Sana Iftikhar - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Sana Iftikhar
The IPCC 4th Assessment Report states that climate change, in particular increased risk of floods... more The IPCC 4th Assessment Report states that climate change, in particular increased risk of floods and droughts, expected to have a severe impact on South Asian countries, which economies rely mainly on agriculture. In fact, although South Asia has low GHG emissions, climate change has already deeply affected the economic growth and development of this region. This study examines the impact of climate change on rice productivity and economic growth among South Asian countries for the period 1971-2018. Also, examine the decadal seasonal variations in rainfall pattern calculated for summer, winter, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of selected South Asian countries (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan). Results of panel data analysis show that Rice Productivity, Carbon dioxide emissions and Rainfall have a positive relationship with economic growth, while Temperature has a negative relationship with economic growth. The increase in temperature, particularly the maximum temperature has a considerable adverse effect on crop performances and ultimately it affects economic growth.
Developing countries like Pakistan, India and Bangladesh shares various common challenges in addr... more Developing countries like Pakistan, India and Bangladesh shares various common challenges in addressing existing and future climate hazards. This study examines the impact of climate change and cereal production on economic growth in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh for the period 1971-2013. The variables employed in the study are carbon dioxide emissions, methane emissions, nitrous oxide emissions, total greenhouse gases emissions, cereal production and GDP growth rate. Generalized method of moments (GMM) analysis is used to evaluate different equations in relation to climatic factors and cereal production with economic growth in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. The results show that effects of climate change variables have negative relationship with economic growth both in case of Pakistan and India. While the situation is different in case of Bangladesh. Carbon dioxide emissions and methane emissions are positively while nitrous oxide emissions and total greenhouse gases emissions are negatively related with economic growth. There is need to overcome the problem of climate change by expanding climatic and agricultural research to improve the economic situation of a country.
European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 2015
Farmer’s education in rural areas is an essential element to get better agricultural productivity... more Farmer’s education in rural areas is an essential element to get better agricultural productivity (Mellor, 1976). The main purpose of the study is to examine that the literacy rate is key determinant in every aspect of agricultural production (food production). Either it is land, irrigation, livestock, agricultural credit or agricultural labor; literacy rate is serving as key driver in agricultural production as well as in food security. For this purpose cross-sectional data of Punjab province of Pakistan is used. Desired data were collected from Food Insecurity Report 2009 (SDPI, SDC and World Food Program 2009), Punjab Development Statistics (Government of Punjab 2009) and Punjab Agricultural Census Report 2010 (Government of Pakistan, 2012). OLS model was used to find out the results and the results show that the farmer’s literacy rate has positive and significance relationship with food security in both separate cases and overall contribution of all possible variables. Governmen...
Journal of economics and sustainable development, 2016
The paper analyzed the relationship between gross domestic capital formation, export and economic... more The paper analyzed the relationship between gross domestic capital formation, export and economic growth in Pakistan. Johnson's co-integration methodology is used in the study to analyzed the presence of a long term relationship between gross domestic capital formation, exports and the economic growth of Pakistan. The results showed that there is one co-integrated vector among exports, gross domestic capital formation and economic growth. Granger causality tests based on Error Correction Models have indicated that gross domestic capital formation and export influences the steady state level of GDP. Keywords: Gross domestic capital formation, export, co-integration, Pakistan
As women are integral part of society, her status and participation in decision making as well as... more As women are integral part of society, her status and participation in decision making as well as economic activities is very low. Women's empowerment is set of requirements which will ensure the gender equality in the society with the help of private sector. Microfinance plays very important role in improving women decision making by contributing in economic activities. Currently there is no country in the world which has achieved the gender equality; the overall statistics are 96% gap in health outcomes. 93% gap in educational attainment. 60% gap in economic participation. 20% gap in political empowerment. This study overviewed the role of microfinance institutions in women empowerment and in alleviating poverty. Keyword: women empowerment, microfinance, poverty
It is proven fact that human capital development plays a pivotal role in enhancing industrial and... more It is proven fact that human capital development plays a pivotal role in enhancing industrial and agricultural productivity and economic growth. Comprehensive research has been rendered by scientists to observe the relationships of human capital development (HCD) with multiple dimensions but none of the scientists explored, yet, connections between HCD and food security. This study is an endeavor to explore ranking of districts of Punjab province of Pakistan with respect to different indicators of HCD including overall literacy rate, farmers’ literacy rates and population per school. Moreover, relationships between food security and target variables are also quantified. Data are collected from Punjab Development Statistics (Government of Punjab 2009) and Food Insecurity report 2009 (SDPI, SDC and WFP 2009). Moreover, values of the target variables are arranged in descending order to explore the ranks of the districts in the province while bidirectional Pearson correlation analysis i...
Hunger and education are top listed in the millennium development goals and their significance ca... more Hunger and education are top listed in the millennium development goals and their significance cannot be ignored to achieve high living standards and economic development of the nations. Illiteracy has been termed as economic backwardness which is major cause of conflicts (Do and Iyer, 2009) leading to immobility of the people due to dread and resultantly cause food insecurity amongst them. Ample education infrastructure, definitely, helps to promote Literacy rate which is one of the key component of Human Development indicators. Unfortunately, Pakistan ranks 141 out of 158 countries in Human Development Index over the globe (Kugelman and Hathaway, 2010) due to its low education spending which is just 2.1 percent of its GDP share (Government of Pakistan, 2010). Moreover, education is one of the key determinant of poverty in Pakistan and 10 million people of this country were added to inadequate food intake in just two years from 2006-2008 (Kugelman and Hathaway, 2010). The current s...
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 2017
Trade liberalization has now become the main focus of the literature as it is considered as the c... more Trade liberalization has now become the main focus of the literature as it is considered as the contributor of economic growth and welfare. The previous literature showed an overall positive impact of trade liberalization on the economy except for few studies; recommend adopting trade liberalizing policies. Whereas in case of developing country like Pakistan, major part of the literature showed positive impact of trade liberalization on the economy. This study examines the impact and relationship of trade liberalization and economic welfare in case of Pakistan. -----------------------------------------------------------------------* Corresponding author. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) (2017) Volume 31, No 1, pp 75-100 76 The variables used in the study are; gross domestic product recorded in millions of rupees as a dependent variable, whereas balance of trade is taken as a proxy of trade liberalization as an independent variable along with for...
International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research
Global climate change is a change in the long-term weather patterns that characterize the regions... more Global climate change is a change in the long-term weather patterns that characterize the regions of the world. In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity and growth rate. This study investigates the impact of climate change, cereal production and economic growth in East Asia & Pacific, Latin America & Caribbean, Europe & Central Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The study employed the variables are carbon dioxide emissions, cereal production and GDP growth rate. The results show that climate change and economic growth is positively related East Asia & Pacific and Europe & Central Asia, while economic growth and climate change are negatively related in case of Latin America & Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa. There is need to overcome the problem of climate change in the form of carbon dioxide emissions both in Latin America & Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa.
Cogent Food & Agriculture
Agriculture is Pakistan's most vital sector and backbone of the economy, whose productivity depen... more Agriculture is Pakistan's most vital sector and backbone of the economy, whose productivity depends upon several agricultural and natural resources. 19.8% of GDP of Pakistan's economy is come from the agriculture sector and it employs 42.3% of the total work force. There are several agricultural resources which enhance the food production and helps in efficient production. Different regions of Pakistan have different type and amount of resources, these agricultural resources include land, water, livestock, agricultural credit, agricultural machinery, fertilizers and farm workers. The purpose of this study is to provide geographical intensity, district wise mapping of Punjab province of Pakistan. These maps illustrated the spatial distribution of districts in terms of crucial agricultural stocks which are important for higher food security. Then further econometric analysis is used to see the impact of various agricultural resources on food security. The study concluded that in overall availability of agricultural resources, Muzzafargarh, Sahiwal and Vehari districts are having abundance agricultural resources. With the increase in agricultural resources, more food will be produced which leads to increase the level of food security. Empirical investigation shows that Gini of Operational Farm Holding, Irrigated Area and Agricultural Machinery (Tractors) are significantly affecting the food security. The regression coefficients will direct the policy makers about what is the optimal combination of resources in terms of their importance for the food security, commercial importance of these input variables and assist them to prioritize their district wise spending using the geographical representations.
Cogent Food & Agriculture
Agriculture sector is back bone of agrarian economies and it is the primary source of food in the... more Agriculture sector is back bone of agrarian economies and it is the primary source of food in these economies like Pakistan. Current situation of Pakistan's economy highlighted that agriculture sector contributes the 19.8% share to GDP and provides 42.3% of the total work force. There is a lot of empirical work which focus on consistent expansion of agriculture output. Food production in agricultural economy require bundle of resources but credit is one of the factor which help in risk aversion and risk Management. The one of the major problem faced by the farmers is the shortage of credit availability. Therefore, this study has been devised to observe the impact of institutional and non-institutional agricultural credit on the level of food security in the districts of Punjab province of Pakistan. In this regard multiple linear regression models are rendered to quantify the relationship between food security (i.e. Food Insecure Population, Food Availability, Food Access and Food Absorption) and Agricultural Credit (i.e. Overall Agricultural Credit, Institutional Agricultural Credit and Non-Institutional Agricultural Credit). The study find that Institutional Agricultural Credit is significantly helping in combating food insecurity while Non-Institutional Agricultural Credit shows unexpected results. Therefore it is strongly recommended to cates institutional credit to reduce food insecurity issues in the country.
Food and Agricultural Immunology, 2015
Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan's economy. It employs 45% of the labor force, contrib... more Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan's economy. It employs 45% of the labor force, contributes 21.4% to the gross domestic product and provides food to more than 180 million people of the country. The required plethoric resources to produce food correspondingly protect the population against food insecurity. This study explores the distribution of land resources, their ranking and relationships with food security in all districts of Punjab province of Pakistan. The Gini Coefficient and multiple linear regression were employed. The results showed positive relationships between the Gini of operational land holdings and the proportion of land ownership titles with the proportion of food-insecure population and food availability while the rest exhibited negative relationships as theoretically and statistically justified, which is contrary to earlier studies. It is strongly recommended that policy-makers must redefine the threshold level of land ownership holdings/operational holdings to produce in abundance not only for food availability for household consumption but for food distribution across regions as well.
Hunger and education are top listed in the millennium development goals and their significance ca... more Hunger and education are top listed in the millennium development goals and their significance cannot be ignored to achieve high living standards and economic development of the nations. Illiteracy has been termed as economic backwardness which is major cause of conflicts (Do and Iyer, 2009) leading to immobility of the people due to dread and resultantly cause food insecurity amongst them. Ample education infrastructure, definitely, helps to promote Literacy rate which is one of the key component of Human Development indicators. Unfortunately, Pakistan ranks 141 out of 158 countries in Human Development Index over the globe (Kugelman and Hathaway, 2010) due to its low education spending which is just 2.1 percent of its GDP share (Government of Pakistan, 2010). Moreover, education is one of the key determinant of poverty in Pakistan and 10 million people of this country were added to inadequate food intake in just two years from 2006-2008 (Kugelman and Hathaway, 2010). The current study has been devised to observe the relationships between education infrastructure, literacy rate and food security in thirty four districts of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Crossectional data were extracted from two different sources i.e. Punjab Development Statistics (Governemnt of Punjab 2009) and Food Insecurity in Pakistan (SDC, SDPI and WFP, 2009). Semi log econometric model was rendered to study the relationships between independent (i.e number of boys and girls schools, separately, population per primary and Middle school, separately, and number of adult literates in the area) and a dependent variable (i.e. food insecurity). The econometric model delineated positive relationships between boys and girls school infrastructure, population per primary and Middle school with food insecure population at district level. However, the trends exhibited by adult literates and food insecurity were found negative as per expectations and witnessed by literature. As per results of the study it is recommended that provincial and district governments must make some structural changes in the education systems by focusing on schools infrastructure to increase literacy rates to achieve targets of food security.
It is stylized fact that irrigation plays pivotal rolein crop husbandry, enhances many folds yiel... more It is stylized fact that irrigation plays pivotal rolein crop husbandry, enhances many folds yields per acreand this may, consequently, have augmented food security. This study was devised to observe the irrigation distribution / inequalities in the districts of the Punjab province of Pakistan. These districts were ranked as per irrigation distribution / inequalities, ratios of water availability through various modes of irrigation including canal, Tubewell, canal plus Tubewell and overall irrigated area to total cultivated area. Moreover,impacts of target variables were quantified onfood insecure population (%). In this regard, cros-sectional data were collected form Punjab Agriculture Census Report 2010 (Government of Pakistan 2012) and food insecurity in Pakistan 2009 (SDPI, SDC, WFP 2009). Irrigation distributions / inequalities were estimated by using Gini Coefficient while ascending and descending orders were used for ranking of the districts for the target variables as per na...
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2014
The IPCC 4th Assessment Report states that climate change, in particular increased risk of floods... more The IPCC 4th Assessment Report states that climate change, in particular increased risk of floods and droughts, expected to have a severe impact on South Asian countries, which economies rely mainly on agriculture. In fact, although South Asia has low GHG emissions, climate change has already deeply affected the economic growth and development of this region. This study examines the impact of climate change on rice productivity and economic growth among South Asian countries for the period 1971-2018. Also, examine the decadal seasonal variations in rainfall pattern calculated for summer, winter, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of selected South Asian countries (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan). Results of panel data analysis show that Rice Productivity, Carbon dioxide emissions and Rainfall have a positive relationship with economic growth, while Temperature has a negative relationship with economic growth. The increase in temperature, particularly the maximum temperature has a considerable adverse effect on crop performances and ultimately it affects economic growth.
Developing countries like Pakistan, India and Bangladesh shares various common challenges in addr... more Developing countries like Pakistan, India and Bangladesh shares various common challenges in addressing existing and future climate hazards. This study examines the impact of climate change and cereal production on economic growth in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh for the period 1971-2013. The variables employed in the study are carbon dioxide emissions, methane emissions, nitrous oxide emissions, total greenhouse gases emissions, cereal production and GDP growth rate. Generalized method of moments (GMM) analysis is used to evaluate different equations in relation to climatic factors and cereal production with economic growth in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. The results show that effects of climate change variables have negative relationship with economic growth both in case of Pakistan and India. While the situation is different in case of Bangladesh. Carbon dioxide emissions and methane emissions are positively while nitrous oxide emissions and total greenhouse gases emissions are negatively related with economic growth. There is need to overcome the problem of climate change by expanding climatic and agricultural research to improve the economic situation of a country.
European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 2015
Farmer’s education in rural areas is an essential element to get better agricultural productivity... more Farmer’s education in rural areas is an essential element to get better agricultural productivity (Mellor, 1976). The main purpose of the study is to examine that the literacy rate is key determinant in every aspect of agricultural production (food production). Either it is land, irrigation, livestock, agricultural credit or agricultural labor; literacy rate is serving as key driver in agricultural production as well as in food security. For this purpose cross-sectional data of Punjab province of Pakistan is used. Desired data were collected from Food Insecurity Report 2009 (SDPI, SDC and World Food Program 2009), Punjab Development Statistics (Government of Punjab 2009) and Punjab Agricultural Census Report 2010 (Government of Pakistan, 2012). OLS model was used to find out the results and the results show that the farmer’s literacy rate has positive and significance relationship with food security in both separate cases and overall contribution of all possible variables. Governmen...
Journal of economics and sustainable development, 2016
The paper analyzed the relationship between gross domestic capital formation, export and economic... more The paper analyzed the relationship between gross domestic capital formation, export and economic growth in Pakistan. Johnson's co-integration methodology is used in the study to analyzed the presence of a long term relationship between gross domestic capital formation, exports and the economic growth of Pakistan. The results showed that there is one co-integrated vector among exports, gross domestic capital formation and economic growth. Granger causality tests based on Error Correction Models have indicated that gross domestic capital formation and export influences the steady state level of GDP. Keywords: Gross domestic capital formation, export, co-integration, Pakistan
As women are integral part of society, her status and participation in decision making as well as... more As women are integral part of society, her status and participation in decision making as well as economic activities is very low. Women's empowerment is set of requirements which will ensure the gender equality in the society with the help of private sector. Microfinance plays very important role in improving women decision making by contributing in economic activities. Currently there is no country in the world which has achieved the gender equality; the overall statistics are 96% gap in health outcomes. 93% gap in educational attainment. 60% gap in economic participation. 20% gap in political empowerment. This study overviewed the role of microfinance institutions in women empowerment and in alleviating poverty. Keyword: women empowerment, microfinance, poverty
It is proven fact that human capital development plays a pivotal role in enhancing industrial and... more It is proven fact that human capital development plays a pivotal role in enhancing industrial and agricultural productivity and economic growth. Comprehensive research has been rendered by scientists to observe the relationships of human capital development (HCD) with multiple dimensions but none of the scientists explored, yet, connections between HCD and food security. This study is an endeavor to explore ranking of districts of Punjab province of Pakistan with respect to different indicators of HCD including overall literacy rate, farmers’ literacy rates and population per school. Moreover, relationships between food security and target variables are also quantified. Data are collected from Punjab Development Statistics (Government of Punjab 2009) and Food Insecurity report 2009 (SDPI, SDC and WFP 2009). Moreover, values of the target variables are arranged in descending order to explore the ranks of the districts in the province while bidirectional Pearson correlation analysis i...
Hunger and education are top listed in the millennium development goals and their significance ca... more Hunger and education are top listed in the millennium development goals and their significance cannot be ignored to achieve high living standards and economic development of the nations. Illiteracy has been termed as economic backwardness which is major cause of conflicts (Do and Iyer, 2009) leading to immobility of the people due to dread and resultantly cause food insecurity amongst them. Ample education infrastructure, definitely, helps to promote Literacy rate which is one of the key component of Human Development indicators. Unfortunately, Pakistan ranks 141 out of 158 countries in Human Development Index over the globe (Kugelman and Hathaway, 2010) due to its low education spending which is just 2.1 percent of its GDP share (Government of Pakistan, 2010). Moreover, education is one of the key determinant of poverty in Pakistan and 10 million people of this country were added to inadequate food intake in just two years from 2006-2008 (Kugelman and Hathaway, 2010). The current s...
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 2017
Trade liberalization has now become the main focus of the literature as it is considered as the c... more Trade liberalization has now become the main focus of the literature as it is considered as the contributor of economic growth and welfare. The previous literature showed an overall positive impact of trade liberalization on the economy except for few studies; recommend adopting trade liberalizing policies. Whereas in case of developing country like Pakistan, major part of the literature showed positive impact of trade liberalization on the economy. This study examines the impact and relationship of trade liberalization and economic welfare in case of Pakistan. -----------------------------------------------------------------------* Corresponding author. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) (2017) Volume 31, No 1, pp 75-100 76 The variables used in the study are; gross domestic product recorded in millions of rupees as a dependent variable, whereas balance of trade is taken as a proxy of trade liberalization as an independent variable along with for...
International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research
Global climate change is a change in the long-term weather patterns that characterize the regions... more Global climate change is a change in the long-term weather patterns that characterize the regions of the world. In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity and growth rate. This study investigates the impact of climate change, cereal production and economic growth in East Asia & Pacific, Latin America & Caribbean, Europe & Central Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The study employed the variables are carbon dioxide emissions, cereal production and GDP growth rate. The results show that climate change and economic growth is positively related East Asia & Pacific and Europe & Central Asia, while economic growth and climate change are negatively related in case of Latin America & Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa. There is need to overcome the problem of climate change in the form of carbon dioxide emissions both in Latin America & Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa.
Cogent Food & Agriculture
Agriculture is Pakistan's most vital sector and backbone of the economy, whose productivity depen... more Agriculture is Pakistan's most vital sector and backbone of the economy, whose productivity depends upon several agricultural and natural resources. 19.8% of GDP of Pakistan's economy is come from the agriculture sector and it employs 42.3% of the total work force. There are several agricultural resources which enhance the food production and helps in efficient production. Different regions of Pakistan have different type and amount of resources, these agricultural resources include land, water, livestock, agricultural credit, agricultural machinery, fertilizers and farm workers. The purpose of this study is to provide geographical intensity, district wise mapping of Punjab province of Pakistan. These maps illustrated the spatial distribution of districts in terms of crucial agricultural stocks which are important for higher food security. Then further econometric analysis is used to see the impact of various agricultural resources on food security. The study concluded that in overall availability of agricultural resources, Muzzafargarh, Sahiwal and Vehari districts are having abundance agricultural resources. With the increase in agricultural resources, more food will be produced which leads to increase the level of food security. Empirical investigation shows that Gini of Operational Farm Holding, Irrigated Area and Agricultural Machinery (Tractors) are significantly affecting the food security. The regression coefficients will direct the policy makers about what is the optimal combination of resources in terms of their importance for the food security, commercial importance of these input variables and assist them to prioritize their district wise spending using the geographical representations.
Cogent Food & Agriculture
Agriculture sector is back bone of agrarian economies and it is the primary source of food in the... more Agriculture sector is back bone of agrarian economies and it is the primary source of food in these economies like Pakistan. Current situation of Pakistan's economy highlighted that agriculture sector contributes the 19.8% share to GDP and provides 42.3% of the total work force. There is a lot of empirical work which focus on consistent expansion of agriculture output. Food production in agricultural economy require bundle of resources but credit is one of the factor which help in risk aversion and risk Management. The one of the major problem faced by the farmers is the shortage of credit availability. Therefore, this study has been devised to observe the impact of institutional and non-institutional agricultural credit on the level of food security in the districts of Punjab province of Pakistan. In this regard multiple linear regression models are rendered to quantify the relationship between food security (i.e. Food Insecure Population, Food Availability, Food Access and Food Absorption) and Agricultural Credit (i.e. Overall Agricultural Credit, Institutional Agricultural Credit and Non-Institutional Agricultural Credit). The study find that Institutional Agricultural Credit is significantly helping in combating food insecurity while Non-Institutional Agricultural Credit shows unexpected results. Therefore it is strongly recommended to cates institutional credit to reduce food insecurity issues in the country.
Food and Agricultural Immunology, 2015
Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan's economy. It employs 45% of the labor force, contrib... more Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan's economy. It employs 45% of the labor force, contributes 21.4% to the gross domestic product and provides food to more than 180 million people of the country. The required plethoric resources to produce food correspondingly protect the population against food insecurity. This study explores the distribution of land resources, their ranking and relationships with food security in all districts of Punjab province of Pakistan. The Gini Coefficient and multiple linear regression were employed. The results showed positive relationships between the Gini of operational land holdings and the proportion of land ownership titles with the proportion of food-insecure population and food availability while the rest exhibited negative relationships as theoretically and statistically justified, which is contrary to earlier studies. It is strongly recommended that policy-makers must redefine the threshold level of land ownership holdings/operational holdings to produce in abundance not only for food availability for household consumption but for food distribution across regions as well.
Hunger and education are top listed in the millennium development goals and their significance ca... more Hunger and education are top listed in the millennium development goals and their significance cannot be ignored to achieve high living standards and economic development of the nations. Illiteracy has been termed as economic backwardness which is major cause of conflicts (Do and Iyer, 2009) leading to immobility of the people due to dread and resultantly cause food insecurity amongst them. Ample education infrastructure, definitely, helps to promote Literacy rate which is one of the key component of Human Development indicators. Unfortunately, Pakistan ranks 141 out of 158 countries in Human Development Index over the globe (Kugelman and Hathaway, 2010) due to its low education spending which is just 2.1 percent of its GDP share (Government of Pakistan, 2010). Moreover, education is one of the key determinant of poverty in Pakistan and 10 million people of this country were added to inadequate food intake in just two years from 2006-2008 (Kugelman and Hathaway, 2010). The current study has been devised to observe the relationships between education infrastructure, literacy rate and food security in thirty four districts of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Crossectional data were extracted from two different sources i.e. Punjab Development Statistics (Governemnt of Punjab 2009) and Food Insecurity in Pakistan (SDC, SDPI and WFP, 2009). Semi log econometric model was rendered to study the relationships between independent (i.e number of boys and girls schools, separately, population per primary and Middle school, separately, and number of adult literates in the area) and a dependent variable (i.e. food insecurity). The econometric model delineated positive relationships between boys and girls school infrastructure, population per primary and Middle school with food insecure population at district level. However, the trends exhibited by adult literates and food insecurity were found negative as per expectations and witnessed by literature. As per results of the study it is recommended that provincial and district governments must make some structural changes in the education systems by focusing on schools infrastructure to increase literacy rates to achieve targets of food security.
It is stylized fact that irrigation plays pivotal rolein crop husbandry, enhances many folds yiel... more It is stylized fact that irrigation plays pivotal rolein crop husbandry, enhances many folds yields per acreand this may, consequently, have augmented food security. This study was devised to observe the irrigation distribution / inequalities in the districts of the Punjab province of Pakistan. These districts were ranked as per irrigation distribution / inequalities, ratios of water availability through various modes of irrigation including canal, Tubewell, canal plus Tubewell and overall irrigated area to total cultivated area. Moreover,impacts of target variables were quantified onfood insecure population (%). In this regard, cros-sectional data were collected form Punjab Agriculture Census Report 2010 (Government of Pakistan 2012) and food insecurity in Pakistan 2009 (SDPI, SDC, WFP 2009). Irrigation distributions / inequalities were estimated by using Gini Coefficient while ascending and descending orders were used for ranking of the districts for the target variables as per na...
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2014