Sanjay Bhatt - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Volume 3, Issue 4. by Sanjay Bhatt

Background: Background: Alcohol remains the single most significant cause of liver disease throug... more Background: Background: Alcohol remains the single most significant cause of liver disease throughout the Western world, responsible for between 40 and 80% of cases of cirrhosis in different countries. Material & Methods: 164 alcoholic hepa s pa ents were subjected to detailed clinical examina on and laboratory inves ga ons and the results were compared with 82controls. Blood samples were collected for oxida ve stress parameters. It was observed that there was a significant increase in ac vi es of Catalase, SOD, MDA, GPX and GR ac vity in pa ents with alcoholic hepa s when compared to controls. Results: Results of our study show higher oxygen free radical producon, evidenced by elevated levels of MDA and decreased levels of Catalase, SOD, GPx, GR, and TAS ac vity, suppor ng the evidence of oxida ve stress in alcoholic hepa s pa ents. Decreased concentra ons of an oxidant support the hypothesis that alcoholic hepa s is an important causa ve factor in pathogenesis of lipid peroxida on. Conclusion: The an oxidant defense mechanisms might be impaired in pa ents with alcoholic hepa s. These findings also provide a theore cal basis for development of novel therapeu c strategies, such as an oxidant supplementa on.

Papers by Sanjay Bhatt

Chronobiology International, 2002

Seven clinically healthy, nondiabetic (ND) and four Type II diabetic (D) men were assessed for ci... more Seven clinically healthy, nondiabetic (ND) and four Type II diabetic (D) men were assessed for circadian rhythms in oxidative &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;stress markers.&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; Blood samples were collected at 3h intervals for approximately 27 h beginning at 19:00h. Urine samples were collected every 3 h beginning with the 16:00h-19:00h sample. The dark (sleep) phase of the light-dark cycle extended from 22:30h to 06:30h, with brief awakening for sampling at 01:00h and 04:00h. Subjects were offered general hospital meals at 16:30h, 07:30h, and 13:30h (2400 cal in total/24h). Serum samples were analyzed for uric acid (UA) and nitrite (NO) concentrations, and urine samples were assayed for 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-isoprostane (ISP). Data were analyzed statistically both by the population multiple-components method and by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The 24h mean level of UA and NO was greater in D than in ND subjects (424 vs. 338 micromol/L and 39.2 vs. 12.7 microM, respectively). A significant circadian rhythm in UA (p = 0.001) and NO (p = 0.048) was evident in ND but not in D (p = 0.214 and 0.065). A circadian rhythm (p = 0.004, amplitude = 8.6 pmol/kgbw/3h urine vol.) was also evident in urine 8-OHdG of ND but not of D. The 24h mean levels of ND and D were comparable (76.8 vs. 65.7 pmol/kgbw/3h urine vol.). No circadian rhythm by population multiple-components was evident in MDA and ISP levels of ND subjects, or in 8-OHdG, MDA, and ISP in D. However, a significant time-effect was demonstrated by ANOVA in all variables and groups. The 24h mean of MDA and ISP in D was significantly greater than in ND (214 vs. 119 nmol/3h urine vol. and 622 vs. 465 ng/3h urine vol.). The peak concentrations of the three oxidative &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;stress markers&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; in urine, like those of serum NO, occurred early in the evening in both groups of men. This observation suggests a correlation between increased oxidative damage and increased rate of anabolic-catabolic events as evidenced by similarities in the timing of peak NO production and in parameters relevant to metabolic functions.

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Jan 10, 2016

The circadian periodicity of plasma lipid peroxide levels and activities of superoxide dismutase ... more The circadian periodicity of plasma lipid peroxide levels and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GSH), total antioxidant status were studied in 30 clinically, alcoholic hepatitis proven fresh cases (age: 18-70 years) and 30 age matched healthy volunteers with diurnal activity from 06:00 to about 22:00 and nocturnal rest. A marked circadian variation in plasma lipid peroxide level was recorded in healthy subjects and alcoholic patients with significant amplitude and acrophase around 16:21 and 17:12 respectively. The acrophase tended to be delayed in alcoholic patients. Furthermore, a statistically significant circadian rhythm was found in SOD, CAT and GPx, GSH, TAS, MDA activities in normal volunteers and alcoholic hepatitis patients. SOD and CAT enzyme activity was noted to be maximum at 06:00 and minimum at 00:00 in alcoholic hepatitis patients. The circadian acrophase for GPx activity was recorded at 16:15 in normals and around 22:45 in patients. Moreover, the activity was found to be decreased at all sampling hours during 24-hours sleep-awake period in patients in comparison to healthy counterparts. The MESOR and circadian amplitude also decreased markedly. The decreased activity of measured antioxidant enzymes in Alcoholic hepatitis patients could probably be associated with oxidative stress and/or decreased anti-oxidant defensive mechanism in such patients.

104-109The present study was carried out to explore the anti-diabetic, anti-dyslipoproteinemic an... more 104-109The present study was carried out to explore the anti-diabetic, anti-dyslipoproteinemic and anti-oxidant activities of Anthocephalus indicus root extract in alloxan-induced (150 mg/kg body wt.) diabetic rats. A marked increase in plasma levels of glucose and lipid peroxides accompanied with an elevation in the lipids and apoprotein levels of serum very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) following decrease in lipid and protein constituents of high density lipoprotein (HDL) were observed. The alterations in lipoprotein pattern was associated with inhibition of lipolytic and antioxidant enzymes. Oral administration of root extract (500 mg/kg body wt.) for 30 days in dyslipidemic animals resulted in significant decrease in plasma glucose, total cholesterol, phospholipids, triglyceride and lipid peroxides. The decrease of lipids and apoprotein levels of VLDL and LDL were followed by stimulation of plasma post-heparin lipolytic activity and lecithin ch...

Present study was focused on evaluating bioactive compounds of Taxus baccata and Swertia chirata ... more Present study was focused on evaluating bioactive compounds of Taxus baccata and Swertia chirata using GC-MS. The bioactive components of methanol extract of fruit of Taxus baccata and leaves of Swertia chirata were investigated by PerkinElmer Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. GC-MS analysis of methanol extract of Swertia chirata leaves and Taxus baccata fruit revealed the presence of twenty three and nineteen compounds respectively. It can be concluded that T. baccata and S. chirata plant parts have higher concentration of various terpenoids, tri-terpenoids, and fatty acids compounds and their derivatives that may be responsible for its promising antibacterial activities.

Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics, 2010

The present study was carried out to explore the anti-diabetic, anti-dyslipoproteinemic and anti-... more The present study was carried out to explore the anti-diabetic, anti-dyslipoproteinemic and anti-oxidant activities of Anthocephalus indicus root extract in alloxan-induced (150 mg/kg body wt.) diabetic rats. A marked increase in plasma levels of glucose and lipid peroxides accompanied with an elevation in the lipids and apoprotein levels of serum very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) following decrease in lipid and protein constituents of high density lipoprotein (HDL) were observed. The alterations in lipoprotein pattern was associated with inhibition of lipolytic and antioxidant enzymes. Oral administration of root extract (500 mg/kg body wt.) for 30 days in dyslipidemic animals resulted in significant decrease in plasma glucose, total cholesterol, phospholipids, triglyceride and lipid peroxides. The decrease of lipids and apoprotein levels of VLDL and LDL were followed by stimulation of plasma post-heparin lipolytic activity and lecithin cholester...

Introduction: Insulin resistance is the greatest risk factor for development of obesity and Type-... more Introduction: Insulin resistance is the greatest risk factor for development of obesity and Type-2 DM. Euglycemia with increased insulin level is one of the salient features in insulin resistance. Techniques for assessment of insulin resistance by HOMA, QUICKI are very tedious, expensive and time-consuming as reported in various researches. On the contrary, estimation of fasting serum insulin is a very easy tool to measure the presence and progression of Insulin resistance but this methodology is not widely explored. Aim and objective: To measure level of serum insulin in obese persons with and without Diabetes in comparison to normal non-obese non-diabetic controls for determination of Insulin resistance. Material and methods: This observational case-control study was done in SRMS IMS, Bareilly. A total 60 obese subjects with or without Diabetes as per WHO criteria were chosen from OPD of Medicine Department. They were divided into two groups. Group I consisted of 30 patients witho...

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2020

Objectives: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of several metabolic disorders including hyper... more Objectives: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of several metabolic disorders including hyperglycemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and raised triglyceride level in serum, hypertension, and abdominal obesity. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is used as one of the diagnostic criteria for diabetes and diagnostic tool for MetS. Methods: The present study was conducted at Prasad Institute of Medical Sciences. The study includes 150 patients with MetS as a case and 150 healthy volunteers as a control. MetS was diagnosed according to National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. HbA1c was assayed in various components of MetS. Results: It was found that HbA1c was significantly higher in MetS patients when compared to control group. Conclusion: Our study suggests that HbA1c might be used as a diagnostic criterion for MetS. Therefore, proper glycemic control should be maintained by maintaining HbA1c level <6.5% to prevent from diabetes and M...

Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research, 2018

Background: The real status of pro-oxidant and antioxidant in alcoholic hepatitis is still not cl... more Background: The real status of pro-oxidant and antioxidant in alcoholic hepatitis is still not clear. Material & Methods: This study was conducted in Department of Biochemistry, Santosh medical college & Hospital. 40 alcoholic hepatitis patients were subjected to detailed clinical examination and laboratory investigations and the results were compared with 40 controls. Blood samples were collected for oxidative stress parameters. It was observed that there was a significant increase in activities of SOD, MDA and Catalase activity in patients with alcoholic hepatitis when compared to controls. Results: Result of this study depict higher oxygen free radical production, evidenced by elevated levels of MDA and decreased levels of Catalase activity, supporting the evidence of oxidative stress in alcoholic hepatitis patients. Increased activities of antioxidant enzymes might be a compensatory regulation of body in response to increased oxidative stress. Conclusion: Data of this study represent that antioxidant defense mechanisms might be impaired in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. These findings also provide a theoretical basis for development of novel therapeutic strategies, such as antioxidant supplementation.

Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research, 2016

Background: The exact pro-oxidant and antioxidant status in alcoholic hepatitis is still not clea... more Background: The exact pro-oxidant and antioxidant status in alcoholic hepatitis is still not clear. Material & Methods: The present study was conducted in Department of Biochemistry, RMRI, Bareilly and Santosh medical college & Hospital. 35 alcoholic hepatitis patients were subjected to detailed clinical examination and laboratory investigations and the results were compared with 35 controls. Blood samples were collected for oxidative stress parameters. It was observed that there was a significant increase in activities of SOD, GPX, MDA and Catalase activity in patients with alcoholic hepatitis when compared to controls. Results: Results of our study depict higher oxygen free radical production, evidenced by elevated levels of MDA and decreased levels of GSH, ascorbic acid, vitamin-E and Catalase activity, supporting the evidence of oxidative stress in alcoholic hepatitis patients. Increased activities of antioxidant enzymes might be a compensatory regulation of body in response to increased oxidative stress. Decreased concentrations of antioxidant vitamins support the hypothesis that alcoholic hepatitis is an important causative factor in pathogenesis of lipid peroxidation. Conclusion: These data reveal that antioxidant defense mechanisms might be impaired in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. These findings also provide a theoretical basis for development of novel therapeutic strategies, such as antioxidant supplementation.

Chronobiology International, 2002

Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 2005

The present study was conducted to evaluate some of the components of antioxidant defense system ... more The present study was conducted to evaluate some of the components of antioxidant defense system and oxidative damage in 20 male patients of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The results were compared with 20 healthy male smokers and 20 healthy male non-smokers volunteers. Patients were subjected to detailed clinical examination and laboratory investigations. Blood samples were collected for estimating reduced glutathione (GSH), total thiols (T-SH) malondialdehyde (MDA), transaminases (AST, ALT), glutathione-S-transferease (GST) and gammaglutamyl transferase (GGT). Serum aspartate amino transferase (AST)/alanine amino transferase (ALT) ratio was significantly (p<0.01) reduced in ALD patients as compared to the controls. However, the core of utility of MDA and GST was found to be significantly (p<0.01) increased in ALD patients compared to controls. There was a significant negative correlation of MDA with both GSH and T-SH. Plasma GGT levels were significantly (p< 0.01) increased in alcoholics and the enzyme showed a significant positive correlation with MDA. These results give enough evidence of increased oxidative stress and compromised antioxidant defense system in patients with ALD.

JMSCR Vol||06||Issue||09||Page 61-65||September, 2018

The circadian periodicity of plasma lipid peroxide levels and activities of superoxide dismutase ... more The circadian periodicity of plasma lipid peroxide levels and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and Total antioxidant status (TAS) were studied in 50 clinically, alcoholic hepatitis proven fresh cases (age: 18-70 years) and 50 age matched healthy volunteers with diurnal activity from 06:00 to about 22:00 and nocturnal rest. A marked circadian variation in plasma lipid peroxide level was recorded in healthy subjects and alcoholic patients with significant amplitude and acrophase around 16:21 and 17:12 respectively. The acrophase tended to be delayed in alcoholic patients. Furthermore, a statistically significant circadian rhythm was found in SOD, CAT, TAS, and MDA activities in normal volunteers and alcoholic hepatitis patients (AH). SOD and CAT enzyme activity was noted to be maximum at 06:00 and minimum at 00:00 in alcoholic hepatitis patients. The circadian acrophase for GPx activity was recorded at 16:15 in normals and around 22:45 in patients. Moreover, the activity was found to be decreased at all sampling hours during 24-hours sleep-awake period in patients in comparison to healthy counterparts. The MESOR and circadian amplitude also decreased markedly. The decreased activity of measured antioxidant enzymes in pulmonary tuberculosis patients could probably be associated with oxidative stress and/or decreased anti-oxidant defensive mechanism in such patients.

W ie sehen Mobilität und Verkehr in der Zukunft aus? Werden wir mehr oder weniger Autoverkehr hab... more W ie sehen Mobilität und Verkehr in der Zukunft aus? Werden wir mehr oder weniger Autoverkehr haben? Werden automa tisierte Fahrzeuge und effi ziente Car sha ringsysteme dazu führen, dass wir noch häufi ger mit dem Auto fahren? Können Ridesharingsysteme so in den öffentlichen Verkehr integriert werden, dass wir weniger Autoverkehr in den Städten haben? Stört uns das Auto überhaupt noch, wenn alle Autos garantiert emissionsfrei, leise und sicher unterwegs sind? Kriegen wir den Lieferverkehr mit Güterstraßenbahnen oder unterirdischen Liefersystemen besser in den Griff als mit Lastkraftwagen? Und werden Haushalte mit Cargo-Bikes oder Drohnen beliefert? Sind Seilbahnen und Lufttaxis eine Lösung für den Transport von Personen? Oder brauchen wir eine stärkere Regulierung des Verkehrs mit Straßenbenutzungsgebühren, Verboten und strengeren Kontrollen von Gehwegparkern und Schnellfahrern? Der zukünftige Verkehr passiert nicht einfach und ist dann plötzlich da. Wie Verkehr in der Zukunft aussieht, ist das Ergebnis von Entwicklungen, die wir heute beeinfl ussen können. Wir bekommen den Verkehr, den wir wollen. Dazu müssen wir wissen, was wir wollen. Verschiedene Akteure (Bürger*innen, Arbeitgeber, Handel, Handwerk) haben unterschiedliche Präferenzen und sind nur eingeschränkt kompromissbereit. Da im Stadtverkehr immer Kompromisse notwendig sind, ist ein möglichst parteiübergreifender Konsens zu den Leitlinien unserer Verkehrsplanung notwendig. Allerdings ist Verkehrsplanung keine Wünsch-Dir-Was-Veranstaltung. Es ist leicht Maßnahmen vorzuschlagen, die Zustimmung erfahren. Der Ausbau des öffentlichen Verkehrs ist wünschenswert und ein kostenloser öffentlicher Verkehr wird vielen Menschen gefallen. Schwieriger ist es Regeln zu defi nieren, wann für einen Radweg Parkplätze wegfallen sollen. Und die Erwartung,

2019 6th International Conference on Models and Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems (MT-ITS), 2019

As the introduction of fully automated vehicles enhances the attractiveness of carsharing and rid... more As the introduction of fully automated vehicles enhances the attractiveness of carsharing and ridesharing systems, cities and regions may want to examine the effects of this development. This paper presents a framework for how to integrate those services in traditional macroscopic travel demand models, which are commonly used to evaluate the impacts of changed transport supply. Addressed topics are (1) the implementation of direct and intermodal ridesharing into the demand modeling process, presenting two approaches for the latter, (2) the pooling of ridesharing trips and (3) the scheduling of automated and shared vehicles. The first approach for integrating intermodal ridesharing includes ridesharing as an additional transport system, which uses the road network and which is integrated in the timetable-based public transport assignment. The second approach uses direct-link connections between traffic zones and suitable public transport transfer stops for the ridesharing feeder trip...

Folia Pharmacologica Japonica

The role of PPAR in the onset of type diabetes.

Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research

The circadian periodicity of plasma lipid peroxide levels and activities of superoxide dismutase ... more The circadian periodicity of plasma lipid peroxide levels and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and Total antioxidant status (TAS) were studied in 50 clinically, alcoholic hepatitis proven fresh cases (age: 18-70 years) and 50 age matched healthy volunteers with diurnal activity from 06:00 to about 22:00 and nocturnal rest. A marked circadian variation in plasma lipid peroxide level was recorded in healthy subjects and alcoholic patients with significant amplitude and acrophase around 16:21 and 17:12 respectively. The acrophase tended to be delayed in alcoholic patients. Furthermore, a statistically significant circadian rhythm was found in SOD, CAT, TAS, and MDA activities in normal volunteers and alcoholic hepatitis patients (AH). SOD and CAT enzyme activity was noted to be maximum at 06:00 and minimum at 00:00 in alcoholic hepatitis patients. The circadian acrophase for GPx activity was recorded at 16:15 in normals and around 22:45 in patients. Moreover, the activity was found to be decreased at all sampling hours during 24-hours sleep-awake period in patients in comparison to healthy counterparts. The MESOR and circadian amplitude also decreased markedly. The decreased activity of measured antioxidant enzymes in pulmonary tuberculosis patients could probably be associated with oxidative stress and/or decreased anti-oxidant defensive mechanism in such patients.

Chronobiology International, 2002

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Jan 10, 2016

Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics, 2010

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2020

Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research, 2018

Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research, 2016

Chronobiology International, 2002

Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 2005

JMSCR Vol||06||Issue||09||Page 61-65||September, 2018

The circadian periodicity of plasma lipid peroxide levels and activities of superoxide dismutase ... more The circadian periodicity of plasma lipid peroxide levels and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and Total antioxidant status (TAS) were studied in 50 clinically, alcoholic hepatitis proven fresh cases (age: 18-70 years) and 50 age matched healthy volunteers with diurnal activity from 06:00 to about 22:00 and nocturnal rest. A marked circadian variation in plasma lipid peroxide level was recorded in healthy subjects and alcoholic patients with significant amplitude and acrophase around 16:21 and 17:12 respectively. The acrophase tended to be delayed in alcoholic patients. Furthermore, a statistically significant circadian rhythm was found in SOD, CAT, TAS, and MDA activities in normal volunteers and alcoholic hepatitis patients (AH). SOD and CAT enzyme activity was noted to be maximum at 06:00 and minimum at 00:00 in alcoholic hepatitis patients. The circadian acrophase for GPx activity was recorded at 16:15 in normals and around 22:45 in patients. Moreover, the activity was found to be decreased at all sampling hours during 24-hours sleep-awake period in patients in comparison to healthy counterparts. The MESOR and circadian amplitude also decreased markedly. The decreased activity of measured antioxidant enzymes in pulmonary tuberculosis patients could probably be associated with oxidative stress and/or decreased anti-oxidant defensive mechanism in such patients.

2019 6th International Conference on Models and Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems (MT-ITS), 2019

Folia Pharmacologica Japonica

The role of PPAR in the onset of type diabetes.

Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research

The circadian periodicity of plasma lipid peroxide levels and activities of superoxide dismutase ... more The circadian periodicity of plasma lipid peroxide levels and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and Total antioxidant status (TAS) were studied in 50 clinically, alcoholic hepatitis proven fresh cases (age: 18-70 years) and 50 age matched healthy volunteers with diurnal activity from 06:00 to about 22:00 and nocturnal rest. A marked circadian variation in plasma lipid peroxide level was recorded in healthy subjects and alcoholic patients with significant amplitude and acrophase around 16:21 and 17:12 respectively. The acrophase tended to be delayed in alcoholic patients. Furthermore, a statistically significant circadian rhythm was found in SOD, CAT, TAS, and MDA activities in normal volunteers and alcoholic hepatitis patients (AH). SOD and CAT enzyme activity was noted to be maximum at 06:00 and minimum at 00:00 in alcoholic hepatitis patients. The circadian acrophase for GPx activity was recorded at 16:15 in normals and around 22:45 in patients. Moreover, the activity was found to be decreased at all sampling hours during 24-hours sleep-awake period in patients in comparison to healthy counterparts. The MESOR and circadian amplitude also decreased markedly. The decreased activity of measured antioxidant enzymes in pulmonary tuberculosis patients could probably be associated with oxidative stress and/or decreased anti-oxidant defensive mechanism in such patients.