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Papers by Saira Afridi

Research paper thumbnail of Frequency of Risk Factors and Awareness Regarding Ischemic Heart Diseases Among Medical Students of a Private Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan

Khyber Medical University Journal, 2017

To find out the frequency of risk factors and awareness levels regarding Ischemic heart disease (... more To find out the frequency of risk factors and awareness levels regarding Ischemic heart disease (IHD) among medical students of a private medical college of Peshawar Pakistan. METHODS: It was a cross-sectional study design. All the students from first and second year MBBS were invited using universal sampling technique, of which 143 (48 males & 59 females) participated. Data was collected using an interview based questionnaire, which included questions regarding frequency of risk factors and awareness level of students regarding ischemic heart disease. Frequency tables were drawn using an SPSS 15. RESULTS: Mean age of the study population was 19.8±1.0 years. Vast majority of the students (90.2%) were well-aware of the risk factors associated with IHD. Majority of students were found to be vulnerable to risk factors associated with IHD such as lack of exercise (n=62; 44%), family history of IHD (n=39; 27.3%), presence of stress (n=89; 62.2%) and use of junk food per week (n=68; 47.6%). Smoking habit was observed in only 4.2% (n=6) of students. No association was found between awareness levels of students with gender, smoking habits, exercise, stress, use of oil or ghee and consumption of junk food. CONCLUSION: Despite the fact that overwhelming majority of the students were well aware of the risk factors for IHD; they were prone to common risk factors such as lack of exercise, use of junk food, family history of IHD and presence of stress.

Research paper thumbnail of Maternal Periodontitis as a Risk Factor for Preterm Birth: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background Preterm birth is a heterogeneous condition with multiple underlying causes, and period... more Background Preterm birth is a heterogeneous condition with multiple underlying causes, and periodontal diseases are one of them. There are approximately 900,000 preterm births reported in Pakistan each year, with a global prevalence of 11.1%. Oral infections such as periodontitis during pregnancy are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as low birth weight and preterm births. However, different studies have reported contradictory findings. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the association of preterm birth with oral infection in pregnancy. Methods We conducted an observational cross-sectional study on 400 postpartum pregnant women in Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Only women within the age bracket 18 to 40 years were recruited. Mothers who had less than 6 teeth and a history of systemic diseases were excluded. Data were collected by an interview-based structured questionnaire. The Severity and Extent index was used to assess the periodontal health of part...

Research paper thumbnail of Variation of Cusps and Roots of Upper Wisdom Tooth in Patients Visiting Khyber College of Dentistry

Journal of Khyber College of Dentistry

Objective: To determine the variation of cusps and roots of maxillary 3rd molars. Material and Me... more Objective: To determine the variation of cusps and roots of maxillary 3rd molars. Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 extracted 3rd molars. Informed consent was taken from the patients. The teeth with carious lesions and damaged crown were excluded from the study. Data was collected and entered into SPSS for the calculations of percentage and frequencies. Results: A total of 100 maxillary 3rd molars were collected in the department of surgery. Among maxillary 3rd molars most prevalent was tricuspid 44 % and 43% followed by tetracuspids 40% and 16 % of the teeth had five cusps. Only 2% of the third molars had more than five cusps. The most prevalent were fused roots that were 46 %and 68% are followed by two roots and three roots in right and left quadrants respectively. Conclusion: 3rd molars are the most variable teeth in the oral cavity. cusps of the 3rd molars vary from tricuspid to more than 5cusp. Root variation is more than c...

Research paper thumbnail of Attitude of Dental Surgeons Regarding Radiation Protection in Teaching Dental Hospitals of Peshawar

Journal of Khyber College of Dentistry

Objective: To determine attitude of dental surgeons regarding radiation protection in teaching de... more Objective: To determine attitude of dental surgeons regarding radiation protection in teaching dental hospitals of Peshawar. Materials and Methods: It was a cross sectional study, carried out in all the teaching dental hospitals of Peshawar. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed amongst all the house officers who were present and willing to participate in the study. The questionnaire included both open and close ended questions regarding radiation protection. Descriptive data was analyzed using frequency tables and categorical variables was analyzed using chi-square test. Results: Majority of house officers reported that they remain in the room with the patients while taking the radiographs, most of them belonging to a public dental college i.e. (74%). Only 7% from the public sector dental hospital reported that they wear protective lead apron as compared to private dental teaching hospitals i.e. Private teaching hospital A, (35%) and B (37%). Regarding ALARA guidelines ...

Research paper thumbnail of Identifying Child Physical Abuse: An Overlooked Issue in Dentistry

Journal of Khyber College of Dentistry

Objectives: To determine the dental practitioner’s knowledge, attitude, and behavior towards chil... more Objectives: To determine the dental practitioner’s knowledge, attitude, and behavior towards child physical abuse in dental teaching hospitals of Peshawar.Methods and materials: An analytical cross-sectional study was executed in the two dental teaching hospitals of Peshawar using convenience sampling. The data was gathered by self-administered, structured questionnaire completed by 127 house offi cer, 147 trainees and 32 faculty members. Chi-square test was used to analyze association between categorical variables.Results: Out of 320 questionnaires, 306 were returned with complete evaluation yielding a response rate of 95.6%. In the present study, 69.6% of the respondents displayed suffi cient knowledge while 11.1% had poor knowledge on the topic of child physical abuse. Almost 83% of dental practitioners had positive attitude towards the importance of detecting and reporting cases of child physical abuse to legal authorities and 60.5% of dentists strongly agreed that training on c...

Research paper thumbnail of Missing Teeth Among School Going Children in a Peshawar Sample

Congenitally missing teeth is the most common craniofacial malformation. It is present either ind... more Congenitally missing teeth is the most common craniofacial malformation. It is present either individually or associated with syndrome. Hypodontia occur as a result of multifactorial trait, influenced by a combination of gene function, environmental interaction, hence vary among different ethnic regions. This study aims to determine the prevalence of missing teeth among the school going children in Peshawar, its occurrence rate among male & female and distribution of missing teeth in upper and lower jaw. This was a cross sectional study conducted with 780 school going children from age ranged 13 to 15 years. The data were recorded on a structured check list, analyzed by using SPSS version 15 and Micro Soft Excel. Out of total only 30 students were diagnosed as having missing teeth and accounted for 3.8% prevalence (3.0% in female, and 1.5% in male). Left mandibular site accounted highest frequency 10(33.3%). Mandibular 2nd premolar was the most commonly observed missing tooth among ...

Research paper thumbnail of Frequency of Risk Factors and Awareness Regarding Ischemic Heart Diseases Among Medical Students of a Private Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan

Khyber Medical University Journal, 2017

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVES: To find out the frequency of risk factors and awareness levels regarding Isch... more ABSTRACTOBJECTIVES: To find out the frequency of risk factors and awareness levels regarding Ischemic heart disease (IHD) among medical students of a private medical college of Peshawar Pakistan.METHODS: It was a cross-sectional study design. All the students from first and second year MBBS were invited using universal sampling technique, of which 143 (48 males & 59 females) participated. Data was collected using an interview based questionnaire, which included questions regarding frequency of risk factors and awareness level of students regarding ischemic heart disease. Frequency tables were drawn using an SPSS 15.RESULTS: Mean age of the study population was 19.8±1.0 years. Vast majority of the students (90.2%) were well-aware of the risk factors associated with IHD. Majority of students were found to be vulnerable to risk factors associated with IHD such as lack of exercise (n=62; 44%), family history of IHD (n=39; 27.3%), presence of stress (n=89; 62.2%) and use of junk food per...

Research paper thumbnail of 10 Proof 16793-Saira Afridi-F

In Pakistan, IHD comprises 23 percent 4 of all cardiac cases admitted in hospital. In a study, Il... more In Pakistan, IHD comprises 23 percent 4 of all cardiac cases admitted in hospital. In a study, Ilyas Ansari reported that 28 percent of patients admitted in hospital 4 for IHD are under the age of 45 years. IHD may manifest as angina pectoris, acute myocardial insufficiency or myocardial infarction. According to estimates nearly one hundred thousand individuals suffered an acute myocardial infarction in Pakistan in the calendar year 2010.

Research paper thumbnail of Student’s Perception of Their Academics and Clinical Practice on Graduation from Dental Colleges of Peshawar

Journal of Gandhara Medical and Dental Science, 2016

OBJECTIVE:The objective of the current study was to know the perception of students regarding den... more OBJECTIVE:The objective of the current study was to know the perception of students regarding dental curriculum in clinical practice and academics after their graduation in three dental colleges of Peshawar.MATERIAL AND METHODS:It was a cross-sectional study design, carried out at three dental colleges of Peshawar namely Khyber College of Dentistry, Sardar Begum Dental College and Peshawar Dental College. A total number of 193 house officers were there out of which93 participated in the study. A pilot study was conducted to assess the reliability of questionnaire. The study was conducted through a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted questions about academics and clinical practice.RESULTS:Our sample consisted of 93 subjects. There were 79% females and 21% males. The results revealed an overall positive learning experience in undergraduate academics and clinical practice. Over 86% of the graduates were satisfied with their academics and about 69% were satisfie...

Research paper thumbnail of Self-Reported Prevalence Associated Factors for Occurrence of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) in Undergraduate Medical Dental Students

Journal of Gandhara Medical and Dental Science, 2014

Background:Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common painful oral lesions that occur... more Background:Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common painful oral lesions that occur frequently inyoung adults; however the etiology still remains unknown. The present study was conducted to explorethe prevalence of RAS in undergraduate medical & dental students as these are the group who are in theirearly adulthood and are prone to stress during studies.Materials and Methods:This was a cross-sectional survey carried out in Gandhara University. Two hundred students of MBBS &BDS participated in the questionnaire survey. Interview was done through a close-ended questionnaire toreport the prevalence of RAS, the associated history, clinical features & preferred treatment.Results:Prevalence of RAS was found to be 87.5% in the study population. Most common site was lower lip where20% people have ever experienced oral ulcer. Most of the participants (46%) tried topical gels and 55%found the treatment effective. Majority was not sure which medication they used. Approximately ha...

Research paper thumbnail of Hepatitis B; Acquaintance and Prevention in Beauty Therapists, Peshawar

Journal of Gandhara Medical and Dental Science, 2020

OBJECTIVES: To assess the knowledge and practices of beauty therapists regarding hepatitis B viru... more OBJECTIVES: To assess the knowledge and practices of beauty therapists regarding hepatitis B virus. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study conducted on beauty therapists of Peshawar. It was an interview-based questionnaire. Beauty therapists were investigated about hepatitis B transmission, vaccination, sterilization, use of gloves, and sterile equipment. Data was collected from most of the beauty salons of Peshawar. Data was analysed using SPSS 17. RESULTS: Around 90.6% therapists reported that they have knowledge about hepatitis B transmission by reuse of pointers (needles), 56.1% identified that vaccine can prevent hepatitis B, 98.7% beauty therapists that were interviewed reported exposure to blood during their work. 14.3% reported using gloves and 19.4% reported using only aprons. 20.4% of beauty therapists claimed sterilizing their instruments between clients, 51.4% reused needles whereas 88% reused orange sticks. CONCLUSION: Alertness about hepatitis and risks of transmission a...

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Infection Control Measures in a Public Sector Dental Hospital of Peshawar

Journal of Gandhara Medical and Dental Science, 2015

Objective:To evaluate infection control measure in a public sector dental hospital of Peshawar.Me... more Objective:To evaluate infection control measure in a public sector dental hospital of Peshawar.Methodology:It was a cross sectional study conducted in Khyber college of Dentistry. Study subjects were Dental health care providers who were willing to participate in the study. A structured questionnaire was designed that included various categories of infection control. Data was entered into SPSS version 17. Descriptive statistics were applied and frequencies and percentages were obtained.Results:The results from the data shows that the overall score for the infection control standards were less than 50%. Among the various categories of infection control only personal hygiene standards showed good score (77.3%). Personal protective equipment score was adequate (61%) while hand hygiene score was inadequate (52%). The rest of the categories showed poor scores.Conclusion:The result of the study shows that majority of categories of infection control measures at Khyber college of Dentistry ...

Research paper thumbnail of Frequency of Risk Factors and Awareness Regarding Ischemic Heart Diseases Among Medical Students of a Private Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan

Khyber Medical University Journal, 2017

To find out the frequency of risk factors and awareness levels regarding Ischemic heart disease (... more To find out the frequency of risk factors and awareness levels regarding Ischemic heart disease (IHD) among medical students of a private medical college of Peshawar Pakistan. METHODS: It was a cross-sectional study design. All the students from first and second year MBBS were invited using universal sampling technique, of which 143 (48 males & 59 females) participated. Data was collected using an interview based questionnaire, which included questions regarding frequency of risk factors and awareness level of students regarding ischemic heart disease. Frequency tables were drawn using an SPSS 15. RESULTS: Mean age of the study population was 19.8±1.0 years. Vast majority of the students (90.2%) were well-aware of the risk factors associated with IHD. Majority of students were found to be vulnerable to risk factors associated with IHD such as lack of exercise (n=62; 44%), family history of IHD (n=39; 27.3%), presence of stress (n=89; 62.2%) and use of junk food per week (n=68; 47.6%). Smoking habit was observed in only 4.2% (n=6) of students. No association was found between awareness levels of students with gender, smoking habits, exercise, stress, use of oil or ghee and consumption of junk food. CONCLUSION: Despite the fact that overwhelming majority of the students were well aware of the risk factors for IHD; they were prone to common risk factors such as lack of exercise, use of junk food, family history of IHD and presence of stress.

Research paper thumbnail of Maternal Periodontitis as a Risk Factor for Preterm Birth: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background Preterm birth is a heterogeneous condition with multiple underlying causes, and period... more Background Preterm birth is a heterogeneous condition with multiple underlying causes, and periodontal diseases are one of them. There are approximately 900,000 preterm births reported in Pakistan each year, with a global prevalence of 11.1%. Oral infections such as periodontitis during pregnancy are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as low birth weight and preterm births. However, different studies have reported contradictory findings. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the association of preterm birth with oral infection in pregnancy. Methods We conducted an observational cross-sectional study on 400 postpartum pregnant women in Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Only women within the age bracket 18 to 40 years were recruited. Mothers who had less than 6 teeth and a history of systemic diseases were excluded. Data were collected by an interview-based structured questionnaire. The Severity and Extent index was used to assess the periodontal health of part...

Research paper thumbnail of Variation of Cusps and Roots of Upper Wisdom Tooth in Patients Visiting Khyber College of Dentistry

Journal of Khyber College of Dentistry

Objective: To determine the variation of cusps and roots of maxillary 3rd molars. Material and Me... more Objective: To determine the variation of cusps and roots of maxillary 3rd molars. Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 extracted 3rd molars. Informed consent was taken from the patients. The teeth with carious lesions and damaged crown were excluded from the study. Data was collected and entered into SPSS for the calculations of percentage and frequencies. Results: A total of 100 maxillary 3rd molars were collected in the department of surgery. Among maxillary 3rd molars most prevalent was tricuspid 44 % and 43% followed by tetracuspids 40% and 16 % of the teeth had five cusps. Only 2% of the third molars had more than five cusps. The most prevalent were fused roots that were 46 %and 68% are followed by two roots and three roots in right and left quadrants respectively. Conclusion: 3rd molars are the most variable teeth in the oral cavity. cusps of the 3rd molars vary from tricuspid to more than 5cusp. Root variation is more than c...

Research paper thumbnail of Attitude of Dental Surgeons Regarding Radiation Protection in Teaching Dental Hospitals of Peshawar

Journal of Khyber College of Dentistry

Objective: To determine attitude of dental surgeons regarding radiation protection in teaching de... more Objective: To determine attitude of dental surgeons regarding radiation protection in teaching dental hospitals of Peshawar. Materials and Methods: It was a cross sectional study, carried out in all the teaching dental hospitals of Peshawar. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed amongst all the house officers who were present and willing to participate in the study. The questionnaire included both open and close ended questions regarding radiation protection. Descriptive data was analyzed using frequency tables and categorical variables was analyzed using chi-square test. Results: Majority of house officers reported that they remain in the room with the patients while taking the radiographs, most of them belonging to a public dental college i.e. (74%). Only 7% from the public sector dental hospital reported that they wear protective lead apron as compared to private dental teaching hospitals i.e. Private teaching hospital A, (35%) and B (37%). Regarding ALARA guidelines ...

Research paper thumbnail of Identifying Child Physical Abuse: An Overlooked Issue in Dentistry

Journal of Khyber College of Dentistry

Objectives: To determine the dental practitioner’s knowledge, attitude, and behavior towards chil... more Objectives: To determine the dental practitioner’s knowledge, attitude, and behavior towards child physical abuse in dental teaching hospitals of Peshawar.Methods and materials: An analytical cross-sectional study was executed in the two dental teaching hospitals of Peshawar using convenience sampling. The data was gathered by self-administered, structured questionnaire completed by 127 house offi cer, 147 trainees and 32 faculty members. Chi-square test was used to analyze association between categorical variables.Results: Out of 320 questionnaires, 306 were returned with complete evaluation yielding a response rate of 95.6%. In the present study, 69.6% of the respondents displayed suffi cient knowledge while 11.1% had poor knowledge on the topic of child physical abuse. Almost 83% of dental practitioners had positive attitude towards the importance of detecting and reporting cases of child physical abuse to legal authorities and 60.5% of dentists strongly agreed that training on c...

Research paper thumbnail of Missing Teeth Among School Going Children in a Peshawar Sample

Congenitally missing teeth is the most common craniofacial malformation. It is present either ind... more Congenitally missing teeth is the most common craniofacial malformation. It is present either individually or associated with syndrome. Hypodontia occur as a result of multifactorial trait, influenced by a combination of gene function, environmental interaction, hence vary among different ethnic regions. This study aims to determine the prevalence of missing teeth among the school going children in Peshawar, its occurrence rate among male & female and distribution of missing teeth in upper and lower jaw. This was a cross sectional study conducted with 780 school going children from age ranged 13 to 15 years. The data were recorded on a structured check list, analyzed by using SPSS version 15 and Micro Soft Excel. Out of total only 30 students were diagnosed as having missing teeth and accounted for 3.8% prevalence (3.0% in female, and 1.5% in male). Left mandibular site accounted highest frequency 10(33.3%). Mandibular 2nd premolar was the most commonly observed missing tooth among ...

Research paper thumbnail of Frequency of Risk Factors and Awareness Regarding Ischemic Heart Diseases Among Medical Students of a Private Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan

Khyber Medical University Journal, 2017

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVES: To find out the frequency of risk factors and awareness levels regarding Isch... more ABSTRACTOBJECTIVES: To find out the frequency of risk factors and awareness levels regarding Ischemic heart disease (IHD) among medical students of a private medical college of Peshawar Pakistan.METHODS: It was a cross-sectional study design. All the students from first and second year MBBS were invited using universal sampling technique, of which 143 (48 males & 59 females) participated. Data was collected using an interview based questionnaire, which included questions regarding frequency of risk factors and awareness level of students regarding ischemic heart disease. Frequency tables were drawn using an SPSS 15.RESULTS: Mean age of the study population was 19.8±1.0 years. Vast majority of the students (90.2%) were well-aware of the risk factors associated with IHD. Majority of students were found to be vulnerable to risk factors associated with IHD such as lack of exercise (n=62; 44%), family history of IHD (n=39; 27.3%), presence of stress (n=89; 62.2%) and use of junk food per...

Research paper thumbnail of 10 Proof 16793-Saira Afridi-F

In Pakistan, IHD comprises 23 percent 4 of all cardiac cases admitted in hospital. In a study, Il... more In Pakistan, IHD comprises 23 percent 4 of all cardiac cases admitted in hospital. In a study, Ilyas Ansari reported that 28 percent of patients admitted in hospital 4 for IHD are under the age of 45 years. IHD may manifest as angina pectoris, acute myocardial insufficiency or myocardial infarction. According to estimates nearly one hundred thousand individuals suffered an acute myocardial infarction in Pakistan in the calendar year 2010.

Research paper thumbnail of Student’s Perception of Their Academics and Clinical Practice on Graduation from Dental Colleges of Peshawar

Journal of Gandhara Medical and Dental Science, 2016

OBJECTIVE:The objective of the current study was to know the perception of students regarding den... more OBJECTIVE:The objective of the current study was to know the perception of students regarding dental curriculum in clinical practice and academics after their graduation in three dental colleges of Peshawar.MATERIAL AND METHODS:It was a cross-sectional study design, carried out at three dental colleges of Peshawar namely Khyber College of Dentistry, Sardar Begum Dental College and Peshawar Dental College. A total number of 193 house officers were there out of which93 participated in the study. A pilot study was conducted to assess the reliability of questionnaire. The study was conducted through a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted questions about academics and clinical practice.RESULTS:Our sample consisted of 93 subjects. There were 79% females and 21% males. The results revealed an overall positive learning experience in undergraduate academics and clinical practice. Over 86% of the graduates were satisfied with their academics and about 69% were satisfie...

Research paper thumbnail of Self-Reported Prevalence Associated Factors for Occurrence of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) in Undergraduate Medical Dental Students

Journal of Gandhara Medical and Dental Science, 2014

Background:Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common painful oral lesions that occur... more Background:Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common painful oral lesions that occur frequently inyoung adults; however the etiology still remains unknown. The present study was conducted to explorethe prevalence of RAS in undergraduate medical & dental students as these are the group who are in theirearly adulthood and are prone to stress during studies.Materials and Methods:This was a cross-sectional survey carried out in Gandhara University. Two hundred students of MBBS &BDS participated in the questionnaire survey. Interview was done through a close-ended questionnaire toreport the prevalence of RAS, the associated history, clinical features & preferred treatment.Results:Prevalence of RAS was found to be 87.5% in the study population. Most common site was lower lip where20% people have ever experienced oral ulcer. Most of the participants (46%) tried topical gels and 55%found the treatment effective. Majority was not sure which medication they used. Approximately ha...

Research paper thumbnail of Hepatitis B; Acquaintance and Prevention in Beauty Therapists, Peshawar

Journal of Gandhara Medical and Dental Science, 2020

OBJECTIVES: To assess the knowledge and practices of beauty therapists regarding hepatitis B viru... more OBJECTIVES: To assess the knowledge and practices of beauty therapists regarding hepatitis B virus. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study conducted on beauty therapists of Peshawar. It was an interview-based questionnaire. Beauty therapists were investigated about hepatitis B transmission, vaccination, sterilization, use of gloves, and sterile equipment. Data was collected from most of the beauty salons of Peshawar. Data was analysed using SPSS 17. RESULTS: Around 90.6% therapists reported that they have knowledge about hepatitis B transmission by reuse of pointers (needles), 56.1% identified that vaccine can prevent hepatitis B, 98.7% beauty therapists that were interviewed reported exposure to blood during their work. 14.3% reported using gloves and 19.4% reported using only aprons. 20.4% of beauty therapists claimed sterilizing their instruments between clients, 51.4% reused needles whereas 88% reused orange sticks. CONCLUSION: Alertness about hepatitis and risks of transmission a...

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Infection Control Measures in a Public Sector Dental Hospital of Peshawar

Journal of Gandhara Medical and Dental Science, 2015

Objective:To evaluate infection control measure in a public sector dental hospital of Peshawar.Me... more Objective:To evaluate infection control measure in a public sector dental hospital of Peshawar.Methodology:It was a cross sectional study conducted in Khyber college of Dentistry. Study subjects were Dental health care providers who were willing to participate in the study. A structured questionnaire was designed that included various categories of infection control. Data was entered into SPSS version 17. Descriptive statistics were applied and frequencies and percentages were obtained.Results:The results from the data shows that the overall score for the infection control standards were less than 50%. Among the various categories of infection control only personal hygiene standards showed good score (77.3%). Personal protective equipment score was adequate (61%) while hand hygiene score was inadequate (52%). The rest of the categories showed poor scores.Conclusion:The result of the study shows that majority of categories of infection control measures at Khyber college of Dentistry ...