Stephen R . Van Wormer (original) (raw)

Papers by Stephen R . Van Wormer

The site of CA-Ora-1301H was the location of a home and farm of Japanese immigrants prior to Wor... more The site of CA-Ora-1301H was the location of a home and farm of
Japanese immigrants prior to World War II. During the late 1930s
the Iwata family leased the surrounding acreage and worked it as
a truck farm. They were evacuated to a relocation camp in 1942
(Moore 1991). Attempts to locate descendants or other relatives
of the Iwatas were unsuccessful. A refuse dump was located at the eastern edge of the site on a steep 50 to 60 degree slope. The analysis of the assemblage from CA-Ora-1301H provided functional patterns representing a Japanese farming household in southern California before World War II. Comparison of the CA-Ora-1301H assemblage with contemporaneous assemblages representing Anglo-American populations has provided some distinct patterns reflective of ethnic differences between main stream Americans and Japanese farmers during the 1930s. Assemblages representing traditional Japanese households should be dominated by consumer items at approximately 60 percent. Bottled products profiles are dominated by culinary bottles at around 70 percent. Of the culinary bottles, generic
condiment/sauce vessels should constitute around 15 percent of
the total. In addition, traditional Oriental tableware should make up about 70 percent of the tableware assemblage. The patterns presented here obviously need further collaboration by comparing them to data from other sites representing Japanese
households.

Desert Tracks: Publication of the Southern Trails Chapter of the Oregon-California Trails Association, 2021

This is the second of a two-part series for Desert Tracks on the development and use of the South... more This is the second of a two-part series for Desert Tracks on the development and use of the Southern Overland Trail between Yuma Crossing and Warner’s Ranch in the San José Valley, from its inception during the late 18th century through the emigrations of the Gold Rush in the mid-1850s. Part I, which appeared in the August 2020 issue, covered the period up though the American invasion of Mexico in 1846-47, ending with the arrival of Colonel Cooke and the Mormon Battalion at Warner’s Ranch in January 1847. Part II will explore the journeys of various groups that used the trail from the beginning of the Gold Rush in 1848 until the mid 1850s. [Editor’s Note: Also see an earlier article which can in some ways be considered “Part 3,” “How the West Was Linked or ‘From Ocean to Ocean in Stage Coaches’: The Establishment of the First Transcontinental Overland Mail,” by Stephen R. Van Wormer and Sue A. Wade in the June 2011 issue of Desert Tracks.]

Travel accounts west of the Colorado River have been considered some of overland Gold Rush emigration’s most distressing. The river crossing at Yuma and the journey through the Colorado Desert constituted two of the journey’s most difficult obstacles (Figure 1). This story has been told many times before. Many notable historians have provided narration. Yet, like any really-good tale of the triumph of human perseverance over insurmountable barriers, be it the Odyssey, the Iliad, the Wizard of Oz, Robin Hood, or Zorro, this one is worth revisiting one more time.

Desert Tracks. Publication of the Southern Trials Chapter of the Oregon-California Trails Association, 2020

Of the many overland trails used during the vast Gold Rush immigration of 1848–50, the Southern E... more Of the many overland trails used during the vast Gold Rush immigration of 1848–50, the Southern Emigrant Trail is the least recognized for its importance. Thousands followed its various branches westward across the deserts of Mexico, New Mexico, and Arizona, to Yuma Crossing at the junction of the Gila and Colorado Rivers. The route became the major overland entrance to Southern California prior to construction of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Accounts of travel over the portion west of the Colorado River have been considered some of the most distressing records of overland Gold Rush emigration. The Southern Emigrant Trail's origins preceded the Gold Rush by many decades. Late eighteenth and early nineteenth-century Spanish and Mexican military explorations first established the route by following Native American trails. It became well used by traders and trappers who journeyed between California and Sonora in the 1830s. The 1840s and 50s saw invading American armies follow the route to California during the Mexican War, followed by thousands of Gold Rush Argonauts. Then, in 1857, overland mail service was established along the road. This two part series for Desert Tracks will document the development and use of the trail from Yuma Crossing to Warner’s Ranch in the San José Valley from its inceptions during the late 18th century through the emigrations of the Gold Rush in the mid-1850s. Part I will cover the period up though the American invasion of Mexico in 1846-47. Part II will explore the travels of various groups that used the trail from the beginning of the Gold Rush in 1848 until the mid 1850s. The use of the road by overland mail stage coach lines was presented in Desert Tracks in June 2011.

Attachment 4 In Prehistoric And Historic Archaeological Data Recovery Excavations At “The Heritage” Poway, California. Prepared For: The City Of Poway 13325 Civic Center Drive, Building A, Poway, CA 92064. By: Heritage Resources, Ramona, CA 92065, 2002

The artifacts from the Wolfe Farmstead dump consisted primarily of kitchen and household di... more The artifacts from the Wolfe Farmstead dump consisted primarily of kitchen and household discards. The Wolfe family represents the more transient members of pre World War II rural society in San Diego County. They were among a group of pioneers who attempted to establish farmsteads on marginal lands during the closing years of the 19th century and were unsuccessful, resulting in their occupation of the property for less than ten years. The trash was deposited in a shallow drainage sometime between 1895 and 1900. Results of the study have suggested some basic traits common in artifact assemblages made up of rural farmstead household refuse. The Wolfe dump assemblage fits this pattern although with some variations that reflect the household’s short term residence status. Further research revealed that differences in patterns between urban and rural assemblages reflect the different ways that these two reference groups defined wealth. Economic success in an urban household was based on the wife's role in the Victorian cult of domesticity, and expressed in well kept stylish houses and yards, nice furnishings, decorated wall paper, and tables properly set with attractive dinnerware. On farmsteads, however, a farm wife's value was judged on her ability to be an active producer within the family unit rather than chief consumer and preferred parent. Farm values emphasized well kept buildings and machinery, healthy livestock, and the quality of the wife's preserves, canned fruits and vegetables, butter, bread, vegetable garden, and perhaps even the potato crop. Farm life emphasized conservation and recycling. Extravagant purchases were looked down upon. These differing values and definitions of wealth between urban and rural households during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century resulted in distinct purchasing patterns for these two reference groups. This is manifested in the archaeological record through activity profiles dominated by kitchen items, lower ceramic index scale values, and longer manufacture - deposition lag times for rural sites that were occupied for over a decade when compared to urban assemblages. It is further reflected in the utilitarian kitchen item assemblages in the number of canning jars, crocks, butter churns, and ceramic jugs found on farmstead sites.

This report presents results of historic research and archaeological investigations of a portion ... more This report presents results of historic research and archaeological investigations of a portion of the 1908 to 1913 refuse dump for the city of San Diego (SDI-10,528). The portion of the site that was sampled is located under an area that is presently bisected by Home Avenue approximately 0.1 of a mile north of the intersection of Home Avenue and Federal Boulevard in the city of San Diego. Other portions of the dump exist or have existed in the adjoining areas. The current work effort combined archaeological investigation, artifact analysis, and historic research. Archival research was conducted at the San Diego Historical Society Research Archives; Survey Records Department, San Diego County Operations Center; and San Diego State University Library. Data analysis consisted of comparing artifact profiles, socioeconomic data, and consumption patterns as extrapolated from the San Diego city dump material sample to other urban and rural household deposits dating between 1900 and 1920. In addition, "lag time" in ceramic vessel and bottle deposition at the San Diego dump was examined. The analysis resulted in the identification of a high socioeconomic status for the citizens of San Diego; distinct differences between rural and urban site patterns; the generation of functional artifact profiles or patterns for middle-class urban, small-town working-class, and rural farmstead households dating between 1900 and 1920; ceramic tableware and bottled product and faunal consumption patterns for the dominant Anglo-American culture; and lag time analysis for urban refuse disposal during the first two decades of the twentieth century.

This report presents results of historic research on the Camp Kearny Hospital and an analysis of ... more This report presents results of historic research on the Camp Kearny Hospital and an analysis of surface collected artifacts from the hospital dump (SDI-9130H). Camp Kearny was a world War I army training camp that functioned from 1917 to 1922. It was one of sixteen large temporary army cantonments approved by Congress and the Department of Defense early in 1917. Each had a capacity to house and train approximately 40,000 troops. The 60 acre hospital complex at Camp Kearny was a major and important part of the camp. It played a vital role in maintaining the health of the soldiers. The large hospital had two main functions: to care for and treat the numerous men who were being trained to fight, and to treat the soldiers returning from the front. Analysis of artifacts collected from the hospital dump has determined that the deposit is eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D. The deposit contains important archaeological material that can answer legitimate research questions. Cross site comparison shows that the site can contribute important data useful in defining archaeological patterns for institutional facilities. A more complete collection based on a controlled test excavation where the dirt is screened for artifacts would contribute substantially to this line of research. In addition, the data could address more specific issues on medical practices and military hospital operations during the First World War.

On April 15, 1987 a cultural resource survey was conducted by Jerry Schaefer of Mooney-Levine and... more On April 15, 1987 a cultural resource survey was conducted by Jerry Schaefer of Mooney-Levine and Associates for the proposed Lake Hodges Flume Relocation project located along the north side of Del Dios Highway, near Lake Hodges, in Section 14, Township 13 South, Range 3 West, San Bernardino Meridian. In a letter reporting the results of the survey, dated May 1, 1987, the flume was considered to be historically significant. It was recommended that formal documentation of flume sections to be abandoned would mitigate adverse impacts. This report presents a historical and structural record of those portions of the Lake Hodges Flume scheduled for abandonment. Documentation of the flume included historical research and in-field structural assessment and documentation. The entire portion to be abandoned was surveyed on foot and significant features recorded and photographed. Detailed plans of two types of trestles were drawn. Historical research was conducted at the Santa Fe Irrigation District; UCSD Central Library, Special Collections; and the San Diego Historical Society Research Archives. For the complete repot see https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339926763_HISTORICAL_AND_STRUCTURAL_ASSESSMENT_OF_THE_LAKE_HODGES_FLUME_SAN_DIEGO_CALIFORNIA

Establishment of a sufficient water supply was a crucial element in the development of San Diego.... more Establishment of a sufficient water supply was a crucial element in the development of San Diego. The region's low winter rainfall, dry summers, and periodic droughts posed severe restrictions to large-scale development. At the turn of the 20th century Elisha Babcock and John D. Spreckles developed the city of San Diego's first dependable and adequate water storage system. Two dedicated believers in San Diego's future, Babcock and Spreckles constructed a series of reservoirs on the Otay River and Cottonwood Creek. The vital link in this system was the Dulzura Conduit. This aqueduct connected both drainage systems by conveying the waters of Cottonwood Creek from Barrett Dam to Dulzura Creek through which it flows into Lower Otay Reservoir. Development of the Otay-Cottonwood drainage system took over 30 years, and would never have been accomplished without the perseverance of Elisha Babcock. Through his direction, and with the support of J. D. Spreckles, engineering, political, and financial obstacles were overcome to provide San Diego with a reliable water supply. On February 17, 1989, a preliminary historical resource survey of Flumes 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 22 on the Dulzura Conduit was conducted by Stephen R. Van Wormer. In a letter reporting the results of the survey dated Feb. 24, 1989 the flumes Were considered to be historically significant. It was recommended that formal documentation of the flumes would mitigate adverse impacts resulting from their replacement. (Van Worner 1989). This report presents an historical and architectural evaluation of the flumes to be replaced. Documentation included historical research as well as structural assessment and recordation. The flumes were examined in the field and significant features recorded and photographed. Detailed plans of a portion of Flume were drawn. Historical research was conducted at the San Diego Historical Society Research Archives and the San Diego State University Library. The City of San Diego Water Utilities Department was contacted but no historic records were available. During the project Mr. William Manley served as in field technical assistant. Final graphics and diagrams were prepared by Susan Walter. Without the aid of Mr. Manley and Ms. Walter this report could not have been completed at its present level.

Thesis, San Diego State University, 1986

The Jamacha Valley lies nestled in the foothills some thirteen miles southeast of San Diego at th... more The Jamacha Valley lies nestled in the foothills some thirteen miles southeast of San Diego at the base of San Miguel Mountain. Far enough removed from San Diego Bay to avoid direct encroachment of the subsequent pueblo and the later city of San Diego until the mid 1980s, Jamacha valley was still c1ose enough to be within easy traveling distance from San Diego even by horseback. As a result, the Valley became part of the agricultural back country that served and was dependent upon San Diego and the successive pioneer groups that established themselves there. Used by missionaries after arrival of the Spanish, Jamacha Valley became in turn a Mexican rancho, a business oriented American livestock ranch, a prosperous farming community, and finally an urban suburb. Each of these changes reflected a major historical trend in the settlement and development of southern California and of San Diego County. As such, the Jamacha Valley provides a case study in the history and development of the agricultural hinterland of metropolitan San Diego. During each successive period, a different group of immigrants occupied the valley. It is the thesis of this study that the different ways in which each group chose to utilize the land was influenced by a combination of cultural, economic, and demographic elements, each acting as components in a system where all three elements are dependent upon each other. Two additional concerns of this study are the nature of community development and disintegration, and the effects of urban grow.th on a city• s surrounding agricultural hinterland. From 1870 to 1940 an agricultural community flourished in Jamacha Valley. The study will explore how valley farmers developed community relationships for their mutual benefit and how a sense of community continued to exist in the face of economic hardship and displacement of many community members from 1920 to 1950 • The effect of the expansion of the city of San Diego on valley crops and land use will also be examined.

Black Mountain Mine Rural Landscape Historic District Black Mountain Arsenic Mine. National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. By Stephen R. Van Wormer and William R. Manley, 2007

The Black Mountain Arsenic Mine Historic Landscape District meets the criteria of eligibility for... more The Black Mountain Arsenic Mine Historic Landscape District meets the criteria of eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (National Register) at the local level of significance for its direct associations with an important phase of regional mining in a rural landscape context, and for its design significance as a largely intact example of arsenic mining technology. The rural landscape district meets National Register Criterion A for its association with regional patterns of mineral exploitation typical of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, and with the unique history of arsenic mining. It is also eligible under Criterion C for its largely intact representation of the unique technology of arsenic extraction. Overall, the landscape district retains good integrity of location, setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. The period of significance is 1923-1927. Articles of incorporation for the Black Mountain Arsenic Mining Company were filed in 1923. The period of active exploration, construction, mining, and processing ended in 1927, when accidental damage forced its closure.

The Journal of San Diego History, 1983

In 1884, George Wetherbee, an enterprising businessman from San Francisco, opened a beehive box f... more In 1884, George Wetherbee, an enterprising businessman from San Francisco, opened a beehive box factory, and planing mill in downtown San Diego. Unlike more successful entrepreneurs such as Alonzo Horton, John D. Spreckels, or George Marston, whose influences on the development of San Diego are well remembered, his record is one of dismal failure. A victim of the economic boom and bust of the late 1880s, Wetherbee operated only five short years. The experience of George Wetherbee and his ill-fated planing mill, however, is as much a part of the history of San Diego as are the ventures of more successful businessmen who contributed to the city’s future.

California State Parks, Colorado Desert District, 2009

Livestock have grazed on the grasslands of Southern California from the time the first Europeans ... more Livestock have grazed on the grasslands of Southern California from the time the first Europeans arrived in the 1700s until the present day. Within a few years of the establishment of the first Spanish missions, thousands of horses, cattle, and sheep grazed on the coastal mesas, inland valleys, and mountain foothills. After the Mexican revolution in 1821 and the subsequent secularization of the missions, the California rancheros continued raising livestock on the open range. Thus, during the Spanish and Mexican periods, from the 1770s until the 1840s, the base economy of California depended on open-range cattle. During this time, cattle were primarily raised for their hides, some used locally, but the majority brought by the thousands to the coastal ports and traded to Americans for transport to the United States East Coast. After the American takeover of California in 1848 and the discovery of gold in Northern California the following year, the cattle industry continued to prosper by producing meat to feed the thousands of emigrants and gold-rushers in Northern California. Although impacted by droughts in the 1860s, the cattle meat industry continued to be viable until the 1880s. In the late nineteenth century, as a result of the rampant promotion of Southern California by land speculators and several years of exceptional rains that supported dry-land farming, much of the prime agricultural land of Southern California was homesteaded by American farming families. These farmlands were the former free-range livestock pastures of the Spanish, Californio, and earliest American settlers. Although dry spells at the end of the century forced many families to give up dry farming and some farm areas reverted to livestock grazing, most of the livestock industry was concentrated in the interior of Southern California by the turn of the twentieth century. Many of these lands were the former ranchos of the Mexican period that had transferred to American ownership from the 1860s through the 1880s. Large tracts such as Jamul, Cuyamaca, Cuyamaca, Laguna, Santa Maria (Ramona), San Vicente, Santa Ysabel, San José (Warner's), and San Felipe continued as large cattle enterprises into the twentieth century. During the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, there were new challenges to maintaining a viable ranching enterprise that necessitated constant flexibility, egotiation, and adaptation. One recurrent theme is the movement of cattle throughout the inland ranges to take advantage of seasonal pasturage and to meet business needs. Another recurrent theme of this period’s ranching history is the interpersonal negotiation and cooperation that were inherent in such a flexible and adaptive system. Twentieth-century ranching in Southern California was significant economically. However, it was also interwoven with a vibrant social system that maintained the family and friendship ties within which the economic system operated. After World War II, increasing population and escalating land values put tremendous pressure on the Southern California cattle industry. The few remaining coastal ranches, such as Peñasquitos and Rancho Bernardo, were sold in the 1960s and 1970s for residential and commercial development. Many of the inland ranches were subdivided to distribute to children and grandchildren. Children who had no interest in continuing ranching in Southern California often sold their portions. In contrast to the coastal situation, the backcountry ranches have primarily been sold to land preservation conservancies and public agencies. It is the premise of this study that the story of ranching in the San Diego region is important historically. Equally important, however, the ranching story contains important lessons for today’s world. First it is the story of a foundation economy for Southern California’s “cow counties” explaining much about how the San Diego county region developed into its present form. Second, it is a story of how an industry adapted to the variable environmental conditions in the San Diego region. Third, ranching history tells the story of incredibly hardy and resourceful people who, faced with challenges and shortages, figured out a way to “make it work.” Thy were the original recyclers. Fourth, ranching is the story of how economic, social, and family ties blended together to form the fabric of a community, a concept that is particularly relevant to today’s fragmented society. And finally, ranching has left an indelible imprint on the environment that, for better or worse, needs to be acknowledged, understood, and considered in land management planning. For these reasons, which will be further explored in the pages of this report, ranching history and its physical remains on the landscape are important cultural resources that need to be preserved in the San Diego region.

Hedges/Tumco Historic Townsite is an abandoned gold mining town, located in a desert valley in th... more Hedges/Tumco Historic Townsite is an abandoned gold mining town, located in a desert valley in the Cargo Muchacho Mountains, Imperial County, California. It has previously been designated California Historic Landmark No. 182, and has been recorded as site 4-Imp-3297-H; additional site numbers used for features at the site are 4-Imp-3298-H, -3200-H, - 3301-H, and-3302-H. Visible remains at the site include residential areas, two cemeteries, a commercial district, and a company district, closely associated with many mining-related features, including open pits and many shafts at the east end of the town in the valley head. The site covers about 260 acres. The project described in this report undertook archival research, aerial photography, oral histories, and limited test excavations, to derive a National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility assessment for the Hedges/Tumco Historic Townsite (Hedges-Tumco) located in lower Tumco Wash. Excavation of 100 test units (29.5 m1), limited surface collection, and scale drawing of selected structures, was used to sample more than 55 features and feature complexes. More than 2,500 catalogue entries of artifacts represented domestic, commer- cial, structural, and industrial items. Recovery of datable artifacts, fragile but well-preserved materials, and faunal and botanical remains, attests to a strong potential for research on technology, consumer patterns, and ethnic differences. Complementary information was yielded by abundant archival records. Historic photographs document the nature and location of the schoolhouse, Catholic church, company boarding house hospital, several saloons, and other specific buildings. Remains of mining and milling include three major mines and associated buildings, 10-stamp, 40-stamp, and 100-stamp mill remains, and a cyanide treatment plant. Based on these data, Hedges/Tumco is recommended eligible at the local and statewide levels for the NRHP, as per 36 CFR 800 60.4, Criteria (a), (c), and (d). The Hedges/Tumco Historic Townsite meets the 11 guidelines of National Register of Historic Places Bulletin 36, has an easily definable boundary ( excluding ubiquitous traces of mining peripheral to the site), and possesses sufficient integrity to support a recommendation of NRHP eligibility. Equally important is the demonstrated potential of Hedges/Tumco to yield additional information important in history (36 CFR 60.4).

Cabrillo Festival Historic Seminar, Cabrillo Historical Association, 1985

Point Loma is a narrow, jagged peninsula that forms the northern end of San Diego Bay and rises 3... more Point Loma is a narrow, jagged peninsula that forms the northern end of San Diego Bay and rises 340 feet above the harbor entrance. The History of Harbor Fortifications on Point Loma after 1850, especially the founding and development of Fort Rosecrans, directly reflects changing priorities of the United States government, particularly in terms of national defense, and technological advances of costal defense systems.

Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly , Jan 1, 1983

The Encino Roadhouse was located on the Encino Rancho in the San Fernando Valley, north of Los An... more The Encino Roadhouse was located on the Encino Rancho in the San Fernando Valley, north of Los Angeles. Glass artifacts recovered from trash pits during archaeological excavation of the roadhouse site, indicate the refuse features were deposited between 1880 and 1910. Bottled product consumption patterns suggest the Encino Roadhouse functioned as a cultural reinforcement center where the local Basque community could maintain its identity within the diverse ethnic mixture of the ranch work force and surrounding population.

Uptown Historic Context and Oral History Report, 2003

The land use history of the Uptown Study Area provides an example of the trends and cycles of San... more The land use history of the Uptown Study Area provides an example of the trends and cycles of San Diego's urban development. The property has been part of every major developmental phase of San Diego prior to World War II and its history illustrates the city's development through its early boom and bust periods and its expansion into residential suburbs in the early Twentieth Century. Pressure from the Post World War II population increase brought a variety of pressures and changes to portions of the area during the last half of the Twentieth Century. The Uptown community contains some of the oldest neighborhoods in San Diego exhibiting a variety of historic architectural types and abundant landscaping. The area also features a wide range of residential opportunities and a diverse mixture of people within a distinctly urban setting. Most of the street system and building lot development was well established prior to the need to consider the automobile as a part of subdivision planning (Community Plan 1988; Cultural Resource Inventory 1993). This narrative history will trace the development of the Uptown Study Area along with that of urban San Diego. The historic development use of the neighborhoods correlates with the economic and social factors that influenced San Diego's growth. Many aspects of life in early San Diego will be examined. The economic booms and busts linked to railroads, other speculative ventures, and development of a military port, as well as community based developments, will be documented in relation to the people and institutions that lived in, and used the Uptown area. Subjects such as the history of San Diego's residential, business, economic, and social trends will be examined.

Results of the Archaeological Monitoring Program for the Restaurant Depot Project Project No. 180219/ I.O. No. 23432387/ SCH No. N/A, RECON, San Diego, CA. , Jan 2012

This report presents results of historical and archaeological investigations at the site of Fish ... more This report presents results of historical and archaeological investigations at the site of Fish Camp Kushimoto no Kyampu, the home of Japanese immigrant fishing families during the early 20th century. Historical and archaeological evidence indicate that the people who lived at Fish Camp Kushimoto no Kyampu were not transient immigrant laborers who came temporarily to the United States. They established businesses, married, raised families, and made their homes in America. In doing this they lived in and negotiated between two worlds: their traditional Japanese culture and the every day realities of survival in early 20th century Southern California. The blending of these worlds and the creation of a Japanese-American identity is seen in both the historical and archaeological evidence gathered for this report. They were Japanese-Americans, who have left a legacy in the local community.

Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly, 1995

A multiple interment composed of three individuals was discovered in 1972 partially exposed on th... more A multiple interment composed of three individuals was discovered in 1972 partially exposed on the surface of a shell midden on the Gulf of California side of the Cape Region in Baja California Mexico. There were no associated grave goods, but a small collection of artifacts from the surface of the midden and the human remains were studied by Sheilagh and Richard Brooks of the University of Nevada Las Vegas. The multiple primary interment is not usual for a beach on the Southern Gulf coast, but is unusual because the pelvic girdle of one of the burials was placed higher in the grave pit than the others. This is the first time the latter trait was recorded for the Las Palmas culture.

Desert Tracks: Publication of the Southern Trails Chapter of the Oregon-California Trails Association, 2021

Desert Tracks. Publication of the Southern Trials Chapter of the Oregon-California Trails Association, 2020

Thesis, San Diego State University, 1986

Black Mountain Mine Rural Landscape Historic District Black Mountain Arsenic Mine. National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. By Stephen R. Van Wormer and William R. Manley, 2007

The Journal of San Diego History, 1983

California State Parks, Colorado Desert District, 2009

Cabrillo Festival Historic Seminar, Cabrillo Historical Association, 1985

Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly , Jan 1, 1983

Uptown Historic Context and Oral History Report, 2003

Results of the Archaeological Monitoring Program for the Restaurant Depot Project Project No. 180219/ I.O. No. 23432387/ SCH No. N/A, RECON, San Diego, CA. , Jan 2012

Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly, 1995

A program of archaeological monitoring during demolition of an urban/industrial site in the city ... more A program of archaeological monitoring during demolition of an urban/industrial site in the city of San Diego revealed an extensive subsurface component of the Savage Tire Factory/Aztec Brewery Complex (SDI-12,255H; Attachment 1), located on the 2201- 2299 and 2301-2399 blocks of Main Street in Barrio Logan, city of San Diego, California. Originally developed in 1911 as one of the first tire manufacturing plants on the west coast, the site was redesigned as a brewery during the early 1930s The complex was found eligible for the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 and was the subject of Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation in 1989 (HAER number CA-79; Attachment 2). Subsequent to environmental review and documentation, the buildings were demolished in 1990 as part of redevelopment activity. When in the process of demolition the archaeological monitors discovered indications of intact buried features, grading and demolition were diverted to enable thorough archaeological investigation. The field portion of the investigation, carried out between August and October, 1990, utilized machine and hand excavation methods to expose a network of industrial features covering more than three acres (Figure 3). Concrete and brick machinery mounts, structural remains of buildings demolished much earlier, and a variety of unexpected industrial remnants were found sealed beneath layers of concrete floors and extending as much as 30 feet below the surface. Documentation of the site was accomplished through aerial photogrammetry augmented by hand-drawn maps, sketches, and photographs. With the aid of historic photographs, archival research, and oral histories, basic questions about the function and relationships of the features were gradually answered and new questions were raised. As the project unfolded from a monitoring program to a full-scale salvage and data recovery operation, additional historical research was required in order to interpret the features being exposed. The results of the fieldwork and historical research showed patterns of rapid, sometimes massive change. In a single area of the site, for example, brick structural features dating from 1911 were overlain by rough, unreinforced concrete machine footings dating from 1915, which in turn were partially jackhammered away in 1918 to accommodate a different concrete machine mount, and that mount was cut off by 1924 to allow installation of a subsurface concrete tank, which by 1935 was overlain by three poured concrete floors separated by layers of cork and asphalt. It fell to the post-field investigation to understand and interpret this industrial midden. The history and importance of SDI-12,255H are the product of two distinct sets of industrial activity, and the information presented in this report is accordingly separated to provide individual historical and archaeological analyses of the Savage/Spreckels Tire Factory (1911-1928) and the Aztec Brewing Company (1933-1948). Despite the obvious dissimilarities separating the industrial activities associated with a tire factory from those of a brewery, the two had much in common: each was built to capitalize on opportunities created by sudden, powerful shifts in American culture; both struggled to modernize in pace with the technological change in their respective industries; and ultimately each was rendered obsolete by national trends toward corporate conglomeration which left small-scale local industries unable to compete.

This report presents results of historical and archaeological investigations of the Vitrified Pro... more This report presents results of historical and archaeological investigations of the Vitrified Products Corporation manufacturing plant, an architectural ceramics factory that operated in San Diego from 1923 to 1942. The factory site is located at the corner of Rosecrans Street and Pacific Highway near Old Town San Diego (Figures 1 and 2). The investigation combined historic research and archaeological excavations of the factory site. Archival research was conducted at the San Diego Historical Society Research Archives, City of San Diego Central Library, San Diego County Museum of Natural History Library, University of California at San Diego Central Library, and the Library of San Diego State University. The purpose of the project was to locate and identify archaeological remains of the factory and, through a combined interpretation of archival and archaeological data, determine how the kilns and related facilities operated. Remains of four downdraft kilns exemplifying two distinct designs and segments of a complex transfer flue system were identified. The site has been recorded at SDSU and the Museum of Man (Attachment 1). The kiln remains were initially discovered during grading for the County Mental Health Facility. Grading was halted, and the program described in this report was implemented to mitigate adverse impacts to the historic site. Production of this report completes the mitigation requirements identified by County staff. The preparation of this report was completed with information provided by Karl Gurcke, expert on brick and tile production. Mr. Gurcke provided valuable references and insight into the remains. His participation was necessary to the successful completion of the mitigation program

This monograph presents results of an analysis of ceramics recovered from excavation of the San D... more This monograph presents results of an analysis of ceramics recovered from excavation of the San Diego, California, Presidio Chapel Complex. The material has been presented in a format that also serves as an identification guide for these artifacts. The purpose of this study was to identify as thoroughly as possible all of the vessels represented in the collection and gain an understanding of their archaeological and cultural contexts and use. Vessels were quantified by sherd count, weight, and minimum number (MNV). Another objective of this report was to provide under one cover the background information needed to understand the historical, archaeological, and cultural contexts of the ceramic artifacts. Appendix III in Volume 6 is a detailed documentation and discussion of Transferware patterns from the San Diego Presidio’s Chapel assemblage.

This monograph presents results of an analysis of ceramics recovered from excavation of the San D... more This monograph presents results of an analysis of ceramics recovered from excavation of the San Diego, California, Presidio Chapel Complex. The material has been presented in a format that also serves as an identification guide for these artifacts. The purpose of this study was to identify as thoroughly as possible all of the vessels represented in the collection and gain an understanding of their archaeological and cultural contexts and use. Vessels were quantified by sherd count, weight, and minimum number (MNV). Another objective of this report was to provide under one cover the background information needed to understand the historical, archaeological, and cultural contexts of the ceramic artifacts. In Volume 5, data synthesis and interpretations are presented, along with Appendix 1: Intrusive Ceramics, and Appendix 2: Mayolica Economic Scaling Calculations.

This monograph presents results of an analysis of ceramics recovered from excavation of the San D... more This monograph presents results of an analysis of ceramics recovered from excavation of the San Diego, California, Presidio Chapel Complex. The material has been presented in a format that also serves as an identification guide for these artifacts. The purpose of this study was to identify as thoroughly as possible all of the vessels represented in the collection and gain an understanding of their archaeological and cultural contexts and use. Vessels were quantified by sherd count, weight, and minimum number (MNV). Another objective of this report was to provide under one cover the background information needed to understand the historical, archaeological, and cultural contexts of the ceramic artifacts. In Volumes 3 and 4, the chapters on ceramic artifacts are organized by origins and ware types and structured to serve as an identification guide. Each section begins with a review of the manufacturing and trade history of the ceramics. The discussion has been organized to progress from identification of individual sherds through to whole vessels. This has been aided by numerous photographs and illustrations.

This monograph presents results of an analysis of ceramics recovered from excavation of the San D... more This monograph presents results of an analysis of ceramics recovered from excavation of the San Diego, California, Presidio Chapel Complex. The material has been presented in a format that also serves as an identification guide for these artifacts. The purpose of this study was to identify as thoroughly as possible all of the vessels represented in the collection and gain an understanding of their archaeological and cultural contexts and use. Vessels were quantified by sherd count, weight, and minimum number (MNV). Another objective of this report was to provide under one cover the background information needed to understand the historical, archaeological, and cultural contexts of the ceramic artifacts. In Volume 2, an emic context for understanding the use of ceramics by Mexican Californios was achieved through an examination of the physical and demographic history of the San Diego Presidio, a history of trade and economics in California during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and assessments of Californio cultural origins and food ways, as well as a folk typology for Mexican ceramics.

This monograph presents results of an analysis of ceramics recovered from excavation of the San D... more This monograph presents results of an analysis of ceramics recovered from excavation of the San Diego, California, Presidio Chapel Complex. The material has been presented in a format that also serves as an identification guide for these artifacts. The purpose of this study was to identify as thoroughly as possible all of the vessels represented in the collection and gain an understanding of their archaeological and cultural contexts and use. Vessels were quantified by sherd count, weight, and minimum number (MNV). Another objective of this report was to provide under one cover the background information needed to understand the historical, archaeological, and cultural contexts of the ceramic artifacts. . In Volume 1, a history of the Chapel Complex site excavation and assessment of the site’s formation provide the archaeological context.