Behrooz Sabet - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Behrooz Sabet

This essay examines the Bahá’í perspective on creation and evolution, situating it within both co... more This essay examines the Bahá’í perspective on creation and evolution, situating it within both contemporary scientific discourse and broader philosophical and theological debates. Rejecting a literalist reading of Genesis while affirming the enduring moral and symbolic value of scriptural creation narratives, the Bahá’í writings present a view in which physical evolution and spiritual development form an integrated, law-governed process guided by divine purpose. The discussion engages with modern physics, evolutionary biology, and the social sciences, emphasizing their reciprocal influence on cultural values, ethical frameworks, and worldviews. Special attention is given to debates surrounding natural selection, intelligent design, and the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis, highlighting parallels between emerging scientific paradigms and the Bahá’í call for the unity of knowledge. Distinctive features of the Bahá’í framework—including its teleological orientation toward global unity, its integration of moral and civilizational progress into the evolutionary process, and its epistemological emphasis on the harmony of science and religion—are explored in depth. The essay concludes by proposing that a reconciliation of scientific and spiritual perspectives on evolution could herald a transformative shift away from both religious dogmatism and materialist reductionism, fostering a multidimensional understanding of life and the human condition.

This essay explores the concept of nonpartisanship in the Bahá’í Faith as more than a moral direc... more This essay explores the concept of nonpartisanship in the Bahá’í Faith as more than a moral directive or social attitude—it examines it as an epistemological orientation, a distinct way of knowing and engaging with the world. Drawing on the Bahá’í writings, the essay argues that authentic nonpartisanship is rooted in a spiritual and philosophical framework that emphasizes unity, justice, and the independent investigation of truth. Rather than withdrawing from civic life, Bahá’í nonpartisanship calls for a deeper, principled engagement with public affairs—one that transcends ideological binaries, fosters balance across cultural, political, and economic domains, and contributes to the construction of a just and coherent global civilization. The essay further highlights the role of nonpartisan discourse in addressing contemporary challenges, strengthening democracy, and cultivating new patterns of social participation grounded in ethical integrity and a long-term civilizational perspective.

This article explores the intellectual transformations that have shaped the modern world, particu... more This article explores the intellectual transformations that have shaped the modern world, particularly in the fields of science, philosophy, and religion, and examines how these shifts have influenced humanity's understanding of knowledge, reality, and purpose. Rather than presenting a narrow disciplinary analysis, it offers a broad, historically grounded reflection on the evolving relationship between philosophical thought, scientific inquiry, the tension between philosophical materialism and spiritual perspectives, and the role of technological progress. It traces the trajectory from ancient cosmological worldviews to the emergence of modern physics, the rise of empiricism, and the challenges and opportunities introduced by the technological revolution of recent centuries. The aim is not to resolve long-standing debates, but to encourage deeper engagement with the underlying paradigms that continue to shape contemporary worldviews. This work may be of interest to a wide range of audiences, including scholars in philosophy, science and religion, intellectual history, and cultural studies. It may also benefit individuals, institutions, and organizations engaged in interdisciplinary research, educational reform, or the integration of ethical and spiritual perspectives into contemporary thought and practice.

In this personal reflection, Behrooz Sabet explores the enduring legacy and present challenges of... more In this personal reflection, Behrooz Sabet explores the enduring legacy and present challenges of the Jewish people from the perspective of a non-Jewish admirer. Drawing upon historical memory, including visits to Holocaust memorials and concentration camps, the piece underscores the profound contributions of Jewish culture to human civilization as well as the recurring threat of antisemitism. Sabet examines the troubling resurgence of antisemitic rhetoric in contemporary society, particularly within academic and progressive circles. He urges a revitalized engagement with Jewish intellectual and ethical traditions—not as sentimental relics of the past, but as dynamic sources of insight capable of countering materialism and political polarization.
Highlighting the deep spiritual and historical ties between the Jewish people and the State of Israel, the essay advocates for moral clarity, collective cohesion, and the safeguarding of Jewish identity amid growing societal polarization. The article contends that the State of Israel should not be regarded by the Jewish community as merely another country in the Middle East. Rather, it stands as a living manifestation of Jewish historical evolution, identity, and collective memory—an enduring symbol of cultural continuity and spiritual aspiration, intimately tied to the progress of the Jewish people and, more broadly, to the future of humanity. While principled criticism of Israeli policies is part of democratic discourse, growing movements that reject Israel’s legitimacy often mask a deeper antisemitism. When Israel is portrayed as a colonial or apartheid state, the conversation shifts from policy critique to a denial of Jewish self-determination. This dangerous trend, driven by ideological extremes, undermines meaningful dialogue and fuels further polarization. Ultimately, it is a call to remembrance, reflection, and the cultivation of justice and shared humanity.

Hegel and Mulla Sadra are two prominent philosophers, each representing a culmination of Western ... more Hegel and Mulla Sadra are two prominent philosophers, each representing a culmination of Western and Eastern philosophical traditions, respectively. They embody two distinct schools of thought on the dynamic nature of reality, offering relevant and thought-provoking perspectives. Any serious approach to exploring aspects of Bahá'í philosophy cannot overlook these towering figures, as their ideas provide rich insights into the nature of existence, change, and the evolution of thought.

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This essay examines the critical need to reframe the Bahá'í Faith’s social teachings within the c... more This essay examines the critical need to reframe the Bahá'í Faith’s social teachings within the context of its core spiritual foundation. While social principles such as justice, equality, and unity have historically played a vital role in promoting the Faith—particularly in the West—their increasing integration into mainstream discourse calls for renewed emphasis on the spiritual origin from which they derive their transformative power. The paper explores how virtues risk becoming detached from their deeper meaning when severed from spiritual roots, using tolerance as a key example. Viewed through the lens of the 'center and periphery' dynamic, the essay contends that the Bahá'í Faith’s social vision emanates from its spiritual essence and extends outward to shape the external layers of social reality." The essay further considers the harmony of science and religion, the interplay of continuity and change, and the pervasive impact of spiritual voids manifesting as materialism, moral disorientation, and alienation. By emphasizing and categorizing spiritual foundations and approaches, the essay highlights how the Bahá'í worldview offers a profound and coherent spiritual response to contemporary social issues and challenges.

This paper explores the pivotal role of Western civilization in shaping global collective securit... more This paper explores the pivotal role of Western civilization in shaping global collective security amid an increasingly complex and interconnected world. It begins by highlighting the precarious state of global peace, marked by escalating geopolitical tensions, nuclear proliferation, and the failure to seize opportunities for reform after the Cold War. The paper draws historical parallels between current challenges and the periods preceding the world wars, emphasizing the dangers of unaddressed global conflicts and the urgent need for cooperative mechanisms.

Central to the discourse is the interplay between war, peace, and civilizational dynamics. Historical examples, from the Pax Romana to the Enlightenment, illustrate how civilizations have been both drivers of conflict and architects of peace. The analysis stresses the necessity of integrating enduring values from past civilizations with innovative approaches to address contemporary challenges. Concepts such as democracy, human rights, and collective security are reexamined in light of their evolving relevance and potential for global consensus.

The paper critiques materialism as a pervasive threat to the moral and ethical fabric of Western civilization, linking it to alienation, social fragmentation, and the rise of extremist ideologies. It argues that materialism, as a dominant worldview, undermines the principles of peace and human dignity, necessitating a reevaluation of Western values to achieve a sustainable balance between material and spiritual dimensions.

Western civilization's intellectual legacy is analyzed for its contributions to modern concepts of governance, human rights, and cooperation. The paper also examines the challenges facing democracy, including polarization, economic inequality, and the commodification of politics, advocating for a balanced approach that harmonizes tradition with progress.

Ultimately, the paper calls for a transformative global framework that respects national identities while fostering collective security. It envisions Western civilization playing a central role in this transition, not as a hegemonic force but as a contributor to a unified global order. By addressing its internal challenges and embracing its capacity for self-reflection, Western civilization can evolve into a platform for global cooperation and peace, ensuring its continued relevance in an era of unprecedented change. The critical balance between material and spiritual values emerges as a central theme, offering a path toward the sustainability and renewal of civilization.

This essay explores the emergence of a Bahá’í-inspired philosophy and its potential to serve as a... more This essay explores the emergence of a Bahá’í-inspired philosophy and its potential to serve as a unifying epistemology centered on the integration of religion, philosophy, and science. Despite not having a fully elaborated philosophical system (a common characteristic of relatively young religions), the foundational principles of the Bahá’í Faith inherently foster a philosophical perspective that is characterized by dynamic interconnectedness and an adaptability to the changing needs and conditions of humanity. Engaging the writings of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá alongside classical and modern philosophical themes, it presents a tentative yet sincere synthesis that aspires to bridge Platonic idealism and Aristotelian realism through a Bahá’í lens. Grounded in philosophical inquiry, the essay examines key Bahá’í principles such as the independent investigation of truth, the harmony of science and religion, and the dynamic nature of reality as essential components of a coherent worldview. Drawing from both Western and Islamic traditions, particularly Mulla Sadra’s transcendent philosophy, it underscores the need for a philosophical paradigm that moves beyond reductionism and the fragmentation of knowledge toward a more integrated vision of reality. The essay cautiously proposes a holistic approach that seeks to reconcile facts and values, matter and spirit, empirical inquiry and spiritual understanding. Ultimately, it suggests that a Bahá’í-informed philosophy can contribute meaningfully to the conceptual foundations of global civilization by articulating a coherent vision of unity, justice, and the oneness of knowledge, recognizing that the emergence of such a civilization reflects the defining purpose of Bahá’í philosophical thought.

These days, Western culture and civilization face attacks from various sources, each with differe... more These days, Western culture and civilization face attacks from various sources, each with different and often conflicting agendas, yet united in their calls for its collapse. It has almost become fashionable and trendy to adopt an anti-Western stance. They blame the West for racism, colonialism, imperialism, and more. This is despite the reality that these unethical behaviors have been part and parcel of all civilizations throughout history. You would be hard-pressed to name a civilization that has not attacked its neighbors, exhibited savagery toward its own people and other nations, engaged in the slave trade, demonstrated imperial hubris, or exploited people for its own pomp and glory. EXISTENTIAL APPROACH TO THE VICES OF CIVILIZATIONS When evaluating civilizations ethically, we face a choice: we can either turn a blind eye to our own shortcomings and exaggerate those of others, or we can take an existential approach that acknowledges the universal nature of moral conflicts and the perpetual journey toward resolution. The former path often leads to a narrow-minded perspective, where self-righteousness blinds us to our own faults while magnifying the flaws of others. This approach fosters division and animosity, hindering any genuine progress toward ethical improvement. Conversely, adopting an existential perspective allows us to recognize that moral conflicts are inherent to the human condition and that all societies grapple with them in their own unique ways. It encourages humility, introspection, and a willingness to engage in constructive dialogue with others, fostering a more nuanced understanding of ethical issues and promoting collective growth and development. This existential approach does not imply a passive acceptance of past injustices or a resignation to inaction. Rather, it encourages a grounded and thoughtful engagement with history and a constructive and forward-looking attitude toward building the future. The focus is not on dwelling on past perceived or real injustices, which can lead to bitterness and paralysis, but on identifying and addressing current sources of stagnation and challenges.

Joseph Schwab's critique of the curriculum field as "moribund" underscores the challenge of formu... more Joseph Schwab's critique of the curriculum field as "moribund" underscores the challenge of formulating comprehensive theories. Currently, the absence of a cohesive long-term curriculum theory and the divergence among pragmatic theories proposed by prominent scholars exacerbate the profession's crisis, leading to internal discord and a lack of unity.

This study examines ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s exploration of the human soul in Some Answered Questions, situ... more This study examines ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s exploration of the human soul in Some Answered Questions, situating it within the rich dialogue between religion, philosophy, and modern science. The text presents a nuanced view of the soul as both an emergent and transcendent reality, bridging material and spiritual dimensions of existence. Drawing on Greek philosophy, Islamic metaphysics, and contemporary scientific discourse, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá redefines the soul as the organizing principle of human faculties — rationality, consciousness, and moral perception—while affirming its independence and immortality beyond bodily existence. His treatment reconciles historical dualisms between body and soul, challenges reductionist materialism, and introduces a dynamic framework for understanding spiritual evolution.
The work also offers insights into the psychological, ethical, and social implications of the soul, proposing a form of spiritual psychology that integrates empirical research with moral and metaphysical dimensions of human experience. The relationship between the soul and faith is framed as transformative, guiding individual and collective progress toward a unified global civilization. Furthermore, discussion of dreams, near-death experiences, and the persistence of moral influence after death expands the discourse on consciousness and immortality beyond purely scientific paradigms.
Ultimately, this inquiry highlights the relevance of Some Answered Questions as both a response to modern metaphysical anxiety and a philosophical bridge that harmonizes reason, science, and spiritual insight. It underscores the soul’s role as a catalyst for cultural renewal, ethical action, and the continuous quest for meaning in an evolving civilization.

This paper presents a Bahá’í epistemological framework on the integration of science, religion, a... more This paper presents a Bahá’í epistemological framework on the integration of science, religion, and reason as complementary modalities in the pursuit of truth. Drawing on ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s teachings, it explores the interdependence of sensory perception, rational analysis, spiritual intuition, and scriptural tradition as integrated faculties of human knowledge. The study critiques the historical overreliance on abstract reasoning in Western philosophy and highlights Galileo’s synthesis of empirical observation and mathematical logic as a turning point in scientific methodology. It argues that while reason and sensory data are essential, they remain incomplete without the moral and transformative influence of the Holy Spirit. The Bahá’í teachings affirm that the universe possesses a spiritual dimension—one that becomes accessible not only through revelation but also through the ethical refinement of the self and the evolution of consciousness. Within this paradigm, the mind is seen as a dynamic extension of the human spirit, and true understanding arises through a progressive interplay between material observation and spiritual illumination. The paper emphasizes that religious traditions, over time, are prone to stagnation and distortion unless revitalized by fresh revelation, rendering religious truth a dynamic, unfolding process rather than a fixed inheritance. This perspective rejects both scientism and dogmatic theology, proposing instead a method of inquiry grounded in empirical investigation, ethical reflection, and divine guidance. It frames the Holy Spirit not merely as a metaphysical force but as the animating power behind intellectual renewal, moral agency, and civilizational progress. The result is a model of knowledge acquisition that begins in the natural world, is refined through reason and tradition, and culminates in spiritual insight, constituting a unified process oriented toward both truth and the moral transformation of humanity.

The notion that the future Baha'i-inspired economic system lies somewhere between capitalism and ... more The notion that the future Baha'i-inspired economic system lies somewhere between capitalism and socialism is a frequently mentioned perspective. While there may be some validity to certain aspects of this viewpoint, it is essential to recognize that Baha'i religion, capitalism, and socialism are not rigid entities but rather fluid and evolving ideas. Unlike mechanical structures, ideologies cannot be disassembled and reassembled to construct a new system, as they possess distinct historical backgrounds and conceptual parameters shaped by diverse sociocultural environments and time periods.

Pain and suffering are intrinsically woven into the fabric of changes and processes of the natura... more Pain and suffering are intrinsically woven into the fabric of changes and processes of the natural order of life. The most profound instances of anguish emerge when individuals or societies grapple with moral dilemmas, navigating the delicate balance between conflicting values and ethical considerations. In the crucible of moral decision-making, the intensity of pain can be profound, as it involves internal struggles, ethical quandaries, and the overarching quest for a principled existence. Education emerges as the ultimate equalizer in the face of such challenges. While it may not eradicate pain and suffering, education serves as a guiding light, offering valuable tools and insights on coping and adjusting amid moral complexities. Through knowledge and ethical reasoning, education equips individuals and societies with the resilience to confront moral dilemmas head-on. It acknowledges the inevitability of pain in the face of moral challenges but empowers individuals to engage and navigate such tribulations with a sense of purpose and resilience.

This is a translation, adaptation, and summarization of an article, The Concept of Spirituality b... more This is a translation, adaptation, and summarization of an article, The Concept of Spirituality by Willim Hatcher.