Sanjiv Phansalkar - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Sanjiv Phansalkar

This paper attempts to identify and evolve a method for valuing and estimating the net gains from... more This paper attempts to identify and evolve a method for valuing and estimating the net gains from domestic and industrial water supply from the interbasin transfer schemes contemplated in the National River Link Project (NRLP). An existing interbasin transfer (IBT) scheme, namely Indira Gandhi Nahar Project (IGNP) and a proposed IBT scheme namely Polavaram- Vijaywada (PV) Link Canal were chosen for detailed analyses. Secondary data were used for identifying the region and the populations that benefited from the schemes. Economic gains arising out of water supply to the actual or potentially benefited areas were estimated. The estimation involved assessment of current costs incurred by the people in the area, in terms of both paid-out costs and time spent in fetching water. The saving in time was valued at market wage rates prevalent in the area and paid-out costs were assessed in terms of current market prices, ignoring the administered prices involved. The gains to urban population...

The debate on India's ambitious interlinking project has become polarized. Instead of helpin... more The debate on India's ambitious interlinking project has become polarized. Instead of helping the nation to think, analyze and form a rational viewpoint, it has turned into a shouting match, devoid of scientific analysis. The proponents insist that thousands of highly qualified engineer-days have been invested in studying the feasibility of the links. But, the analysis is not available in public domain. The opponents argue that the project is a conspiracy to hide the past inefficiencies of the irrigation bureaucracy. And yet, the alternatives proposed by them to India's impending water challenge also seem far from concrete. This ITP Comment takes a close look at the NCIWRD report, which has repeatedly been cited as the basis for interlinking planning and outlines a framework for 'Water Future' research which will help in raising the level of this important national debate by helping develop a refined, textured and nuanced

目的：通过观察乳腺癌及其癌前病变中细胞凋亡调控基因ｐ５３、ｂｃｌ－２的表达，探讨细胞凋亡与凋亡调控基因在乳腺组织恶性转化进程中的作用。方法：利用ＤＮＡ缺口末端标记技术和免疫组织化学染色，原位观察... more 目的：通过观察乳腺癌及其癌前病变中细胞凋亡调控基因ｐ５３、ｂｃｌ－２的表达，探讨细胞凋亡与凋亡调控基因在乳腺组织恶性转化进程中的作用。方法：利用ＤＮＡ缺口末端标记技术和免疫组织化学染色，原位观察３１例乳腺癌，２０例乳腺不典型增生和２０例乳腺单纯性增生中细胞凋亡和ｐ５３、ｂｃｌ－２蛋白的表达，以８例正常乳腺组织作为对照。结果：乳腺不典型增生和单纯性增生中细胞凋亡指数显著高于乳腺癌及正常乳腺组织（ｐ〉

The Kirillov-Reshetikhin modules W r,s are finite-dimensional representations of quantum affine a... more The Kirillov-Reshetikhin modules W r,s are finite-dimensional representations of quantum affine algebras U ′ q (g), labeled by a Dynkin node r of the affine Kac-Moody algebra g and a positive integer s. In this paper we study the combinatorial structure of the crystal basis B 2,s corresponding to W 2,s for the algebra of type D (1)

Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 1985

Farmers' multipurpose cooperative societies (multicoops) have been widely perceived as effect... more Farmers' multipurpose cooperative societies (multicoops) have been widely perceived as effective grassroot organizations for making available to farmers a variety of goods and services: credit, inputs, processing, marketing, etc. Despite a favourable state policy, multicoops have seldom lived up to such expectations. This paper examines the activities of multicoops and their special features in order to understand causes of their failure and explore means of averting such failure. This paper uses the strategic management framework to understand the tasks, structures, and relationships with the environment.

About 8 percent of the Indian population belongs to a category listed as "Scheduled Tribes" enume... more About 8 percent of the Indian population belongs to a category listed as "Scheduled Tribes" enumerated in the Schedule to Article 342 of the Constitution of India. Tribal people have been seen to be strongly associated with the forests, hills and remote areas, practising a unique life style, having a unique set of cultural and religious beliefs. Central Indian tribal homelands, comprising roughly 100 districts and running across the belly of the country [Fig. 1], are home to roughly 55 million tribal people, more than 70 percent of India's tribal population. Notwithstanding the rich vegetation and good rainfall, this belt is home to one of the largest concentrations of rural poverty in the world. For millennia, tribal communities have lived in forests and survived on hunting and gathering. However, with growing population and resource pressure, the region is now witnessing a rise in livelihoods based on settled farming. It offers a unique opportunity for enhancing tribal livelihoods through investments in land and water management.

Research comment on report of the National Commission on Integrated Water Resources Development (... more Research comment on report of the National Commission on Integrated Water Resources Development (NCIWRD) titled “Integrated water resource development: A plan for action.”

At 479 million, India has a large and rising livestock population comprising of cattle, buffaloes... more At 479 million, India has a large and rising livestock population comprising of cattle, buffaloes, goat, sheep, camel etc. Draught power for agriculture and dairy milk production are the two main purposes for rearing bovines while small ruminants are reared in a low input intensity manner taking advantage of the forest and common lands. Livestock composition is seen to be influenced by numerous factors: prevalence of forests, availability of irrigation, advent of mechanization and development of remunerative markets for livestock products. Water is required for direct consumption by livestock as well as for supporting the production of biomass on which livestock thrives. The estimate of 5 billion cubic meters of water for livestock as done by the National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development is possibly on the lower side when both these factors are considered. Livestock contributes significantly to the household economy of the poor but they own no water sources for ...

In Rijsberman, Frank (Ed.). World Water Forum, 4th: Local Actions for a Global Challenge. Mexico ... more In Rijsberman, Frank (Ed.). World Water Forum, 4th: Local Actions for a Global Challenge. Mexico City, 16-22 March, 2006. London, UK: Faircoun

The net sown area in India is estimated at 142 million hectare (mha.). Surface water irrigation p... more The net sown area in India is estimated at 142 million hectare (mha.). Surface water irrigation potential of 43 mha. was created by the end of 1994 while a potential of 41 mha. under ground water irrigation was created. (National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development (NCIWRD), 1999) of which 31 and 38 mba. respectively were actually utilized. The ratio of the gross irrigated area (GIA) to the gross sown area (GSA) thus stood at 32 per cent by 1994. India had created a storage of 174 billion cubic metres (BCM) by the end of that year and another 76 was under construction at the time. The net sown area has nearly reached its physical limit in the country and as the population rises and the demand for food and agricultural commodities grows, there is no option but to increase the irrigated area. The ratio GIA/GSA has to reach the levels of 40,45 and 52 per cent by 2010, 2025 and 2050 respectively to meet the food demand. This requirement means a huge net addition to the irrigation potential. There has been a phenomenal growth in new ground water capital (wells/tube wells and pumps) in the country. Shah estimates that nearly a million such tube wells are added to the 1 This is a pre-publication draft. The author has benefited from and is grateful for the comments received on the preliminary draft of this paper and the seminar he gave on this subject at IWMI-Tata Water Policy Programme on

International Journal of Rural Management, 2005

The National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development has assessed that the primary ... more The National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development has assessed that the primary need for water will rise for producing adequate food (assessed at some 420–480 million MT annually) for the estimated population of 1.58 billion by 2050.This article examines how the pattern of rural livelihoods will emerge in future. The article notes that there is a strong association of prosperity and occupational diversification with basin closure or water scarcity in the country. It is noted that even after the entire projected irrigation potential of 84 million ha is created, the farming sector will be unable to absorb the number of people in gainful engagement that are projected at current rates. While the farming sector will probably accommodate all rural residents, the problem of urban settlers will be intense. Livelihoods of the order of 375 million people (overall) will need to be found outside agriculture. These will need to be found in sectors such as construction, manufactu...

International Journal of Rural Management, 2007

The debate on India's ambitious river-linking project is highly polarized. While the proponen... more The debate on India's ambitious river-linking project is highly polarized. While the proponents insist that scores of highly qualified engineer-years have been invested in studying the feasibility of the links, the analysis is not available in the public domain. On the other hand, the opponents argue that the project is a conspiracy to hide the past inefficiencies of the irrigation bureaucracy; and yet, the alternatives proposed by them for India's impending water challenge also seem far from concrete. This article critically examines the National Commission Integrated Water Resource Development (NCIWRD) report, which has repeatedly been cited as the basis for planning and justifying the project, and outlines a framework for research which will help in raising the level of this important national debate by helping to develop a refined, textured and nuanced understanding of ‘India's water future 2050’.

International Journal of Rural Management, 2007

Based on field work carried out in 13 locations across the country, this article aims to characte... more Based on field work carried out in 13 locations across the country, this article aims to characterize the current situation regarding how the poor manage the water requirement for their livestock. It is found that each day on an average the poor require 13 litres of drinking water for animals and about 40 litres for washing and cleaning them. The poor households in western, central and southern parts of the country have a more difficult time managing water requirements of their livestock and in times of water scarcity these difficulties become very severe. They rely on water sources in the public domain and often use the sources created for human drinking end use. Markets for water for the poor appear to exist only in those pockets where livestock rearing has assumed commercial nature. Elsewhere, social norms such as the Jeevdaya tradition of Gujarat and Rajasthan, and reliance on water sources owned by the big farmers, are more the norm. Considering the importance of livestock to t...

International Journal of Rural Management, 2007

Dalits or Scheduled Castes (SCs) of India still face multiple deprivation and discrimination with... more Dalits or Scheduled Castes (SCs) of India still face multiple deprivation and discrimination with regard to access to natural resources.These disabilities are most pronounced with regard to access to water. In rural India, access to an imperative resource like water shows differential pattern across regions, where poverty, physical separation of hamlets, ideas of purity and pollution, poor access to government welfare programmes, discrimination in access to public water bodies and structures and so on play a critical role.The article focuses on probing current status of deprivation and discrimination of dalits’ access to water for domestic use across various states with the help of selected indicators, which can reveal this complex phenomenon. As the study covered different ecological zones, it also explores a relatively less studied domain—linkages of water scarcity and dalits’ discrimination and deprivation. The findings from the survey show variable expressions of these features ...

International Journal of Rural Management, 2007

This article attempts to synthesize the research presented at the Fifth Annual Partners Meet of t... more This article attempts to synthesize the research presented at the Fifth Annual Partners Meet of the International Water Management Institute (IWMI)– Tata Programme held in Anand, Gujarat, in March 2006. It specifically focuses on the prevalence and nature of inequities in water distribution. It shows that institutions in force create inequity in access to water in all the regions of the country; the landless and the dalits usually facing the brunt of the inequities.The inequities are more pronounced when water is considered as an input for economic activities such as agriculture. Geo-genic factors such as contamination of groundwater are compounded with inequities to severely impact the health and well-being of the poor and the weaker segments of the society. Finally, imbalance of social power allows industry to exploit water sources, producing inequities in use of water across sectors.

Journal of Indian School of Political Economy, 2005

... Be it as it may. The demand for a separate Vidarbha state naturally weakened the movement for... more ... Be it as it may. The demand for a separate Vidarbha state naturally weakened the movement for Samyukta Maharashtra (Consolidated Maharashtra). Desai who seriously opposed the separation of Bombay State fully exploited this position. ...

This paper attempts to identify and evolve a method for valuing and estimating the net gains from... more This paper attempts to identify and evolve a method for valuing and estimating the net gains from domestic and industrial water supply from the interbasin transfer schemes contemplated in the National River Link Project (NRLP). An existing interbasin transfer (IBT) scheme, namely Indira Gandhi Nahar Project (IGNP) and a proposed IBT scheme namely Polavaram- Vijaywada (PV) Link Canal were chosen for detailed analyses. Secondary data were used for identifying the region and the populations that benefited from the schemes. Economic gains arising out of water supply to the actual or potentially benefited areas were estimated. The estimation involved assessment of current costs incurred by the people in the area, in terms of both paid-out costs and time spent in fetching water. The saving in time was valued at market wage rates prevalent in the area and paid-out costs were assessed in terms of current market prices, ignoring the administered prices involved. The gains to urban population...

The debate on India's ambitious interlinking project has become polarized. Instead of helpin... more The debate on India's ambitious interlinking project has become polarized. Instead of helping the nation to think, analyze and form a rational viewpoint, it has turned into a shouting match, devoid of scientific analysis. The proponents insist that thousands of highly qualified engineer-days have been invested in studying the feasibility of the links. But, the analysis is not available in public domain. The opponents argue that the project is a conspiracy to hide the past inefficiencies of the irrigation bureaucracy. And yet, the alternatives proposed by them to India's impending water challenge also seem far from concrete. This ITP Comment takes a close look at the NCIWRD report, which has repeatedly been cited as the basis for interlinking planning and outlines a framework for 'Water Future' research which will help in raising the level of this important national debate by helping develop a refined, textured and nuanced

目的：通过观察乳腺癌及其癌前病变中细胞凋亡调控基因ｐ５３、ｂｃｌ－２的表达，探讨细胞凋亡与凋亡调控基因在乳腺组织恶性转化进程中的作用。方法：利用ＤＮＡ缺口末端标记技术和免疫组织化学染色，原位观察... more 目的：通过观察乳腺癌及其癌前病变中细胞凋亡调控基因ｐ５３、ｂｃｌ－２的表达，探讨细胞凋亡与凋亡调控基因在乳腺组织恶性转化进程中的作用。方法：利用ＤＮＡ缺口末端标记技术和免疫组织化学染色，原位观察３１例乳腺癌，２０例乳腺不典型增生和２０例乳腺单纯性增生中细胞凋亡和ｐ５３、ｂｃｌ－２蛋白的表达，以８例正常乳腺组织作为对照。结果：乳腺不典型增生和单纯性增生中细胞凋亡指数显著高于乳腺癌及正常乳腺组织（ｐ〉

The Kirillov-Reshetikhin modules W r,s are finite-dimensional representations of quantum affine a... more The Kirillov-Reshetikhin modules W r,s are finite-dimensional representations of quantum affine algebras U ′ q (g), labeled by a Dynkin node r of the affine Kac-Moody algebra g and a positive integer s. In this paper we study the combinatorial structure of the crystal basis B 2,s corresponding to W 2,s for the algebra of type D (1)

Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 1985

Farmers' multipurpose cooperative societies (multicoops) have been widely perceived as effect... more Farmers' multipurpose cooperative societies (multicoops) have been widely perceived as effective grassroot organizations for making available to farmers a variety of goods and services: credit, inputs, processing, marketing, etc. Despite a favourable state policy, multicoops have seldom lived up to such expectations. This paper examines the activities of multicoops and their special features in order to understand causes of their failure and explore means of averting such failure. This paper uses the strategic management framework to understand the tasks, structures, and relationships with the environment.

About 8 percent of the Indian population belongs to a category listed as "Scheduled Tribes" enume... more About 8 percent of the Indian population belongs to a category listed as "Scheduled Tribes" enumerated in the Schedule to Article 342 of the Constitution of India. Tribal people have been seen to be strongly associated with the forests, hills and remote areas, practising a unique life style, having a unique set of cultural and religious beliefs. Central Indian tribal homelands, comprising roughly 100 districts and running across the belly of the country [Fig. 1], are home to roughly 55 million tribal people, more than 70 percent of India's tribal population. Notwithstanding the rich vegetation and good rainfall, this belt is home to one of the largest concentrations of rural poverty in the world. For millennia, tribal communities have lived in forests and survived on hunting and gathering. However, with growing population and resource pressure, the region is now witnessing a rise in livelihoods based on settled farming. It offers a unique opportunity for enhancing tribal livelihoods through investments in land and water management.

Research comment on report of the National Commission on Integrated Water Resources Development (... more Research comment on report of the National Commission on Integrated Water Resources Development (NCIWRD) titled “Integrated water resource development: A plan for action.”

At 479 million, India has a large and rising livestock population comprising of cattle, buffaloes... more At 479 million, India has a large and rising livestock population comprising of cattle, buffaloes, goat, sheep, camel etc. Draught power for agriculture and dairy milk production are the two main purposes for rearing bovines while small ruminants are reared in a low input intensity manner taking advantage of the forest and common lands. Livestock composition is seen to be influenced by numerous factors: prevalence of forests, availability of irrigation, advent of mechanization and development of remunerative markets for livestock products. Water is required for direct consumption by livestock as well as for supporting the production of biomass on which livestock thrives. The estimate of 5 billion cubic meters of water for livestock as done by the National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development is possibly on the lower side when both these factors are considered. Livestock contributes significantly to the household economy of the poor but they own no water sources for ...

In Rijsberman, Frank (Ed.). World Water Forum, 4th: Local Actions for a Global Challenge. Mexico ... more In Rijsberman, Frank (Ed.). World Water Forum, 4th: Local Actions for a Global Challenge. Mexico City, 16-22 March, 2006. London, UK: Faircoun

The net sown area in India is estimated at 142 million hectare (mha.). Surface water irrigation p... more The net sown area in India is estimated at 142 million hectare (mha.). Surface water irrigation potential of 43 mha. was created by the end of 1994 while a potential of 41 mha. under ground water irrigation was created. (National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development (NCIWRD), 1999) of which 31 and 38 mba. respectively were actually utilized. The ratio of the gross irrigated area (GIA) to the gross sown area (GSA) thus stood at 32 per cent by 1994. India had created a storage of 174 billion cubic metres (BCM) by the end of that year and another 76 was under construction at the time. The net sown area has nearly reached its physical limit in the country and as the population rises and the demand for food and agricultural commodities grows, there is no option but to increase the irrigated area. The ratio GIA/GSA has to reach the levels of 40,45 and 52 per cent by 2010, 2025 and 2050 respectively to meet the food demand. This requirement means a huge net addition to the irrigation potential. There has been a phenomenal growth in new ground water capital (wells/tube wells and pumps) in the country. Shah estimates that nearly a million such tube wells are added to the 1 This is a pre-publication draft. The author has benefited from and is grateful for the comments received on the preliminary draft of this paper and the seminar he gave on this subject at IWMI-Tata Water Policy Programme on

International Journal of Rural Management, 2005

The National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development has assessed that the primary ... more The National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development has assessed that the primary need for water will rise for producing adequate food (assessed at some 420–480 million MT annually) for the estimated population of 1.58 billion by 2050.This article examines how the pattern of rural livelihoods will emerge in future. The article notes that there is a strong association of prosperity and occupational diversification with basin closure or water scarcity in the country. It is noted that even after the entire projected irrigation potential of 84 million ha is created, the farming sector will be unable to absorb the number of people in gainful engagement that are projected at current rates. While the farming sector will probably accommodate all rural residents, the problem of urban settlers will be intense. Livelihoods of the order of 375 million people (overall) will need to be found outside agriculture. These will need to be found in sectors such as construction, manufactu...

International Journal of Rural Management, 2007

The debate on India's ambitious river-linking project is highly polarized. While the proponen... more The debate on India's ambitious river-linking project is highly polarized. While the proponents insist that scores of highly qualified engineer-years have been invested in studying the feasibility of the links, the analysis is not available in the public domain. On the other hand, the opponents argue that the project is a conspiracy to hide the past inefficiencies of the irrigation bureaucracy; and yet, the alternatives proposed by them for India's impending water challenge also seem far from concrete. This article critically examines the National Commission Integrated Water Resource Development (NCIWRD) report, which has repeatedly been cited as the basis for planning and justifying the project, and outlines a framework for research which will help in raising the level of this important national debate by helping to develop a refined, textured and nuanced understanding of ‘India's water future 2050’.

International Journal of Rural Management, 2007

Based on field work carried out in 13 locations across the country, this article aims to characte... more Based on field work carried out in 13 locations across the country, this article aims to characterize the current situation regarding how the poor manage the water requirement for their livestock. It is found that each day on an average the poor require 13 litres of drinking water for animals and about 40 litres for washing and cleaning them. The poor households in western, central and southern parts of the country have a more difficult time managing water requirements of their livestock and in times of water scarcity these difficulties become very severe. They rely on water sources in the public domain and often use the sources created for human drinking end use. Markets for water for the poor appear to exist only in those pockets where livestock rearing has assumed commercial nature. Elsewhere, social norms such as the Jeevdaya tradition of Gujarat and Rajasthan, and reliance on water sources owned by the big farmers, are more the norm. Considering the importance of livestock to t...

International Journal of Rural Management, 2007

Dalits or Scheduled Castes (SCs) of India still face multiple deprivation and discrimination with... more Dalits or Scheduled Castes (SCs) of India still face multiple deprivation and discrimination with regard to access to natural resources.These disabilities are most pronounced with regard to access to water. In rural India, access to an imperative resource like water shows differential pattern across regions, where poverty, physical separation of hamlets, ideas of purity and pollution, poor access to government welfare programmes, discrimination in access to public water bodies and structures and so on play a critical role.The article focuses on probing current status of deprivation and discrimination of dalits’ access to water for domestic use across various states with the help of selected indicators, which can reveal this complex phenomenon. As the study covered different ecological zones, it also explores a relatively less studied domain—linkages of water scarcity and dalits’ discrimination and deprivation. The findings from the survey show variable expressions of these features ...

International Journal of Rural Management, 2007

This article attempts to synthesize the research presented at the Fifth Annual Partners Meet of t... more This article attempts to synthesize the research presented at the Fifth Annual Partners Meet of the International Water Management Institute (IWMI)– Tata Programme held in Anand, Gujarat, in March 2006. It specifically focuses on the prevalence and nature of inequities in water distribution. It shows that institutions in force create inequity in access to water in all the regions of the country; the landless and the dalits usually facing the brunt of the inequities.The inequities are more pronounced when water is considered as an input for economic activities such as agriculture. Geo-genic factors such as contamination of groundwater are compounded with inequities to severely impact the health and well-being of the poor and the weaker segments of the society. Finally, imbalance of social power allows industry to exploit water sources, producing inequities in use of water across sectors.

Journal of Indian School of Political Economy, 2005

... Be it as it may. The demand for a separate Vidarbha state naturally weakened the movement for... more ... Be it as it may. The demand for a separate Vidarbha state naturally weakened the movement for Samyukta Maharashtra (Consolidated Maharashtra). Desai who seriously opposed the separation of Bombay State fully exploited this position. ...