Saber Ibrahim - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Saber Ibrahim

International Design Journal

Filament 3D printing Extruder Filament extruder produces plastic filaments with specified diamete... more Filament 3D printing Extruder Filament extruder produces plastic filaments with specified diameter by using corresponding dies. Input materials (thermoplastics) are used in the form of granules and pellets and waste plastic materials can be used. Rod heaters are used to melt the input materials and Screw is used to feed the input raw materials longitudinally along the barrel. Screw is consisted of three zones namely feed, melt, and transition zone. Input raw material is melted by using rod heater. Two temperature zone with six rod heaters are used to acquire maximum efficiency. Analog temperature controller is used to control the temperature of the two heaters zone. This article describes a filament extruder, which is a plastic extruder capable of making commercial quality 3D printing filament. Specifically, this paper describes the design, fabrication and operation of a filament extruder. A 2.5 mm die was used to extrude the filament at the diameter of 1.75mm. Diameter of the filament can be further reduced by using DC-motor to draw the filament coming out of the die. Production can be further increased by increasing the barrel diameter above 45mm and screw diameter above 16 mm. Mechanical and thermal properties were improved by adding different fillers to the input raw material Paper

Over recent century interest in the rubber technology has extended far beyond that comparatively ... more Over recent century interest in the rubber technology has extended far beyond that comparatively large section of the community, which is engaged in research more or less directly connected with rubber. Actually today rubber enters into the daily life of almost everything. Main motivation for blending immiscible rubbers is to create materials with combinations of properties superior to the components. However, immiscible rubber blends have the disadvantage that they are not thermodynamically stable. Therefore, post-mixing processing can dramatically affect the blend morphology and physico-mechanical properties. The addition of such compatibilizers can lead to more stable, super ﬁne scale morphologies by reducing the effective interfacial tension and slowing phase coarsening. The existence of an optimal molecular weight block copolymer is likely due to a balance between the ability of the grafted rubber to reach the interface and its relative effectiveness as a compatibilizer. The im...

Some organic compounds in phosphoric acid are a potential mediator of adverse environmental impac... more Some organic compounds in phosphoric acid are a potential mediator of adverse environmental impacts on soil. This work aims to detect and reduce the content of organic compounds in crude phosphoric acid using waste sludge, from water treatment plants, as a low-cost sorbent. Gas chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to detect the organic species in crude phosphoric acid, while X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy were used to characterize waste sludges. Practically, three sludge samples were utilized and different factors including shaking time, sorbent dose, and phosphoric acid concentration were studied. The results of GC/MS revealed that crude phosphoric acid contains bis [tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl] azelaate, dibutyl phthalate, and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol as the main organic species. Moreover, the clay content and the surface charge of sludge strongly affect the r...

The packaging industry is one of the pioneering industries facing many challenges during the prod... more The packaging industry is one of the pioneering industries facing many challenges during the production cycle. Migration of printing ink in packing items is the harmful problem for customer, Therefore, this study aims to reduce the penetration of ink into the product, one of the unavailable technologies is coating printing substrates with a polymer layer. Ecofriendly Super hydrophobic coating was prepared in aqueous medium based on silicon dioxide and characterized with particle size analyzer Dynamic laser scattering )DLS( and zeta potential. Paper duplex 180 g/m2 were coated with prepared superhydrophobic Nano coating through spray coating with emulsion solution. The coated paper sheets were printed by lithooffist and testes by X-rite instrument. This polymer can seal the pores of the printing materials. It is also a barrier to prevent the leakage and deportation of ink particles into the packaging that can occur in various raw materials, especially untreated materials as well as....

Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 2006

The graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) onto butadiene rubber (BR) was carried out in to... more The graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) onto butadiene rubber (BR) was carried out in toluene at 80°C, using dibenzoyl-peroxide (BPO) as initiator. The synthesized poly acrylonitrile-grafted-butadiene rubber (AN-g-BR) was characterized by N% elemental analysis and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Styrene butadiene rubber/acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (SBR/NBR) blends were prepared with different blend ratios in presence and absence of AN-g-BR, where the homogeneity of such blends were examined with intrinsic viscosity (η) measurements, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The scanning electron micrographs illustrate disappearance of the macro-scale phase separation of SBR/NBR rubber blend as a result of the incorporation of AN-g-BR into that blend. Viscosity measurements confirm homogeneity of that blend. Differential Scanning Calorimetry traces exhibit shifts in glass transition temperatures (T g's) of SBR and NBR in their blend, indicating some degree of homogeneity. Physico-mechanical properties of the rubber blend vulcanizates with different blend ratios, in presence and absence of AN-g-BR, were investigated before and after accelerated thermal aging. The SBR/NBR (25/75) homogeneous blend possessed the best physico-mechanical properties after thermal aging, together with the best swelling behavior in motor oil. The physico-mechanical properties of SBR/NBR (25/75) filled blend with different types of inorganic fillers during thermal aging were studied.

International Food Research Journal

Active packaging incorporated with volatile oils is a promising technology to extend the shelf-li... more Active packaging incorporated with volatile oils is a promising technology to extend the shelf-life of perishable food. Therefore, the present work aimed at producing composite pouches based on polylactic acid incorporated with a mixture of lemongrass and cumin essential oils (PLA/mix oil). The effect on the shelf-life of fresh poultry breasts was determined on samples packaged in the PLA/mix oil alone and in combination with gamma-irradiation, and stored under refrigeration through microbiological, physicochemical, and sensorial analyses. The effect of active packaging and gamma-irradiation on artificially inoculated foodborne bacteria (Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 25922, Salmonella Enteritidis, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 35152) in poultry breasts was evaluated. When compared to control, poultry breast samples packaged in the PLA/mix oil and irradiated at 4 kGy alone decreased microbial count, maintained colour and pH values, and increased TBARS index at a lower rate, thus extend...

Polymer encapsulations of three different grades of easy dispersible carbon black, Nipex 35 with ... more Polymer encapsulations of three different grades of easy dispersible carbon black, Nipex 35 with particle size 14, Nipex 90 of particle size 25 and Nipex 150 with particle size 31 nm were carried out using silica particles as a surfactant. The encapsulation was carried out by miniemulsion polymerization of styrene/butyl acrylateas a hydrophobe coating in presence of hexadecane. High initiator percentage wasessential because carbon black is an efficient radicaltrap. The morphology of the prepared encapsulated particles was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effect of hydrophobic coating on the life time of the food emulsion model of soybean soluble polysaccharides was studied. Moreover,the stabilityof emulsion that prepared by different Nipexgrades were studied to find the most appropriate carbon black for emulsion stabilization.

Industrial Crops and Products, 2022

We performed an environmental method to recycle compact discs using tannery industrial wastewater... more We performed an environmental method to recycle compact discs using tannery industrial wastewater effluent. This study includes thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mechanical properties and wastewater characterization before and after treatment. The final recycled compact disc was completely free of ink, and its mechanical properties were slightly enhanced after ink removal. The crystallization behavior of the compact disc remains the same after the deinking process. After the de-inking procedure, the study was continued to the treatment of tannery effluent by conventional coagulation-flocculation followed by Fenton’s treatment process. The coagulation-precipitation process removed 42%, 77%, 86%, 99%, 84%, 85% and 98% of BOD, COD, TSS, H2S, TKN, P and (O&G), respectively. Unfortunately, due to its solubility in water, the coagulation process did not affect the concentration of phenols. Therefore, Fenton’s oxidation process was able to remove 100% of phenols, hydrogen sulfide and phosp...

Journal of Building Engineering, 2021

Packaging materials research areas have a great concerned to develop and create attractive packag... more Packaging materials research areas have a great concerned to develop and create attractive packaging item with eco-friendly and health impact. There is still an urgent need to establish innovative design and production standards that attract the eyes of the consumer, and these standards must be cost-effective and for the production. So this study aims to ergonomic science applied to design comfortable packaging bottle with easy drinkable and handling easily and using future environmentally friendly materials in the world of packaging. 3D printing technology was used to produce three bottle designs with a 45ᵒ inclination angle produced from polylactic acid (PLA) filament as biodegradable and eco-friendly polymer. The 3D printed bottles are designed as a prototype for the consumer. Three PLA bottles were investigated as acceptable packaging materials with mechanical properties, overall migration and migrated toxic heavy metals detection. The samples were analyzed for heavy metal conte...

The present work aims to investigate the synergistic effect of xylitol with curcumin concentratio... more The present work aims to investigate the synergistic effect of xylitol with curcumin concentration on antimicrobial properties of polystyrene sulfonate/ polyvinyl alcohol active packaging film. Polystyrene sulfonate/ polyvinyl alcohol/curcumin films (PSS/PVA/C) with xylitol concentrations of 6% and 8% showed antimicrobial activity versus Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus and no antimicrobial activity recorded against the fungus Aspergillus niger. The effect of xylitol content on physical, mechanical and thermal properties was investigated also. With increasing xylitol, the equilibrium moisture content increase clearly.The monolayer was affected by xylitol increasing content. WVP values of PSS/PVA /curcumin films without and with xylitol were in the range 1.574 and 16.894 g.m.h. m Pa and were affected by xylitol content. The effects of xylitol contents on mechanical and physical properties were evaluated. The elongation at break was enhanced however; ...

Journal of chemical and pharmaceutical research, 2016

Chicken breast fillet was packaged with polyacrylamide (PAm) hydrogel supplemented with polyethyl... more Chicken breast fillet was packaged with polyacrylamide (PAm) hydrogel supplemented with polyethylenimine (PEI) to investigate its effect on the shelf life and inhibition of pathogenic bacteria. Chicken fillet was divided into two categories the first contains 4 control groups packaged without hydrogel (non-contaminated and contaminated with each of S. Typhimurium, S. aureus and E. coli) and 4 groups like them packaged with hydrogel. Packaging with hydrogel extended the shelf life (according to aerobic plate count) of chicken fillet by 2 days more than the control. Packaging chicken breast with hydrogel significantly improved the overall sensory score as it kept the sensory score accepted two more days than the control one. In the same way, hydrogel packages significantly (P<0.05) decreased the count of each of S. Typhimurium, S. aureus and E. coli than the control one.

Frontiers in Nutrition, 2021

Smart packaging, also known as intelligent packaging, is responsive to external stimuli, moisture... more Smart packaging, also known as intelligent packaging, is responsive to external stimuli, moisture, light, oxygen, heat, pH, and bacterial growth. It has evolved from extensive applications in food safety, bacterial response, and medical packaging. Interactive packaging has a scientific basis for additional information about food products because these codes give all required data. This work deals with a combination of frontline food sciences, smart and interactive packaging that are applicable for future production of nutrition packages through smart detection of food spooling. Additionally, it verifies the best degree of food safety and population demands as the third generation of packaging technology. High qualified duplex laminated package with a nano-encapsulated pH monitoring label for fresh fish was printed. The interactive Quick Response code icon was combined in a designed package with important information about cooking, smart packaging, and fish quality. Therefore, partic...

Polystyrene block polyethyleneimine (PS-b-PEI) copolymer prepared by combining PS and poly(2-meth... more Polystyrene block polyethyleneimine (PS-b-PEI) copolymer prepared by combining PS and poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PMeOx) segments together through two strategies. Furthermore, PMeOx block was hydrolysis to produce PEI block which linked with PS block. Macroinitiator route is one of these two ways to prepare PS-b-PEI copolymer. Polystyrene macroinitiator or poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) macroinitiator prepared through Nitroxide Mediate Radical Polymerization (NMRP) or Cationic Ring Opening Polymerization (CROP) respectively. Each macroinitiator has active initiated terminal group toward another block monomer. Second strategy based on coupling of PS segment with PMeOx block through “click” coupling chemistry. Polystyrene modified with terminal azide moiety are combined with PMeOx functionalized with alkyne group via 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition reaction “click reaction”. PS-b-PMeOx was hydrolysis in alkaline medium to produce amphiphilic PS-b-PEI copolymer. A set of block copolymer with dif...

The purpose of this study is utilizing the recent advanced slow-release technology. A successful ... more The purpose of this study is utilizing the recent advanced slow-release technology. A successful utilizing of this route can eliminate many issues related to economic and environmental problems associated with excessive use of soil fertilizers. The research was dedicated to develop ecofriendly cellulose-based hydrogel. The hydrogel was assessed by FT-IR and SEM. The cellulose/carboxymethyl cellulose component ratios were optimized. The general trend of swelling degree is increasing with increasing CMC content. The maximum swelling degree exhibited more than 10 times of the dry weight hydrogel at CMC/cellulose ratio 5:1. The maximum urea loading and entrapment were reached 80% and 57.23% respectively at 16% urea concentration. The cumulative release of urea 14.34 % after 12 hours of swelling, however in soil was 886.56 ppm after three weeks. The release exhibited dramatically slow pattern which followed Fickian mode. This non-conventional fertilizer packaging material is suitable f...

Journal of Applied Polymer Science

Extracted gelatin from the waste of fresh and grilled chicken skin was used to prepare films as a... more Extracted gelatin from the waste of fresh and grilled chicken skin was used to prepare films as a biodegradable packaging material from solutions of various gelatin concentrations using a casting approach. The thermal behavior of extracted gelatins was investigated by differential scanning calorimetric. The particle size and zeta potential of dispersed nanoparticles of gelatins were measured by dynamic light scattering. The surface area of lyophilized gelatin nanoparticles was calculated from the adsorption of N2 gas. Mechanical properties, water vapor permeability (WVP), and oil uptake (OU) of all manufactured films were studied. Tensile strength values significantly increased for films manufactured from both gelatin sources when the concentration increased from 4 % to 6 % up to 5.1 MPa. The elongation of waste skin gelatin-based films was higher than waste grilled skin gelatin (WG)-based films using 4 % and 8 % concentrations up to 57 %. Films manufactured from WG had significantl...

Polymer Bulletin

Cancer is a global disease that is considered as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Th... more Cancer is a global disease that is considered as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The developed resistance toward chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the low degree of selectivity and the accumulation are motivating the efforts to find innovative bio-active systems. The utilization of cellulosic substrates is highly favorable to be used as bio-composites due to their biocompatibility and bioavailability. Two composites with different molar ratios of cellulosic substrates and poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) hyperbranched polymer have been prepared using a solvent exchange method. The resultant composites were assigned as Comp E and Comp T that prepared by using ethyl cellulose and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose, respectively. The prepared composites were characterized via measurement of overall zeta charge and FTIR. The topography of the composites was investigated using a scanning electron microscope. The evaluation of cytotoxicity and anticancer activity was also studied. The IC50 values from the results of cell viability assays were calculated to investigate the sensitivity of MCF-7, HCT-116, HepG-2, and WI-38 to different types of composites and starting materials. The morphological changes of cancer cell lines were studied using an inverted microscope after different treatments compared to control cells. Higher antitumor activity of polyamidoamine was recorded against tested carcinoma cell lines and lower cytotoxicity was observed against normal cell lines. Also, after a combination of PAMAM with two types of cellulose, the antitumor activity of liver carcinoma cell line was increased for Comp E and Comp T followed by breast and colon carcinoma cells. The biocompatibility of the two types of cellulose was observed against normal cell lines. The cytotoxicity of PAMAM was decreased after combination of two types of cellulose.