-¼M…MA°nxoTv£@ ©Š®«…MA°n°©µB-UjB\½A³Ÿ²k{»¯B´]ºA²kñµjnAm£@ ³½BQ»¦¦ª §A-¼M¨BŠ¯R¿±dU ²p°o«A/SwA³T-o£¨B¯<¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še>³Ÿ²j±M»ŸoTz«¬BMp³M©Ø ¦ñU-ª‚T«¬Cnj » †MA°nºnAo›oMnBŠT¯A,¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še™¼šdU°xp±«CpAïnB-k¯A±U»ª¯»T¦«_¼µ /k{BM³T{Aj»¦¦ª §A-¼M³í«B]njKwB®«»µB¢½B]B½°,B´T¦«o½BwBMRBLYBM°oªTv« RBš¼šdU¨B\¯A°¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±šexp±«CoYAE«°KwB®«ºB´{°n°¬±®-ºo¼£@ Ao-nAoÇ›tBÇve°|BÇi»½B¼Ç-Ao'Ç]³š †®Ç«nj³ÇŸ»½Bµn±zŸ³M²s½°³M,²p±e¬Cnj o¢½joM³¼ñUBM°,»¦í-»¦¦ª §A-¼M…MA°n© ‡ÀUnj³Ÿkµj»«An¬B®¼ª ‡A-½Ak¯A³T-o£@ 207 http://jlr.sdil.ac.ir/article_44972.html »›±šeºB´zµ°sQ 208 pASwAoe°ºA³š †®«°»¦«é-B®«-¼ª‚UºAoMyhMk¼«A»½BñUA³ †š¯,j±iRBŸ@ AoT{A /k®MB½»«²joŸ-¼¼íU¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še³Ÿ»½B´M±anBanj¬C ºB´¯kªUW¼epA³a°,»½B¼-Ao']Síw°°S¼íª]¬Aq¼«ˆBd §³M³aB¼wC²nB› k¯°npAk½BL¯jnAj»¦¦ª §A-¼M…MA°nnj³Ÿ»T¼ªµA°,(-¼aǬAo½A)¬Cnjj±]±«-´Ÿ@ ³M/k¯BªM¥-B"j±i»UBš¼šdUqŸ@ Ao«°B´µB¢z¯Ajnj¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še™¼šdU°xp±«C°3 0ºBµp°nnj<B¼wCnj¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še™¼šdU°xp±«Cu¯Ao-®Ÿ-¼ §°A>o ‡Bi-¼ªµ n±QB¢®Çw¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še-ª\¯AS Ø ªµ³M(1380²B«jAjo«9°8)2001º¿°r31 SocietyofInternationalLawSingapore.
Journal of Legal Research, Aug 23, 2019
Journal of Legal Research, Mar 21, 2002
Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, Mar 21, 2015
Journal of Legal Research, Mar 21, 2005
Bµ¬B«pBw»ioM³ñ®½A±£ 1 /k¯A²k{¨qT¦«¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±šeºBµjnAk¯BTwA ³MBµ¬B«pBw pApBMk{BM²joTv£³Ÿ©µk®aoµB´... more Bµ¬B«pBw»ioM³ñ®½A±£ 1 /k¯A²k{¨qT¦«¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±šeºBµjnAk¯BTwA ³MBµ¬B«pBw pApBMk{BM²joTv£³Ÿ©µk®aoµB´¯CRAnB¼TiAB«Ak®TvµBµ¬B«pBwo¢½jpAoUk®ªUnk› ,°n-½ApA/k¯A²jAjS½Bƒn¬AkM±‚îºBµS §°j³Ÿj±{»«»{B¯¬B«pBwu¼wFUk®w-½jB¼®Mk´íU-½Ak]A°¬B«pBw,u¼wFUk®wBM¬B«pBwjoñ¦ªî˜BL †¯A¨°q §¥aeA™L ‡
Journal of Legal Research, Mar 21, 2006
Journal of Legal Research, Oct 23, 2018
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Sep 30, 2012
Faṣlnāmah-i Pizhūhish-i Huqūq-i ̒Umūmī, 2012
One of the aspects of international law for peaceful settlement of legal disputes is the consent ... more One of the aspects of international law for peaceful settlement of legal disputes is the consent of parties to the jurisdiction of international court of justice (ICJ). In this regard, the way this consent will be presented, is not important. By taking into account of this rule and jurisprudence of ICJ and short comings of statute of the court, there must be some other jurisdictions which are beyond those ones anticipated in the statute of the international court of justice (ICJ). For these reasons,there is another kind of jurisdiction which is called "Forum Prorogatum",in rules of the court. According to this kind of jurisdiction, the respondent can informimpliedly or expressly the court about its consent.Even after,filing an application by defendant in the registry of the court. It can be done impliedly by taking an action or participation in hearing without any objections or explicitly by sending a letter in this regard to the court. This kind of jurisdiction at first a...
Faṣlnāmah-i Pizhūhish-i Huqūq-i ̒Umūmī, 2012
One of the aspects of international law for peaceful settlement of legal disputes is the consent ... more One of the aspects of international law for peaceful settlement of legal disputes is the consent of parties to the jurisdiction of international court of justice (ICJ). In this regard, the way this consent will be presented, is not important. By taking into account of this rule and jurisprudence of ICJ and short comings of statute of the court, there must be some other jurisdictions which are beyond those ones anticipated in the statute of the international court of justice (ICJ). For these reasons,there is another kind of jurisdiction which is called "Forum Prorogatum",in rules of the court. According to this kind of jurisdiction, the respondent can informimpliedly or expressly the court about its consent.Even after,filing an application by defendant in the registry of the court. It can be done impliedly by taking an action or participation in hearing without any objections or explicitly by sending a letter in this regard to the court. This kind of jurisdiction at first a...
Journal of Legal Research, Sep 22, 2008
Journal of Legal Research, Sep 23, 2003
Faṣlnāmah-i Pizhūhish-i Huqūq-i ̒Umūmī, Apr 1, 2018
Comparative Law Researches, Nov 10, 2018
Journal of Legal Research, Sep 23, 2005
Journal of Legal Research, Mar 20, 2008
Journal of Legal Research, Mar 20, 2004
ºBµºo¼£nj°¤B'{An°CjB½²nA±ªµ¬B®L §¨B¯,³¯B¼«n°Bi•š †®«ºBµn±zŸ¬B¼«nj ¤kL«»¯B´]°ºA³š †®«RB´]±U¬±¯BŸ³M... more ºBµºo¼£nj°¤B'{An°CjB½²nA±ªµ¬B®L §¨B¯,³¯B¼«n°Bi•š †®«ºBµn±zŸ¬B¼«nj ¤kL«»¯B´]°ºA³š †®«RB´]±U¬±¯BŸ³MAnn±zŸ¬CJ±®]²s½°³M³Ÿ²j±M»®¼¯±i ºBµ°o¼Ç¯,1970•Çµjnj¬B®ÇL §³ÇM»®¼ †v¦Ç-¬B£nA°Cj°n°K›BíT«/SwA³TiBw BµkíM/k¯k{¬B®L §jnA°1978¤Bwnj»¦¼ÄAowAºBµ°o¼¯°,1976¤Bwnjºn±w ³®dae³M¬B®L §±d¯-½kM°,k®T{Aj¥¼v£¬B®L §³M»«BŠ¯º°o¼¯q¼¯o¢½jºBµn±zŸ@ ™L ‡oM³ŸkdT«¥¦«¬B«pBwS¼®«AºAn±{/k{¤kL«o¢¯Ao½°»«BŠ¯ºBµºo¼£nj ²jB«)²k½jo£nAj²k´îAn»¯B´]S¼®«A°c¦ae²jBîA°‰-e»¦aeAS¼ §°AEv«n±z®« ºA²joTv£RAnB¼TiApA(n±z®«51» §A39jA±«)©T-µ¥~-K §B›nj°(n±z®«24 ³Ç¯AnBÇŸp°B\ÇURBÇ«Ak›A°c¦ae蚯°k½k´UBM³¦MBš«°,pAoeA,ºo¼¢z¼QS´] jn±«j±iºBµ³«B®í †›nm¢µnpAAn¬B®L §njj±]±«S¼íƒ°BµnBM,³Tz£nAjn±ioM ¬B®L §jn±«nj³«B®í †›76,¬±®Ÿ@ BU1978¤BwpAS¼®«AºAn±{/SwA²jAjnAo›³]±Ü°j g½nBUnj³ŸS¼®«AºAn±{1559²nBª{³«B®í †›-½Aj±]°BMSwA²joŸnjBae »®¼z¯KšîSwA±inj-ªƒk¼wnK½±~U³M(1383n±½o´{12)2004oL«BTPw »«BŠ¯ºBµ²°o£¨BªUbÀwé¦i°¤ÀdªƒA,¬B®L §pA»]nBi»«BŠ¯ºBµ°o¼¯³¼¦Ÿ@ ºn±´ª]SwB½n³¯B-~®«°jApCRBMBhT¯AºnAq£oMpAS½Bªe°,»¯B®L §o¼"°»¯B®L §°¥ «FU¥MB›»›±šeˆBd §³M¥ÄBv«-½A³ŸSwA²k{nBTwA±iq¼¯Ann±zŸ-½Anj http://jlr.sdil.ac.ir/article_44730.html
Journal of Legal Research, May 22, 2017
Journal of Legal Research, Mar 21, 2002
¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še™¼šdU°xp±«Cu¯Ao-®Ÿ-¼ §°ApA»{nAq£@ B¼wCnj »¯B«p©wB›k Ø ¼woTŸj 30ºBµp°nnjB¼wCnj¥¦ª §A-... more ¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še™¼šdU°xp±«Cu¯Ao-®Ÿ-¼ §°ApA»{nAq£@ B¼wCnj »¯B«p©wB›k Ø ¼woTŸj 30ºBµp°nnjB¼wCnj¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še™¼šdU°xp±«Cu¯A o-®Ÿ-¼ §°A :²k¼ña ¥¦Çª §A-¼ÇM˜±šÇe-ª\ǯA>SªÇµ³ÇM(1380jAjo«9°8)2001º¿°r31°n j/k½jo£nAq£oMn±QB¢®wnj<B¼wCnj¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še³íw±UjB¼®M>°<n±QB¢®w [®ÇQnjk®TÇ{Ajn±‚Çe»½B¼ÇwC¬BššdÇ«°¬AjBTwApAo-¯61³Ÿu¯A o-®Ÿ-½A :S-o£nAo›oŠ¯¤jBLU°WdMjn±«o½p-½°B®îºnBŸtÀ]A B¼ÇwCnj¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še™¼šdU°xp±«CoMoYAE«»¦¦ª §A-¼MºB´z½Ao£/1 ³ †MA n/3ºoŠ¯ºBµºo¼¢T´]°B¼wC²B¢½B]:ºnAj³½B«ow³L¦"°¬k{»¯B´]/2 ±šenj¬k{»¯B´]k¯°n/4¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še™¼šdU°xp±«C°ºr± §±®ñU¬B¼« kÇeA°³«B¯oÇM/5»¦¦Çª §A-¼ÇM»¯kÇ«³í«BÇ]ºo¼£¥ñ{k®½Co-°¬nk«¥¦ª §A-¼M /k½k]ºB¼wCºAoM¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še»{p±«C ¬B½BÇQ²k®Ç½CºAoÇM»Çeo ‡³ÄA nA°tÀ]AoLh«xnAq£³ÄA nABMu¯A o-®Ÿ-½A /S-B½ /n±QB¢®w,u¯A o-®Ÿ,B¼wC,¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še,™¼šdU,xp±«C :ºk¼¦Ÿ¬B£rA°/ SwA-µoLÇ«°cǃA°¬B¢ªÇµoÇM¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še™¼šdU°xp±«C³M³]±US Ø ¼ªµA°³ TiBwnAk½BQB¯°SvwAnB´T¦«ºpBwAk]njBµpo«yš¯,¥¦ª §A-¼M…MA°nxoTv£@ ©Š®«…MA°n°©µB-UjB\½A³Ÿ²k{»¯B´]ºA²kñµjnAm£@ ³½BQ»¦¦ª §A-¼M¨BŠ¯R¿±dU ²p°o«A/SwA³T-o£¨B¯<¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še>³Ÿ²j±M»ŸoTz«¬BMp³M©Ø ¦ñU-ª‚T«¬Cnj » †MA°nºnAo›oMnBŠT¯A,¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še™¼šdU°xp±«CpAïnB-k¯A±U»ª¯»T¦«_¼µ /k{BM³T{Aj»¦¦ª §A-¼M³í«B]njKwB®«»µB¢½B]B½°,B´T¦«o½BwBMRBLYBM°oªTv« RBš¼šdU¨B\¯A°¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±šexp±«CoYAE«°KwB®«ºB´{°n°¬±®-ºo¼£@ Ao-nAoÇ›tBÇve°|BÇi»½B¼Ç-Ao'Ç]³š †®Ç«nj³ÇŸ»½Bµn±zŸ³M²s½°³M,²p±e¬Cnj o¢½joM³¼ñUBM°,»¦í-»¦¦ª §A-¼M…MA°n© ‡ÀUnj³Ÿkµj»«An¬B®¼ª ‡A-½Ak¯A³T-o£@ 207 http://jlr.sdil.ac.ir/article_44972.html »›±šeºB´zµ°sQ 208 pASwAoe°ºA³š †®«°»¦«é-B®«-¼ª‚UºAoMyhMk¼«A»½BñUA³ †š¯,j±iRBŸ@ AoT{A /k®MB½»«²joŸ-¼¼íU¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še³Ÿ»½B´M±anBanj¬C ºB´¯kªUW¼epA³a°,»½B¼-Ao']Síw°°S¼íª]¬Aq¼«ˆBd §³M³aB¼wC²nB› k¯°npAk½BL¯jnAj»¦¦ª §A-¼M…MA°nnj³Ÿ»T¼ªµA°,(-¼aǬAo½A)¬Cnjj±]±«-´Ÿ@ ³M/k¯BªM¥-B"j±i»UBš¼šdUqŸ@ Ao«°B´µB¢z¯Ajnj¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še™¼šdU°xp±«C°3 0ºBµp°nnj<B¼wCnj¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še™¼šdU°xp±«Cu¯Ao-®Ÿ-¼ §°A>o ‡Bi-¼ªµ n±QB¢®Çw¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±še-ª\¯AS Ø ªµ³M(1380²B«jAjo«9°8)2001º¿°r31 SocietyofInternationalLawSingapore.
Journal of Legal Research, Aug 23, 2019
Journal of Legal Research, Mar 21, 2002
Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, Mar 21, 2015
Journal of Legal Research, Mar 21, 2005
Bµ¬B«pBw»ioM³ñ®½A±£ 1 /k¯A²k{¨qT¦«¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±šeºBµjnAk¯BTwA ³MBµ¬B«pBw pApBMk{BM²joTv£³Ÿ©µk®aoµB´... more Bµ¬B«pBw»ioM³ñ®½A±£ 1 /k¯A²k{¨qT¦«¥¦ª §A-¼M˜±šeºBµjnAk¯BTwA ³MBµ¬B«pBw pApBMk{BM²joTv£³Ÿ©µk®aoµB´¯CRAnB¼TiAB«Ak®TvµBµ¬B«pBwo¢½jpAoUk®ªUnk› ,°n-½ApA/k¯A²jAjS½Bƒn¬AkM±‚îºBµS §°j³Ÿj±{»«»{B¯¬B«pBwu¼wFUk®w-½jB¼®Mk´íU-½Ak]A°¬B«pBw,u¼wFUk®wBM¬B«pBwjoñ¦ªî˜BL †¯A¨°q §¥aeA™L ‡
Journal of Legal Research, Mar 21, 2006
Journal of Legal Research, Oct 23, 2018