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Papers by Santanu Kar Mahapatra

RSC Advances, 2016

A series of arene ruthenium(ii) complexes withN-monodentate (AAP) andN,O- andN,N-bidentate chelat... more A series of arene ruthenium(ii) complexes withN-monodentate (AAP) andN,O- andN,N-bidentate chelating ligands (AAPS, ADABS, AAPPA and P2P) have been synthesized and evaluated for preliminary antileukemia activity against K562 (Human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line).

Carcinogenesis, 2011

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are severely compromised for the induction of proinflammatory ... more Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are severely compromised for the induction of proinflammatory mediators following toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Here, we reported that the defective TLR response in TAM was due to the malfunctioning of the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent signaling cascade in concert with downregulation of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6 and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) 1. However, the expression of toll-interleukin1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon beta (TRIF) and TRAF 3, which act via the TRIF-dependent pathway of TLR signaling, were found to be unaffected in TAM. Although, TRIF-mediated signal inducers, lipopolysaccharide or poly (I:C), induced high level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, but they were failed to induce significant p38MAPK phosphorylation in TAM. Consequently, ERK-1/ 2-dependent histone phosphorylation at the IL-10 promoter elicited enhanced interleukin (IL)-10 production by TAM. Whereas, the lack of transcription favorable histone phosphorylation at the IL-12 promoter was accompanied with a very low amount of IL-12 expression in TAM. Moreover, ERK-1/2 MAPK activation resulted in enhanced IRAK M induction in TAM, a specific inhibitor of MyD88 pathway. Therefore, for the first time, we decipher an unexplored TLR signaling in TAM where ERK-1/2 activation in a MyD88-independent pathway results in transcription favorable histone modification at the IL-10 promoter region to enhance IL-10-mediated immunosuppression. Additionally, by enhancing IRAK M induction, it also polarizes TAM toward a more immunosuppressive form.

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2017

• Different diaryl ureas are designed and synthesized. • The antimycobacterial activity has been ... more • Different diaryl ureas are designed and synthesized. • The antimycobacterial activity has been checked against M. smegmatis (mc 2 155) and M. tuberculosis (mc 2 6030 and H37Rv strains). • The EDG and EWG are found to have a preference for the ortho and meta positions of the first aromatic ring respectively. • The cytotoxicity values are in the range of 92-232 µg/ml. • The effective molecules showed selective inhibitory activity on mycolic acid biosynthesis in 14 Cradiolabelled assay. • Effective molecules of this series up regulate the expression level of iNOS2, IFN-γ, IL-12 and down regulate the level of IL-10 to clear the mycobacterium infection.

RSC Advances, 2016

A series of ferulic acid derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for anti-proliferative activit... more A series of ferulic acid derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for anti-proliferative activity against K562, U937 and Hep G2 cells. The compounds were further tested for BCR-Abl kinase inhibition.

Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta, 2015

Eugenol (1-allyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene) is the phenolic component of essential oil and the m... more Eugenol (1-allyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene) is the phenolic component of essential oil and the main constituent of Eugenia caryophyllata, Ocimmum gratissimum and several others medicinal plant. In view of its nonmutagenic and non-carcinogenic properties, eugenol is generally regarded as safe by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Eugenol has been recently shown to be effective for antimicrobials and treatment of different life threatening diseases including sepsis, leishmaniasis, and cancer. However overall, activity of eugenol is not discussed elsewhere. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms involved the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory potential of eugenol.

PLOS ONE, 2015

Leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, causes the disease visceral leishmanisis (VL), charact... more Leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, causes the disease visceral leishmanisis (VL), characterized by inappropriate CD8 + T-cell activation. Therefore, we examined whether the Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand Ara-LAM, a cell wall glycolipid from non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis, would restore CD8 + T-cell function during VL. We observed that by efficient upregulation of TLR2 signaling-mediated NF-κB translocation and MAPK signaling in CD8 + T-cells (CD25 + CD28 + IL-12R + IFN-γR +), Ara-LAM triggered signaling resulted in the activation of T-bet, which in turn, induced transcription favourable histone modification at the IFN-γ, perforin, granzyme-B promoter regions in CD8 + T-cells. Thus, we conclude that Ara-LAM induced efficient activation of effector CD8 + T-cells by upregulating the expression of IFN-γ, perforin and granzyme-B in an NF-κB and MAPK induced T-bet dependent manner in VL.

Al Ameen Journal of …

Abstract: Cigarette smoking has been implicated as a significant risk factor for the establishmen... more Abstract: Cigarette smoking has been implicated as a significant risk factor for the establishment and progression of several diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of smoking in serum as well as in neutrophil oxidative damage and antioxidant status. Subjects were ...

Current Computer-Aided Drug Design, 2020

Background: Human mitotic kinesins play a crucial role in mitotic cell division. Targeting the sp... more Background: Human mitotic kinesins play a crucial role in mitotic cell division. Targeting the spindle separation phase of mitosis has gained much attention pharmaceutically in cancer chemotherapy. Spindle segregation is carried out mainly by Eg5 kinesin, and currently, it has many inhibitors in different phases of clinical trials. All the current drug candidates bind un-competitively with ATP/ADP at allosteric site 1 (formed by loop L5, helix α2 and helix α3). Recent experiments show that inhibitors that bind to the site 2 (formed by helix α4 and helix α6) are either competitive or uncompetitive to ATP/ADP. Objectives: To identify suitable lead compounds that target the mitotic kinesin Eg5, using in silico screening and their validation using in vitro and cell-based assays. Methodology: We have screened for potential inhibitors for human Eg5 (kinesin-5) through structure-based virtual screening and validated the top-scoring compounds using steady-state ATPase assay, differential sc...

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2020

In search of safe and effective therapeutic agents as alternative to synthetic chemotherapeutics ... more In search of safe and effective therapeutic agents as alternative to synthetic chemotherapeutics for the treatment of leukemia, the herbal drugs (Leaf of Madhuca longifolia, leaf of Prosopis cineraria and bark of Flacourtia indica) with long traditional use in West Bengal have received our attention. Aim of the study: Present work was conducted to isolate and identify the active compounds of the selected herbal drugs using bio-assay guided fractionation and also to investigate their anticancer mechanism in leukemia cell lines. Materials and methods: Bio-assay guided fractionation was used for the isolation of active constituents such as myricitrin, vitexin and vanillin from the aqueous extracts of M. longifolia, P. cineraria and F. indica, respectively using liquid partitioning and column chromatography and the compounds were characterized by HPLC, MS and NMR. Dose and time-dependent cytotoxicity of isolated compounds were studied against leukemia cells and their anticancer mechanism such as cell wall damage, nuclear damage, ROS and NO generation, SOD level, LDH release and lipid peroxidation were investigated. Results: Aqueous extract of M. longifolia, P. cineraria and F. indica exhibited maximum anti-proliferative activity against HL-60 (Acute myeloid leukemia, AML, 72.06%), K-562 (Chronic myeloid leukemia, CML, 42.14%) and Jurkat (Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ALL, 51.71%) cells. Myricitrin, vitexin and vanillin exhibited dose-dependent (IC-50 values 164.4, 147 & 29.22 μg/ml) and time-dependent activity with maximum cytotoxicity at 48 h. All these three compounds caused apoptosis in leukemia cells by inducing free radicals such as ROS (1.33-2.65 Arbitrary units) and NO (11.17-18.53 μM), cell membrane damage and nuclear condensation which were evidenced by increased release of LDH (1326-1439 U/L), improved lipid peroxidation (10.19-14.41 nM/ mg protein) and reduced SOD level (6.2-9.21 U/mg protein) in leukemia cells. Conclusions: Based on anti-proliferative activity, the isolated phyto-compounds myrcitrin, vitexin and vanillin from M. longifolia, P. cineraria and F. indica could be developed as natural drugs for treating AML, CML and ALL leukemia types, respectively.

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2011

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2011

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2011

Staphylococcus aureusis the most frequently isolated pathogen causing bloodstream infections, ski... more Staphylococcus aureusis the most frequently isolated pathogen causing bloodstream infections, skin and soft tissue infections and pneumonia. Lymphocyte is an important immune cell. The aim of the present paper was to test the ameliorative role of nanoconjugated vancomycin against Vancomycin-sensitiveStaphylococcus aureus(VSSA) and vancomycin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(VRSA) infection-induced oxidative stress in lymphocytes. VSSA and VRSA infections were developed in Swiss mice by intraperitoneal injection of CFU/mL bacterial solutions. Nanoconjugated vancomycin was adminstrated to VSSA- and VRSA-infected mice at its effective dose for 10 days. Vancomycin was adminstrated to VSSA- and VRSA-infected mice at a similar dose, respectively, for 10 days. Vancomycin and nanoconjugated vancomycin were adminstrated to normal mice at their effective doses for 10 days. The result of this study reveals that in vivo VSSA and VRSA infection significantly increases the level of lipid peroxidat...

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 2011

Pathology Research International, 2011

Objective. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible antioxidant effects of nanoc... more Objective. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible antioxidant effects of nanoconjugated vancomycin against VRSA infection on select makers of oxidative damage and antioxidant status in spleen.Methods. A coagulase-positive VRSA strain was used for this study. VRSA infection was developed in Swiss mice by intraperitoneal injection of 5 × 106 CFU/mL bacterial solutions. VRSA-infected mice were treated with nanoconjugated vancomycin at its effective dose for 10 days. After decapitation, blood was used for determination of viable bacteria count and spleen was excised from control and experimental groups, homogenized and used for different biochemical estimations.Results. Nitrate level, myeloperoxidase activity, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, oxidized glutathione, and DNA fragmentation level were increased significantly (P<0.05) in spleen of VRSA-infected group as compared to control group, and reduced glutathione level, activity of SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, and GST...

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2014

Tulshi' is renowned for its religious and spiritual sanctity, as well as, for its imperative role... more Tulshi' is renowned for its religious and spiritual sanctity, as well as, for its imperative role in the traditional Ayurvedic and Unani systems of holistic health and herbal medicine of the Eastern countries. Ocimum gratissimum Linn. (O. gratissimum), commonly known as "Ram Tulshi", belongs to the family of 'Labiaceae', found in India. It is an important aromatic medicinal herb. The aqueous extract of the leaves of O. gratissimum is the traditional form of preparation. This medicinal plant has also a potential role as antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial, antihelmintic, and in vitro anti-dermatophytic agent [2]. The aqueous leaf extract and seed oil showed antiproliferative and chemo-preventive activity on HeLa cells [3]. Phytochemical screening has confirmed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, glycoside, saponin, resins, cardiac glycoside, and steroidal terpens in O. gratissimum [4-6]. In our previous reports, aqueous and methanol extract of O. gratissimum and eugenol can decrease the free radical generation, lipid-protein-DNA damage and enhance antioxidant protection in nicotineinduced murine peritoneal macrophages [4,5,7]. Besides, we

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2011

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2011

The aim of this present study was to evaluate the immune functions and immune responses in nicoti... more The aim of this present study was to evaluate the immune functions and immune responses in nicotine-induced (10 mM) macrophages and concurrently establish the immunomodulatory role of aqueous extract ofOcimum gratissimum(Ae-Og) and ascorbic acid. In this study, nitrite generations and some phenotype functions by macrophages were studied. Beside that, release of Th1 cytokines (TNF-α, IL-12) and Th2 cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) was measured by ELISA, and the expression of these cytokines at mRNA level was analyzed by real-time PCR. Ae-Og, at a dose of 10 μg/mL, significantly reduced the nicotine-induced NO generation and iNOSII expression. Similar kinds of response were observed with supplementation of ascorbic acid (0.01 mM). The administration of Ae-Og and ascorbic acid increased the decreased adherence, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and intracellular killing of bacteria in nicotine-treated macrophages. Ae-Og and ascorbic acid were found to protect the murine peritoneal macrophages through ...

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2010

Lymphocytes are an important immunological cell and have been played a significant role in acquir... more Lymphocytes are an important immunological cell and have been played a significant role in acquired immune system; hence, may play in pivotal role in immunosenescence. Oxidative stress has been reported to increase in elderly subjects, possibly arising from an uncontrolled production of free radicals with aging and decreased antioxidant defenses. This study was aimed to evaluate the level of lipid-protein damage and antioxidant status in lymphocytes of healthy individuals to correlate between oxidative damage with the aging process. Twenty healthy individuals of each age group (11–20; 21–30; 31–40; 41–50; and 51–60 years) were selected randomly. Blood samples were drawn by medical practitioner and lymphocytes were isolated from blood samples. Malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls (PC) level were evaluated to determine the lipid and protein damage in lymphocytes. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione and glutathione dependent enzymes were estimated to evaluate th...

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2021

Immune metabolic adaptation in macrophages by intracellular parasites is recognized to play a cru... more Immune metabolic adaptation in macrophages by intracellular parasites is recognized to play a crucial role during Leishmania infection. However, there is little accessible information about changes in a metabolic switch in L. donovani infected macrophages. In previous studies, we have reported on the anti-leishmanial synergic effect of eugenol oleate with amphotericin B. In the present study, we demonstrated that glycolytic enzymes were highly expressed in infected macrophages during combinatorial treatment of eugenol oleate (2.5 µM) and amphotericin B (0.3125 µM). Additionally, we found that the biphasic role in arachidonic acid metabolite, PGE2, and LTB4, is released during this treatment. In vitro data showed that COX-2 mediated PGE2 synthesis increased significantly (p<0.01) in infected macrophages. Not only was the level of prostaglandin synthesis decreased 4.38 fold in infected macrophages after treatment with eugenol oleate with amphotericin B. The mRNA expression of PTGES...

RSC Advances, 2016

A series of arene ruthenium(ii) complexes withN-monodentate (AAP) andN,O- andN,N-bidentate chelat... more A series of arene ruthenium(ii) complexes withN-monodentate (AAP) andN,O- andN,N-bidentate chelating ligands (AAPS, ADABS, AAPPA and P2P) have been synthesized and evaluated for preliminary antileukemia activity against K562 (Human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line).

Carcinogenesis, 2011

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are severely compromised for the induction of proinflammatory ... more Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are severely compromised for the induction of proinflammatory mediators following toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Here, we reported that the defective TLR response in TAM was due to the malfunctioning of the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent signaling cascade in concert with downregulation of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6 and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) 1. However, the expression of toll-interleukin1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon beta (TRIF) and TRAF 3, which act via the TRIF-dependent pathway of TLR signaling, were found to be unaffected in TAM. Although, TRIF-mediated signal inducers, lipopolysaccharide or poly (I:C), induced high level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, but they were failed to induce significant p38MAPK phosphorylation in TAM. Consequently, ERK-1/ 2-dependent histone phosphorylation at the IL-10 promoter elicited enhanced interleukin (IL)-10 production by TAM. Whereas, the lack of transcription favorable histone phosphorylation at the IL-12 promoter was accompanied with a very low amount of IL-12 expression in TAM. Moreover, ERK-1/2 MAPK activation resulted in enhanced IRAK M induction in TAM, a specific inhibitor of MyD88 pathway. Therefore, for the first time, we decipher an unexplored TLR signaling in TAM where ERK-1/2 activation in a MyD88-independent pathway results in transcription favorable histone modification at the IL-10 promoter region to enhance IL-10-mediated immunosuppression. Additionally, by enhancing IRAK M induction, it also polarizes TAM toward a more immunosuppressive form.

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2017

• Different diaryl ureas are designed and synthesized. • The antimycobacterial activity has been ... more • Different diaryl ureas are designed and synthesized. • The antimycobacterial activity has been checked against M. smegmatis (mc 2 155) and M. tuberculosis (mc 2 6030 and H37Rv strains). • The EDG and EWG are found to have a preference for the ortho and meta positions of the first aromatic ring respectively. • The cytotoxicity values are in the range of 92-232 µg/ml. • The effective molecules showed selective inhibitory activity on mycolic acid biosynthesis in 14 Cradiolabelled assay. • Effective molecules of this series up regulate the expression level of iNOS2, IFN-γ, IL-12 and down regulate the level of IL-10 to clear the mycobacterium infection.

RSC Advances, 2016

A series of ferulic acid derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for anti-proliferative activit... more A series of ferulic acid derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for anti-proliferative activity against K562, U937 and Hep G2 cells. The compounds were further tested for BCR-Abl kinase inhibition.

Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta, 2015

Eugenol (1-allyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene) is the phenolic component of essential oil and the m... more Eugenol (1-allyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene) is the phenolic component of essential oil and the main constituent of Eugenia caryophyllata, Ocimmum gratissimum and several others medicinal plant. In view of its nonmutagenic and non-carcinogenic properties, eugenol is generally regarded as safe by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Eugenol has been recently shown to be effective for antimicrobials and treatment of different life threatening diseases including sepsis, leishmaniasis, and cancer. However overall, activity of eugenol is not discussed elsewhere. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms involved the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory potential of eugenol.

PLOS ONE, 2015

Leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, causes the disease visceral leishmanisis (VL), charact... more Leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, causes the disease visceral leishmanisis (VL), characterized by inappropriate CD8 + T-cell activation. Therefore, we examined whether the Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand Ara-LAM, a cell wall glycolipid from non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis, would restore CD8 + T-cell function during VL. We observed that by efficient upregulation of TLR2 signaling-mediated NF-κB translocation and MAPK signaling in CD8 + T-cells (CD25 + CD28 + IL-12R + IFN-γR +), Ara-LAM triggered signaling resulted in the activation of T-bet, which in turn, induced transcription favourable histone modification at the IFN-γ, perforin, granzyme-B promoter regions in CD8 + T-cells. Thus, we conclude that Ara-LAM induced efficient activation of effector CD8 + T-cells by upregulating the expression of IFN-γ, perforin and granzyme-B in an NF-κB and MAPK induced T-bet dependent manner in VL.

Al Ameen Journal of …

Abstract: Cigarette smoking has been implicated as a significant risk factor for the establishmen... more Abstract: Cigarette smoking has been implicated as a significant risk factor for the establishment and progression of several diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of smoking in serum as well as in neutrophil oxidative damage and antioxidant status. Subjects were ...

Current Computer-Aided Drug Design, 2020

Background: Human mitotic kinesins play a crucial role in mitotic cell division. Targeting the sp... more Background: Human mitotic kinesins play a crucial role in mitotic cell division. Targeting the spindle separation phase of mitosis has gained much attention pharmaceutically in cancer chemotherapy. Spindle segregation is carried out mainly by Eg5 kinesin, and currently, it has many inhibitors in different phases of clinical trials. All the current drug candidates bind un-competitively with ATP/ADP at allosteric site 1 (formed by loop L5, helix α2 and helix α3). Recent experiments show that inhibitors that bind to the site 2 (formed by helix α4 and helix α6) are either competitive or uncompetitive to ATP/ADP. Objectives: To identify suitable lead compounds that target the mitotic kinesin Eg5, using in silico screening and their validation using in vitro and cell-based assays. Methodology: We have screened for potential inhibitors for human Eg5 (kinesin-5) through structure-based virtual screening and validated the top-scoring compounds using steady-state ATPase assay, differential sc...

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2020

In search of safe and effective therapeutic agents as alternative to synthetic chemotherapeutics ... more In search of safe and effective therapeutic agents as alternative to synthetic chemotherapeutics for the treatment of leukemia, the herbal drugs (Leaf of Madhuca longifolia, leaf of Prosopis cineraria and bark of Flacourtia indica) with long traditional use in West Bengal have received our attention. Aim of the study: Present work was conducted to isolate and identify the active compounds of the selected herbal drugs using bio-assay guided fractionation and also to investigate their anticancer mechanism in leukemia cell lines. Materials and methods: Bio-assay guided fractionation was used for the isolation of active constituents such as myricitrin, vitexin and vanillin from the aqueous extracts of M. longifolia, P. cineraria and F. indica, respectively using liquid partitioning and column chromatography and the compounds were characterized by HPLC, MS and NMR. Dose and time-dependent cytotoxicity of isolated compounds were studied against leukemia cells and their anticancer mechanism such as cell wall damage, nuclear damage, ROS and NO generation, SOD level, LDH release and lipid peroxidation were investigated. Results: Aqueous extract of M. longifolia, P. cineraria and F. indica exhibited maximum anti-proliferative activity against HL-60 (Acute myeloid leukemia, AML, 72.06%), K-562 (Chronic myeloid leukemia, CML, 42.14%) and Jurkat (Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ALL, 51.71%) cells. Myricitrin, vitexin and vanillin exhibited dose-dependent (IC-50 values 164.4, 147 & 29.22 μg/ml) and time-dependent activity with maximum cytotoxicity at 48 h. All these three compounds caused apoptosis in leukemia cells by inducing free radicals such as ROS (1.33-2.65 Arbitrary units) and NO (11.17-18.53 μM), cell membrane damage and nuclear condensation which were evidenced by increased release of LDH (1326-1439 U/L), improved lipid peroxidation (10.19-14.41 nM/ mg protein) and reduced SOD level (6.2-9.21 U/mg protein) in leukemia cells. Conclusions: Based on anti-proliferative activity, the isolated phyto-compounds myrcitrin, vitexin and vanillin from M. longifolia, P. cineraria and F. indica could be developed as natural drugs for treating AML, CML and ALL leukemia types, respectively.

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2011

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2011

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2011

Staphylococcus aureusis the most frequently isolated pathogen causing bloodstream infections, ski... more Staphylococcus aureusis the most frequently isolated pathogen causing bloodstream infections, skin and soft tissue infections and pneumonia. Lymphocyte is an important immune cell. The aim of the present paper was to test the ameliorative role of nanoconjugated vancomycin against Vancomycin-sensitiveStaphylococcus aureus(VSSA) and vancomycin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(VRSA) infection-induced oxidative stress in lymphocytes. VSSA and VRSA infections were developed in Swiss mice by intraperitoneal injection of CFU/mL bacterial solutions. Nanoconjugated vancomycin was adminstrated to VSSA- and VRSA-infected mice at its effective dose for 10 days. Vancomycin was adminstrated to VSSA- and VRSA-infected mice at a similar dose, respectively, for 10 days. Vancomycin and nanoconjugated vancomycin were adminstrated to normal mice at their effective doses for 10 days. The result of this study reveals that in vivo VSSA and VRSA infection significantly increases the level of lipid peroxidat...

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 2011

Pathology Research International, 2011

Objective. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible antioxidant effects of nanoc... more Objective. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible antioxidant effects of nanoconjugated vancomycin against VRSA infection on select makers of oxidative damage and antioxidant status in spleen.Methods. A coagulase-positive VRSA strain was used for this study. VRSA infection was developed in Swiss mice by intraperitoneal injection of 5 × 106 CFU/mL bacterial solutions. VRSA-infected mice were treated with nanoconjugated vancomycin at its effective dose for 10 days. After decapitation, blood was used for determination of viable bacteria count and spleen was excised from control and experimental groups, homogenized and used for different biochemical estimations.Results. Nitrate level, myeloperoxidase activity, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, oxidized glutathione, and DNA fragmentation level were increased significantly (P<0.05) in spleen of VRSA-infected group as compared to control group, and reduced glutathione level, activity of SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, and GST...

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2014

Tulshi' is renowned for its religious and spiritual sanctity, as well as, for its imperative role... more Tulshi' is renowned for its religious and spiritual sanctity, as well as, for its imperative role in the traditional Ayurvedic and Unani systems of holistic health and herbal medicine of the Eastern countries. Ocimum gratissimum Linn. (O. gratissimum), commonly known as "Ram Tulshi", belongs to the family of 'Labiaceae', found in India. It is an important aromatic medicinal herb. The aqueous extract of the leaves of O. gratissimum is the traditional form of preparation. This medicinal plant has also a potential role as antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial, antihelmintic, and in vitro anti-dermatophytic agent [2]. The aqueous leaf extract and seed oil showed antiproliferative and chemo-preventive activity on HeLa cells [3]. Phytochemical screening has confirmed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, glycoside, saponin, resins, cardiac glycoside, and steroidal terpens in O. gratissimum [4-6]. In our previous reports, aqueous and methanol extract of O. gratissimum and eugenol can decrease the free radical generation, lipid-protein-DNA damage and enhance antioxidant protection in nicotineinduced murine peritoneal macrophages [4,5,7]. Besides, we

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2011

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2011

The aim of this present study was to evaluate the immune functions and immune responses in nicoti... more The aim of this present study was to evaluate the immune functions and immune responses in nicotine-induced (10 mM) macrophages and concurrently establish the immunomodulatory role of aqueous extract ofOcimum gratissimum(Ae-Og) and ascorbic acid. In this study, nitrite generations and some phenotype functions by macrophages were studied. Beside that, release of Th1 cytokines (TNF-α, IL-12) and Th2 cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) was measured by ELISA, and the expression of these cytokines at mRNA level was analyzed by real-time PCR. Ae-Og, at a dose of 10 μg/mL, significantly reduced the nicotine-induced NO generation and iNOSII expression. Similar kinds of response were observed with supplementation of ascorbic acid (0.01 mM). The administration of Ae-Og and ascorbic acid increased the decreased adherence, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and intracellular killing of bacteria in nicotine-treated macrophages. Ae-Og and ascorbic acid were found to protect the murine peritoneal macrophages through ...

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2010

Lymphocytes are an important immunological cell and have been played a significant role in acquir... more Lymphocytes are an important immunological cell and have been played a significant role in acquired immune system; hence, may play in pivotal role in immunosenescence. Oxidative stress has been reported to increase in elderly subjects, possibly arising from an uncontrolled production of free radicals with aging and decreased antioxidant defenses. This study was aimed to evaluate the level of lipid-protein damage and antioxidant status in lymphocytes of healthy individuals to correlate between oxidative damage with the aging process. Twenty healthy individuals of each age group (11–20; 21–30; 31–40; 41–50; and 51–60 years) were selected randomly. Blood samples were drawn by medical practitioner and lymphocytes were isolated from blood samples. Malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls (PC) level were evaluated to determine the lipid and protein damage in lymphocytes. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione and glutathione dependent enzymes were estimated to evaluate th...

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2021

Immune metabolic adaptation in macrophages by intracellular parasites is recognized to play a cru... more Immune metabolic adaptation in macrophages by intracellular parasites is recognized to play a crucial role during Leishmania infection. However, there is little accessible information about changes in a metabolic switch in L. donovani infected macrophages. In previous studies, we have reported on the anti-leishmanial synergic effect of eugenol oleate with amphotericin B. In the present study, we demonstrated that glycolytic enzymes were highly expressed in infected macrophages during combinatorial treatment of eugenol oleate (2.5 µM) and amphotericin B (0.3125 µM). Additionally, we found that the biphasic role in arachidonic acid metabolite, PGE2, and LTB4, is released during this treatment. In vitro data showed that COX-2 mediated PGE2 synthesis increased significantly (p<0.01) in infected macrophages. Not only was the level of prostaglandin synthesis decreased 4.38 fold in infected macrophages after treatment with eugenol oleate with amphotericin B. The mRNA expression of PTGES...