Santiago Javier Escribano Testaut - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Santiago Javier Escribano Testaut

Resumen La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo principal analizar la relación entre las dim... more Resumen La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo principal analizar la relación entre las dimensiones del miedo hacia la muerte: miedo hacia la propia muerte, miedo hacia el propio proceso de morir, miedo hacia la muerte de terceros, miedo hacia el proceso de morir de terceros y la espiritualidad y florecimiento en un grupo de 65 adultos mayores de Lima Metropolitana. Para ello, se empleó la escala EMMCL (CL-FODS) de miedo hacia la muerte (Collett & Lester, 2003), el SBI-15R de espiritualidad (Holland et al, 1998) y la escala de Florecimiento (Diener, 2010). Luego de ello, se realizaron los análisis respectivos y se halló una relación inversa entre el miedo hacia la propia muerte y la espiritualidad y el miedo hacia la propia muerte y el florecimiento. Se halló una diferencia significativa en cuanto a la variable ocupación respecto al miedo hacia la muerte y una relación positiva entre espiritualidad y florecimiento en el grupo.

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the intellectual in selfless leaders decisio... more The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the intellectual in selfless leaders decision making process and effectiveness rate of their demographic characteristics on governmental organizations of Yazd province. Research method, is descriptive and correlational. Population includes all managers of selfless government agencies in the number of 128 persons and all staff of 22,422 people that were selected through Morgan table and sampling simple random sampling method to measure 100 between selfless managers and 370 of staff members under the direct supervision of the director (minimum of 3 employees per manager). Data and required information were collected through a standardized spiritual intelligence Amram and Drayer questionnaire and Parsons Effectiveness and were analyzed with the spps software. Data analysis in this study used descriptive statistics (calculating standard deviation, the mean) and for the hypotheses analysis, structural equation model was used. Results showed that: there is a significant relationship between the spiritual intelligence, work experience, management experience, years of service and the kind of managers in Yazd organizations. But there is no significant relationship between the degree and effectiveness. Fitness test results of path analysis model for pre-barrier effectiveness of managers indicated that the model is considered a good fitness.

Introduction: Spirituality connotes the self"s existential search for ultimate meaning through an... more Introduction: Spirituality connotes the self"s existential search for ultimate meaning through an individualized

The objective of the study was to understand spirituality and religiosity as coping strategies fo... more The objective of the study was to understand spirituality and religiosity as coping strategies for illness and death in youth. This was shaped as a situation study, of a comprehensive approach, through the life history operationalized by the in-depth interview and observation. Interviews and observation reports were transcribed and organized into the research diary. For data analysis, the narratives were grouped into different thematic sets that were reiterated with the agglutination of themes in new sets. For this communication, we highlight the theme related to spirituality and religiosity present in the data corpus. Spirituality and religiosity, strongly imbricated in the young woman's life, appear as important coping strategies for illness and finitude. Therefore, it is important that the nurse considers beliefs, values of each person, and the many senses attributed to the spiritual and religious experiences of each patient. In short, knowing how to deal with what is not palpable becomes crucial when standing next to the other who prepares to leave this life.

ADutch newspaper reported thatthe sales of booksonpraying duringthe COVID-19 pandemic has increas... more ADutch newspaper reported thatthe sales of booksonpraying duringthe COVID-19 pandemic has increased compared to the previous year.B ased upon al ist of these bestsellers, the newspaper concludes that bookso np raying are hard to find and that our houseshavestartedtobecome more like monasteries.The crisis of the pandemic has indeeds parked urgent questions for many: 'what is the meaning of life?' 'what if Ib ecome ill?' or 'what happens when Id ie?'.P raying is ac entral feature of religion in general and of Christianityi np articular(Meyer-Blanck2019). This article is interested in exploring the following:When do people pray,what do people pray about,tow hom do people pray and what do people do when they pray? This practical-theological essayonp raying departs from two paradoxical observations.First,there is something distinctly religious about praying yetpraying is not an exclusively religious practice. Empirical studies in secular spirituality show adecrease in interest in prayer (Zuckerman, Shook,a nd Fuller 2017), but praying is not confined to those who affiliate with religion. Post-secular approaches view prayer as The placeintowhich Ipour my despair and out of which Idragmyoften elusive,often reluctant hope; it is the spaceintowhich Ispiral, as well as the connection that rescues me there; it is the transformative work in which Iamcompelled to engage […]. The connection Ifind in this placeis essential to my being, but what it is to/with/by which Ic onnect,Iam not able to say. (Vosper 2014,i ntroduction) OpenAccess. ©2 022T heo Pleizier,p ublished by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative CommonsA ttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

❖ BACKGROUND Decision making is a complex phenomenon. It is difficult to deconstruct an individua... more ❖ BACKGROUND Decision making is a complex phenomenon. It is difficult to deconstruct an individual's stream of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors into individual units called decisions. Decisions have been described as mental shorthand for activities that recognize and structure situations, evaluate preferences, and produce choices. 1

Objectives. The purposes of this study were to describe and compare the spiritual needs and spiri... more Objectives. The purposes of this study were to describe and compare the spiritual needs and spiritual well-being among terminally ill patients receiving care in different palliative care settings and to investigate the differences in spiritual well-being in relation to the level of Buddhist practices. Methods. A cross-sectional multicenter study was carried out that included community/home-based care (Home), a faith-based organization for patients with AIDS (FB_AIDS), a faith-based organization for patients with cancer (FB_CA), and a hospice ward (Hospice). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the participants' demographics, Buddhist practices, spiritual needs, and spiritual well-being. The analysis was performed using analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests to compare the spiritual needs and the spiritual well-being in the different settings. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to investigate the differences in spiritual well-being in relation to the level of Buddhist practices. Results. A total of 170 patients with a terminal illness (30 Home, 33 FB_AIDS, 64 FB_CA, and 43 Hospice) participated. Patients with a terminal illness receiving care at the FB_CA and Home had significantly higher mean scores for spiritual needs than those in the other settings. Patients with a terminal illness receiving care at the FB_CA had a significantly higher mean score for spiritual well-being than those receiving care in the other settings. Participants having a higher frequency of Buddhist practice had significantly higher mean scores for spiritual well-being. Significance of results. Spiritual needs and spiritual well-being differed significantly among participants in different palliative care settings. The more the patients engaged in Buddhist practices, the higher their scores were for spiritual well-being. Thus, religious-based strategies should be integrated into palliative care and should be more emphasized.

The changes in people's way of life through the years raise questions on how they address existen... more The changes in people's way of life through the years raise questions on how they address existential needs and concerns, particularly those related to life and death and spiritual connections. Through a scoping review, we surveyed studies on meaning in life, death anxiety, and spirituality within the lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) community. We determined the extent to which these variables have been studied among LGB participants. A total of 28 eligible articles were reviewed. Six studies were found about meaning in life, five studies about death anxiety, and 16 studies about spirituality. Results suggest that meaning in life was derived from experiences related to parenthood, couplehood, and work satisfaction. Studies on death anxiety among LGB participants, which date back to the 1980 and 1990s, indicated the need to conduct present studies in this area. The review showed that LGB members distinguished between spirituality and religion, giving them more positive recognition of the former than the latter. The forms of spiritual expression were anchored to religious practices, for some, and other expressions of belief and faith outside the confines of formally established religions. Spiritual expressions generally accorded the LGB members direction and satisfaction in life. Not all segments of the LGB community were represented in the studies. The available studies, dominantly quantitative, centered only on the LGB experience. Target age groups varied across the studies. The review indicates that future studies can work on exploring these existential factors considering the emerging contexts and paradigms. Future research can focus on determining what factors contribute to meaning in life, given the changes in time.

Objective: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is frequently used by patients with advan... more Objective: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is frequently used by patients with advanced cancer, for a variety of reasons. We examined the use of CAM in this population, and associations of use for potential cure with spiritual faith and existential well-being. Methods: Patients with advanced cancer on a palliative care unit completed a measure of spiritual well-being (existential well-being and faith), and a survey assessing complementary therapy use and reasons for such use. Information was also gathered on demographic data, previous cancer treatment, performance status, and symptom distress. Regression analyses assessed the association between the spirituality domains of existential well-being and faith, and the use of CAM for cure. Results: Of 123 participants, 85% had used CAM, 42% with curative intent. More than 95% would consider future use of CAM, 48% for potential cure. Previous use for cure predicted current interest in using CAM for cure (po0.0001). Spiritual faith was associated with previous (po0.02) and interest in future use for cure (po0.0001). Poor existential wellbeing was associated with interest in future use of CAM for cure (p 5 0.04). Conclusions: Interest in considering CAM for cure was relatively high in this group of inpatients on a palliative care unit, and was associated with increased spiritual faith and decreased existential well-being. Understanding factors associated with seeking CAM for cure may help health-care professionals to support and educate patients with advanced cancer.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

This research is an examination of how children theologically perceive God following the death of... more This research is an examination of how children theologically perceive God following the death of an immediate family member, specifically that of a parent or sibling. Research shows that 20 percent of children will experience a parental death by the time they finish high school. 1 Parental death has a traumatic effect on a child's development. In fact, 20 percent of children who experience a parental death are "likely to develop a psychiatric disorder." 2 While parental death is one of the hardest losses to cope with, the loss of sibling also has a profound impact on children. 3 According to a study conducted by Worden, Davies, and McCown, 25 percent of the children who experience a sibling death will exhibit "at risk" behavior. 4 Another study by McCown and Davies revealed that children who lose a brother or sister exhibit "significantly more behavior problems than does the normal population." 5

Objectives: Personality and spiritual factors play an important role in the death anxiety of incu... more Objectives: Personality and spiritual factors play an important role in the death anxiety of incurable patients. This research was performed to investigate the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between emotional regulation and spirituality, with death anxiety in cancer patients. Methods: Number of 290 cancer patients referring to the chemotherapy section of Imam Reza Hospital were selected using available sampling methods. The questionnaires that were considered to collect information were: (1) Demographic Information Questionnaire; (2) Parsian and Dunning Spirituality Questionnaire; (3) Garnefski Emotion Regulation Questionnaire; (4) Connor & Davidson Resilience Questionnaire; and (5) Templer Death Anxiety Questionnaire; all the data from these questionnaires after completion and analysis of the data collected, structural equations were carried out using Smart Pls. Results: The results showed that the direct effect of cognitive regulation of emotion, spirituality and resilience on death anxiety is significant (P ≤ 0.01). Also, the direct effect of cognitive regulation of emotion and spirituality on resilience is significant (P ≤ 0.01). Furthermore the indirect cognitive regulation of emotion and spirituality on death anxiety mediated by resilience is significant (P ≤ 0.01). Conclusions: The results of this study show the importance of personality and spiritual factors in psychological problems of cancer patients and have implications in the field of psychotherapy.

Background: The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) has developed ... more Background: The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) has developed the Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-SWB32) for assessment of spirituality in palliative care for cancer. We aimed to translate and validate this tool in Finnish and to study the relationship between spirituality and quality of life (QOL). Methods: Finnish translation was produced according to the guidelines of EORTC and included forward-and back-translations. Face-, construct-and convergence/divergence validity and reliability were studied in a prospective manner. QOL was assessed with EORTC QLQ-C30 and 15D questionnaires. Sixteen individuals participated in the pilot testing. 101 patients with cancer from oncology units, and 89 individuals with other chronic diseases from spiritual communities participated in the validation part in different parts of the country. Sixteen people participated in the retest phase. Inclusion criteria were that the individual had either a de ned palliative care plan or suitability to a such plan, as well as capability to understand and communicate in Finnish. Results: The translation appeared understandable and acceptable. The factorial analysis identi ed four scoring scales with high Cronbach alfa values: Relationship with Self (0.73), Relationship with Others (0.84), Relationship with Something Greater (0.82), Existential (0.81), and, additionally, a scale on Relationship with God (0.85). There was a signi cant correlation between spiritual well-being and QOL in all participants. Conclusions: Spiritual well-being is correlated with QOL in cancer and non-cancer patients eligible for palliative care. The Finnish translation of EORTC QLQ-SWB32 is a valid and reliable measure both for research and clinical practice. Background The World Health Organization emphasizes spirituality and alleviation of spiritual suffering as an essential part of palliative care. 1 Life-threatening or longterm disease indeed often activates questions about death and life beyond biological or physical existence. 2 Especially when approaching death is foreseen, the value of one´s own life, the meaning of suffering, relationship with other people and God, need of reconciliation, forgiveness, and life after death become important questions. 3,4,5 These issues can be considered as the spiritual dimension of a human being. 6 Consequently, spirituality can be de ned as the aspect of humanity that refers to the way individuals seek and express meaning and purpose and the way they experience their connectedness to the moment, to self, to others, to nature, and to the signi cant or sacred. 7 Spirituality is also a key component of quality of life (QOL). 8 A systematic review found a relationship between spiritual well-being (SWB) and QOL in cancer patients. 9 Spirituality has been considered even as a predictive construct of QOL. 10 Several instruments have been developed for assessment of spirituality in palliative care. 11 A recent review found 152 tools, but only a few of them have been properly validated. 12 From these tools, the Spiritual Well-being questionnaire, EORTC QLQ-SWB32 (SWB32) of The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Group (EORTC), 13 is particularly interesting, because it is based on thorough development and it has been validated in many European countries. 14 The current version of SWB32 was published in 2019. 15 As such, it is expected to contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between SWB and QOL. 16 So far, SWB32 has been tested only in cancer patients and not in other patients in palliative care. Unfortunately, no similar tool has been available in Finnish. Methods Aim The aim of this study was to produce a Finnish translation of the SWB32 and to study its validity and reliability, and its correlation with QOL, among individuals either in palliative care or suitable for early palliative care. In addition, associations between SWB32 health pro le and demographic factors were explored. Study design for validation The Finnish translation was produced, pre-tested, validated and re-tested in a prospective manner. Translation procedure and face-validity The translation from English to Finnish was performed according to the EORTC translation procedure. 17 In summary, two independent translators produced the rst Finnish translation, and it was harmonized by the research group after consulting three other professional linguists. Thereafter a back-translation to English was obtained from two other independent translators and harmonized by the group. Both translations were submitted to the EORTC language o ce, which accepted the Finnish translation (FIN/EORTC-SWB32) for pilot testing. Setting and participants in the nal validation phase The participants for the validation included cancer and non-cancer patients, as well as health care professionals. Cancer patients were recruited by nurses and

The frequency of gaining spiritual care intervention and its connection with nurse's personal wel... more The frequency of gaining spiritual care intervention and its connection with nurse's personal well-being will exposed in this study. A cross-sectional descriptive and co relational design will used to judge the knowledge about Spiritual Care Intervention and Spiritual Well-Being. Adopted version questionnaire was used from the article "Spiritual Care Intervention and Spiritual Well-Being" in Jordanian Muslim Nurses' Perspectives "written by(Musa, 2017)will be used to collect data from the participants. The contributor will have selected through simple random sampling method, the sample size for this study will be 110 that are deliberate from the Slovin's formula of sampling. SPSS version 21 will be used for this purpose. The results of this study indicate that now the Muslim nurses delivered spiritual care intervention frequently to their Muslim patients. The nurses' personal spiritual well-being will positively connect with spiritual care intervention. Both variables show that the results meet the standard requirements of reliability and both are reliable. For KMO and Bartle's test, all the criteria are fulfilled, and instruments of this study are valid. The results portrayed that the relationship between spiritual care intervention and spiritual well-being is positive and it is significant. It concluded from this examination that medical caretakers ought to know of their own otherworldliness and should upgrade their own profound prosperity to be more associated with giving profound care. It prescribed that Muslim nursing and human services organizations ought to intentionally on medical attendants' profound prosperity, instead of survey it as an individual issue with minimal authority thought.

Spirituality, being a virtuous approach against dark materialistic world has an ability to transc... more Spirituality, being a virtuous approach against dark materialistic world has an ability to transcend any phase of life. As a matter of fact during old age the fear of death generally overpowers elderly. They overcome this anxiety successfully by moving and focusing towards spirituality, which is considered a path leading to piousness and inner peace. Experience of spirituality helps them to think beyond this materialistic world, where old age is not considered as an end to life, but a preparation for the welcome of a new life. Thus with these ideas in mind, the present study was an attempt to explore the relation between spirituality and death anxiety among geriatrics. A purposive sample of 200 elderly both male and female with the age range of 60-80 years was drawn from Rohtak city, Haryana. The descriptive statistics indicated the high level of spirituality and average level of death anxiety among elderly. Further, correlational analysis showed that there existed a negative correlation between spirituality and death anxiety which indicates the healing power of spirituality among elderly.

Due to worldwide increasing in the number of elderlies, studying the common disorders among them ... more Due to worldwide increasing in the number of elderlies, studying the common disorders among them are getting more important. Death anxiety is one of those disorders which has been investigated poorly. Various studies have confirmed the relationship between spiritual intelligence and death anxiety, however, the number of studies investigating spiritual intelligence as a source of death anxiety is not that significant. The aim of this study was to find out if resilience and self-efficacy could mediate between spiritual intelligence and death anxiety. In a crosssectional field study, using standardized questionnaires, namely Spiritual Intelligence Self-Reporting Inventory (SISIRI-24), Templar Death Anxiety Scale (DAS), Conner-Davidson Consolidation Scale (CD-RISC), and Sherer Self-Efficacy Scale (SGES), responses of 280 elderly people with an average age of 68.56 years were analyzed. The results of the study indicated that spiritual intelligence and death anxiety has a significant correlation and that resilience and self-efficacy are mediators between those variables.

Objective: to understand spirituality and religiosity in the experience of suffering, guilt, and ... more Objective: to understand spirituality and religiosity in the experience of suffering, guilt, and death of the elderly with cancer. Method: qualitative research based on Viktor Frankl's Existential Analysis. Twenty phenomenological interviews were conducted with people over 60 years old undergoing chemotherapy treatment at an oncology unit of a hospital in the city of Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, between August and October 2018. Results: the following categories emerged: Experiences spirituality and religiosity in the face of the tragic triad and existential emptiness; Uses spirituality/religiosity as resilience strategies. After apprehension of ontic aspects, it was possible the ontological understanding of spirituality and religiosity in the face of suffering, guilt, and death experienced in the elderly with cancer's daily life. Final considerations: spirituality and religiosity were understood as coping strategies used in the unstable experience of the elderly with cancer, providing comfort and resilience.

The sacred texts in Judaism, Christianity and Islam all advocate the idea of a Day of Judgment fo... more The sacred texts in Judaism, Christianity and Islam all advocate the idea of a Day of Judgment following death. The aims of the present study were (1) to investigate the psychometric properties of the Belief in a Day of Judgment Scale (Beshai and Lester 2013), (2) to explore gender-differences in these beliefs, and (3) to investigate differences in beliefs about the Judgment Day across academic disciplines in sampled students. A sample of 275 female and 110 male Turkish students was recruited from six academic disciplines: English language and literature, sociology, mathematics, psychological counseling, divinity, and nursing. Participants responded to the Turkish version of the Belief in a Day of Judgment Scale. Reliability of the scale from this sample revealed a Cronbach's a of 0.92, and a principal component analysis extracted two components labeled Belief in a Day of Judgment and Bad Behavior/Actions Toward Others. Men and women did not differ in scores, but the discipline-related differences were significant. Further research should use a representative sample derived from the general population in Turkey and explore comparisons among Jewish, Christian, and Muslim samples.

One of the most important theological questions in the first Origenist controversy was that of th... more One of the most important theological questions in the first Origenist controversy was that of the resurrection of the dead. Jerome accused both Origen and contemporary "Origenists" of speaking only of the resurrection of the body, and not of the flesh, and he claimed that an idea of resurrection without the flesh could not guarantee the identity between the body living on earth and the resurrected body. I argue that although Jerome attempted to maximize the difference between himself and Origen by speaking of flesh instead of body, and by emphasizing the sameness of the body, it is clear that he, too, thought that the resurrection would imply a profound change. At closer scrutiny, Jerome's way of understanding this change, namely as the nature remaining the same while the glory increases, shows striking similarities to Origen's explanation of change. I argue that Jerome was dependent on Origen's ideas about the resurrection, even in his polemics against him. Jerome's heresiological strategies, I argue, have had consequences for modern historical reconstructions of his eschatological thought, which is often presented in opposition to Origen's more spiritual understanding. Awareness of the rhetorical strategies used by Jerome in the context of controversy is crucial, I claim, in assessing a continuing reception of Origen in his theology.

The article describes attitudes towards death and funeral rites in contemporary Czech society. It... more The article describes attitudes towards death and funeral rites in contemporary Czech society. It begins by revealing the attitudes to death held by the majority of the Czech population-non-believers. The customary secular funeral ceremony, held in a crematorium, is not entirely well suited to meeting the needs of the bereaved, and this is borne out by the fact that about one-third of all cremations are held without a funeral ceremony. The author argues that the current situation is not solely the result of the economic situation of individuals but also stems from the deeply rooted attitudes and values and the approach to religion of the Czech population. The second part of the article is devoted to the attitudes towards death and the funeral rite preferences of believers, based on a survey conducted with members of three religious groups: Roman Catholics, Protestants (Church of the Czech Brethren), and Jehovah's Witnesses. Finally, the author compares the attitudes of the secular majority and believers, and also outlines the connections between conditions today and under the former communist regime regarding the general approach to death and funeral rites.