Paloma Sanz - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Paloma Sanz

Research paper thumbnail of Study of Cr(VI) in Ashes from Fluidised Bed Combustion of Leather Waste: Applicability of different Speciation Methods

International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2003

Leather waste originated from shoe industry is considered potential hazardous waste as a conseque... more Leather waste originated from shoe industry is considered potential hazardous waste as a consequence of the chrome tanned leather process. On the other hand, the leather waste has an inherent value as fuel that makes feasible its use as a very interesting potential source of energy; nevertheless ash residues are produced during the combustion process. This waste disposed in landfills can cause leachate problems. For that reason, determination of hexavalent chromium is considered as an essential input parameter for the safe disposal of these residues. However the current methods provide ambiguity in the results. The objective of this work was to evaluate two different speciation methods: Method SLC 22 (IUC 18) called Method I, used for leather technicians and Method II, developed by the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory of CIEMAT, to analyse the Cr(VI) content in ashes from fluidised bed combustion of leather waste. Both methods provide appropriate results for these kinds of samples when a non-reducing environment is present.

Research paper thumbnail of Distribution and biological impact of dioxin-like compounds in risk zones along the Ebro River basin (Spain)

Chemosphere, 2008

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the environmental impact associated to PCDDs/Fs and... more The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the environmental impact associated to PCDDs/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in the Ebro River basin. Sediments and fish from several species were sampled at three sites with different historical pollution records, including the Barbastro area with different industrial activities, and the Flix and Monzó n sites, associated to heavy organochlorine compound pollution. Seventeen toxic PCDDs/Fs and 12 dioxin-like PCBs were analyzed by GC-MS. The results obtained indicated significant accumulation of dioxin-like PCBs, but not PCDDs/Fs, in sediments and fish at the Flix site compared to the other sites. Concomitantly, cytochrome p450 1A (CYP1A) expression, a known indicator for pollution by dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, was significantly elevated in barbel (Barbus graellsii) from the Flix site, compared to the population from the Barbastro site. CYP1A expression correlated with the concentration of dioxin-like PCBs in the fish fat, whereas no significant correlation was found with PCDDs/Fs concentrations. Our data suggest a significant biological impact at the Flix site, closely related to the presence of dioxin-like PCBs, whereas the PCDDs/Fs contribution to this impact appears to be non-significant, at least in the studied sites.

Research paper thumbnail of NON-THERMAL SOURCES AND SOURCE INVENTORIES GLOBAL ASSESMENT OF PCDD/F EMISSIONS FROM THE SPANISH CEMENT SECTOR. EFFECT OF CONVENTIONAL/ALTERNATIVE FUELS

This paper presents the results of the survey on polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran (... more This paper presents the results of the survey on polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) emissions to the air in cement manufacture sector carried out in Spain over the period 2000-2003. It includes 89 samples from 41 furnaces, which represents 69.5 % of coverage. It

Research paper thumbnail of Dorneles et al 2013 DRCs dolphins Brazil

Dioxin-like PCBs accounted for over 83% of the total TEQ for all cetaceans • Negative correlation... more Dioxin-like PCBs accounted for over 83% of the total TEQ for all cetaceans • Negative correlations were found between length and TEQ values in franciscanas. • PCB concentrations found are among the highest ever reported for cetaceans.

Research paper thumbnail of Sources and behaviour of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in Spanish sewage sludge

Waste Management, 2011

Presence, sources and behaviour of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated dib... more Presence, sources and behaviour of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were evaluated in Spanish sewage sludge. A total of 120 samples were seasonally collected from October 2005 to September 2006 at 31 urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Concentrations of PBDEs (ranging between 57.5 and 2606 ng/g dry weight) were two to three orders of magnitude higher than those obtained for PCDDs (0.17-5.03 ng/g d.w.) and PCDFs (0.05-3.07 ng/g d.w.). All the samples presented International Toxicity Equivalents (I-TEQ) levels (ranging between 2.06 and 44.4 ng/kg d.w.) below the limit values proposed by European Union for land application. Congener patterns evaluation revealed that the use of Deca-BDE commercial mixture seems to be the major source of PBDEs in the sludge. Nevertheless, origin of PCDD/Fs should be related to atmospheric deposition, faeces and presence of PCDD/Fs precursors such as pentachlorophenol in the sludge. No correlations (p > 0.05) were found between pollutant concentrations (PBDEs and PCDD/Fs) and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) characteristics (capacity nor sludge rate). Lower levels of PBDEs and PCDFs were found in WWTPs using biological nitrogen and phosphorous elimination, suggesting that these compounds are susceptible of microbial elimination. According to our knowledge, this is the first work comparing together both PBDEs and PCDD/Fs sludge patterns.

Research paper thumbnail of Characterization of persistent-bioaccumulative-toxic (PBTs) substances in hazardous waste: Integration of chemical analysis and in vitro fish cells response

Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of Hypoalbuminemia is Also a Marker of Fluid Excess Determined by Bioelectrical Impedance Parameters in Dialysis Patients

Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis, 2007

Hypoalbuminemia may be secondary to volume expansion conditions and an independent risk factor fo... more Hypoalbuminemia may be secondary to volume expansion conditions and an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is an accurate, non-invasive method to measure body composition, especially the water compartments in humans. The aim of this cross-sectional study is to evaluate the relationship between serum albumin concentration (SA) and hydration state measured by whole BIA. The study investigated 108 non-selected patients (73 on hemodialysis, 35 on peritoneal dialysis) with a mean age of 61.4 Ϯ 15.6 years, 42.7% of whom were female. The patients were allotted to groups according to their SA: Group 1, Յ3.5 g/dL; Group 2, 3.6-4.0 g/dL; and Group 3, >4.0 g/dL. The BIA parameters used included: total body water, intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), phase angle (PA), body cell mass (BCM), ICW/ ECW ratio and ICW/ECW ratio patients/controls (fluid index). Seventy-five healthy volunteers formed the control group. A strong positive correlation was found between the PA and fluid index (r 2 = 0.993, P < 0.001), as well as between the PA and SA (r = 0.386, P < 0.001), and the ICW/ECW ratio and SA (r = 0.227, P < 0.001). The ECW was negatively correlated with SA (r = -0.330, P < 0.001). Every 0.1 g/dL decrease in SA was associated with a 0.33 L increase in ECW. Group 1 patients had lower reactance (P = 0.006), PA (P < 0.001), BCM (P = 0.012), fluid index (P < 0.001) and ICW/ECW ratio (P = 0.015), and an increased ECW (NS) than groups 2 and 3.We conclude that hypoalbuminemia is also a marker of fluid excess. The SA is associated to the fluid index and the PA allows assessment of the dry weight and its variations in an individualized manner in dialysis patients.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of hemodialysis schedules and membranes on hepatocyte growth factor and hepatitis C virus RNA levels

Journal of Medical Virology, 2010

Hemodialysis induces production of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and decrease of serum hepat... more Hemodialysis induces production of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and decrease of serum hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in patients with HCV infection, but it is not known if the hemodialysis schedule or type of membrane affect both the HGF production and HCV viremia. The effects on both parameters of alternate-day intermittent hemodialysis and short-daily hemodialysis and high and low flux membranes were investigated in 41 patients treated by hemodialysis. Sixteen (39%) patients were anti-HCV positive and 11 (69%) had HCV RNA. Twenty-six patients were on alternate-day intermittent and 15 on short-daily hemodialysis. High flux membranes were used for 29 patients and low flux membranes for 12 patients. A decrease in HCV RNA was observed at the end of hemodialysis (8.6 x 10(5) +/- 1.1 x 10(6) IU/ml vs. 4.4 x 10(5) +/- 7.3 x 10(5) IU/ml, P = 0.003). The proportion of HCV RNA decrease was similar in patients dialyzed with both schedules and with both types of membranes. The HGF levels increased from 2,605.9 +/- 1,428.7 to &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;8,000 pg/ml at 15 min. At the end of the session, the HGF levels decreased to 5,106.7 +/- 2,533.9 pg/ml. The HGF levels at the start of the next session were similar to those at baseline (2,680.0 +/- 1,209.3 pg/ml). The increase and dynamics of the HGF levels were similar in patient&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s hemodialyzed with both schedules and with both types of membranes. These results suggest that changes in HCV RNA and HGF levels during hemodialysis are not influenced by the schedule or type of membrane used.

Research paper thumbnail of In vitro cellular responses in the RTG-2 cell line to complex mixtures of dioxins and dioxin-like PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs

Journal of Applied Toxicology, 2010

High-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HRGC/MS) is the standard method for analysi... more High-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HRGC/MS) is the standard method for analysing dioxin, furan and polybrominated retardants in hazardous waste. Determination of dioxin-like compounds using in vitro bioassays such as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) is an important tool to evaluate their Ah receptor-mediated toxic effects, because it detects all arylhydrocarbon receptor ligands in a variety of sample matrices. In the present work, we compared RTG-2 cell line EROD bioassay with HRGC/MS for assessing waste samples (liquid and solid) contaminated with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin-like PCBs) and other xenobiotics. For liquid samples, HRGC/MS-toxic equivalent (HRGC/MS-TEQ) values ranged from 273.26 to 5.84 ng TEQ l -1 and correlated well (correlation coefficient 0.99) with values obtained by EROD-TEQ, which ranged from 128 to 2.5 ng TEQ l -1 . For solid samples, HRGC/MS-TEQ values ranged from 3.44 to 0.49 ng TEQ g -1 and correlated less well than liquid samples (correlation coefficient 0.64) with values obtained by EROD-TEQ ranging from 2.27 to 0.93 ng TEQ g -1 . The overestimation of RTG-2 EROD-TEQ (1.2 Ϯ 0.92 of values established by HRGC/MS) and the absence of false-negative results may limit analytical costs by eliminating the need for follow-up GC/MS analysis on the negative samples. We suggest that RTG-2 EROD bioassay is an inexpensive means for preliminary dioxin and furan positive screenings of waste samples.

Research paper thumbnail of Two Novel Mutations in the BCKDK (Branched-Chain Keto-Acid Dehydrogenase Kinase) Gene Are Responsible for a Neurobehavioral Deficit in Two Pediatric Unrelated Patients

Research paper thumbnail of Dechlorane-Related Compounds in Franciscana Dolphin ( Pontoporia blainvillei ) from Southeastern and Southern Coast of Brazil

Environmental Science & Technology, 2012

Concentrations of Dechlorane (Dec) 603 (0.75 ng/g lipid weight (lw); mean) and Dec 602 (0.38 ng/g... more Concentrations of Dechlorane (Dec) 603 (0.75 ng/g lipid weight (lw); mean) and Dec 602 (0.38 ng/g lw; mean) were quantified in more than 95% of the franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) dolphin samples, whereas the frequency of detection decreased to 75% for Dechlorane Plus (DP) (1.53 ng/g lw, mean). The presence of Chlordene Plus (CP) was also observed (0.13 ng/g lw, mean) in half of the samples. On the contrary, Dec 604, decachloropentacyclooctadecadiene (aCl 10 DP), and undecachloropentacyclooctadecadiene (aCl 11 DP) concentrations were below the limit of quantifications in all cases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article reporting the presence of Dec 603, Dec 602, and CP in mammals. For comparative purposes, levels of Mirex, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) are also reported. Considering geographic distribution evaluation together with the strong positive correlations found between DP and PBDEs (r s = 0.63; p < 0.01), highly anthropogenic areas were identified as potential sources of these chemicals in this dolphin species. However, local sources for Dec 602, 603, Mirex, CP, and DBDPE were not found indicating that in this case historical use and/or atmospheric transport and deposition may play an important role in their fate.

Research paper thumbnail of The Spanish dioxin inventory Part I: incineration as municipal waste management system

Chemosphere, 2001

The main objectives of the Spanish dioxin inventory and the incidence of municipal waste incinera... more The main objectives of the Spanish dioxin inventory and the incidence of municipal waste incinerators in the PCDD/ Fs releases in the period from January 1997±November 1999 are presented. Preliminary data about the stack emission levels,¯y ashes and slags as solid residues and the PCDD/Fs input in the USW are also presented to elaborate an initial balance for the incineration sector. A great decrease, from 20 to 1.2 g I-TEQ/y, from incineration gas emissions has been observed since 1996. The preliminary balance in the MWI sector suggests an overall PCDD/Fs destruction. The calculated emission factor, 1.06 lg I-TEQ/Mg, indicates a high quality of the air pollution control systems. The assumption of PCDD/Fs in the USW permits an initial evaluation of other waste management systems. Ó

Research paper thumbnail of Analysis of dioxins and furans in environmental samples by GC-ion-trap MS/MS

Chemosphere, 2004

The work aims to characterise PCDDs/Fs in environmental matrices by high resolution gas chromatog... more The work aims to characterise PCDDs/Fs in environmental matrices by high resolution gas chromatography coupled to low resolution quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry (GC-QITMS/MS). In particular, the study was mainly focused in different environmental samples such as sewage sludge, soils, and sediments and in combustion residues as fly ashes. Previous experiences have already detected and quantified PCDDs/PCDFs in all matrices studied. Moreover, isomer-specific analysis of 2,3,7,8-PCDDs/Fs compounds corroborated good correlation between GC-QITMS/MS and a well-established technique such as high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Finally, QC measures included the participation in intercalibration exercises. Successful results were achieved using GC-QITMS/MS in the analysis of fly ashes, soils and sediment materials. In general, GC-QITMS/MS constitutes an interesting alternative for routine analysis of dioxins in such as matrices.

Research paper thumbnail of Distribution and biological impact of dioxin-like compounds in risk zones along the Ebro River basin (Spain)

Chemosphere, 2008

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the environmental impact associated to PCDDs/Fs and... more The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the environmental impact associated to PCDDs/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in the Ebro River basin. Sediments and fish from several species were sampled at three sites with different historical pollution records, including the Barbastro area with different industrial activities, and the Flix and Monzó n sites, associated to heavy organochlorine compound pollution. Seventeen toxic PCDDs/Fs and 12 dioxin-like PCBs were analyzed by GC-MS. The results obtained indicated significant accumulation of dioxin-like PCBs, but not PCDDs/Fs, in sediments and fish at the Flix site compared to the other sites. Concomitantly, cytochrome p450 1A (CYP1A) expression, a known indicator for pollution by dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, was significantly elevated in barbel (Barbus graellsii) from the Flix site, compared to the population from the Barbastro site. CYP1A expression correlated with the concentration of dioxin-like PCBs in the fish fat, whereas no significant correlation was found with PCDDs/Fs concentrations. Our data suggest a significant biological impact at the Flix site, closely related to the presence of dioxin-like PCBs, whereas the PCDDs/Fs contribution to this impact appears to be non-significant, at least in the studied sites.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of the Spanish hot dip galvanising sector as a source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans

Chemosphere, 2008

A survey to estimate the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofur... more A survey to estimate the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) emissions of Spanish hot dip galvanising sector was carried out during 2002. This investigation is the first presenting Spanish experimental data related to this industrial sector. Three different matrices: flue gas, ash and filter dust were tested to quantify the PCDD/Fs generated during the galvanising process. The organic source of PCDD/F formation could be from the insufficient degreasing o from inhibitors or additives used in the pickling steps such as quinoline, isoquinoline, 8-methylquinoline or polyether phosphoric acid. Low levels PCDD/Fs were achieved in air emissions when air control devices are used. On the contrary, filter dusts are highly contaminated; indicating that the absence of air control devices would increase the risk of fugitive emissions. Homologue profiles and Principal Component Analysis demonstrate there are differences in the formation mechanisms in the bath zone (ashes) compared to the stack location (filter dusts and air emissions), related to the de novo synthesis and reaction time. The annual PCDD/F emission to the atmosphere for this sector during 2002 has been estimated in 0.023 g I-TEQ. The emission factor of plants with air control devices has been calculated at 0.030 lg I-TEQ/ ton of galvanised steel.

Research paper thumbnail of Analysis of perfluorinated alkyl substances in Spanish sewage sludge by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2011

The present article describes the development of an analytical method for the determination of 13... more The present article describes the development of an analytical method for the determination of 13 perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), as well as its application to real sewage sludge samples to confirm the presence of these compounds. The isolation of the analytes was performed by agitation, sonication and centrifugation techniques, followed by EnviCarb cleanup and weak anion exchange solidphase extraction. Sensitive and selective determination was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Six mass-labelled internal standards were used to ensure the accuracy of the analytical results following isotopic dilution method. Several mobile phases (acetonitrile, methanol, mixtures of both and water with ammonium acetate or acetic acid) have been tested to reach the best resolution and reproducibility results. Other parameters related to MS/MS conditions were optimized. The reliability of the method was confirmed by the evaluation of linearity (R 2 =0.995-0.999), accuracy (84-99%) and injection repeatability and reproducibility (relative standard deviation below 19 and 23%, respectively). Limits of detection ranged from 0.007 to 2.217 pg. Recoveries show values higher than 80% for most of the target compounds. The application of this method to twenty real samples demonstrates its efficiency and accuracy, as well as provides for the first time to our knowledge, PFAS levels in sewage sludges from Spain.

Research paper thumbnail of High accumulation of PCDD, PCDF, and PCB congeners in marine mammals from Brazil: A serious PCB problem

Science of The Total Environment, 2013

Dioxin-like PCBs accounted for over 83% of the total TEQ for all cetaceans • Negative correlation... more Dioxin-like PCBs accounted for over 83% of the total TEQ for all cetaceans • Negative correlations were found between length and TEQ values in franciscanas. • PCB concentrations found are among the highest ever reported for cetaceans.

Research paper thumbnail of Study of Cr(VI) in Ashes from Fluidised Bed Combustion of Leather Waste: Applicability of different Speciation Methods

International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2003

Leather waste originated from shoe industry is considered potential hazardous waste as a conseque... more Leather waste originated from shoe industry is considered potential hazardous waste as a consequence of the chrome tanned leather process. On the other hand, the leather waste has an inherent value as fuel that makes feasible its use as a very interesting potential source of energy; nevertheless ash residues are produced during the combustion process. This waste disposed in landfills can cause leachate problems. For that reason, determination of hexavalent chromium is considered as an essential input parameter for the safe disposal of these residues. However the current methods provide ambiguity in the results. The objective of this work was to evaluate two different speciation methods: Method SLC 22 (IUC 18) called Method I, used for leather technicians and Method II, developed by the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory of CIEMAT, to analyse the Cr(VI) content in ashes from fluidised bed combustion of leather waste. Both methods provide appropriate results for these kinds of samples when a non-reducing environment is present.

Research paper thumbnail of Distribution and biological impact of dioxin-like compounds in risk zones along the Ebro River basin (Spain)

Chemosphere, 2008

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the environmental impact associated to PCDDs/Fs and... more The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the environmental impact associated to PCDDs/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in the Ebro River basin. Sediments and fish from several species were sampled at three sites with different historical pollution records, including the Barbastro area with different industrial activities, and the Flix and Monzó n sites, associated to heavy organochlorine compound pollution. Seventeen toxic PCDDs/Fs and 12 dioxin-like PCBs were analyzed by GC-MS. The results obtained indicated significant accumulation of dioxin-like PCBs, but not PCDDs/Fs, in sediments and fish at the Flix site compared to the other sites. Concomitantly, cytochrome p450 1A (CYP1A) expression, a known indicator for pollution by dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, was significantly elevated in barbel (Barbus graellsii) from the Flix site, compared to the population from the Barbastro site. CYP1A expression correlated with the concentration of dioxin-like PCBs in the fish fat, whereas no significant correlation was found with PCDDs/Fs concentrations. Our data suggest a significant biological impact at the Flix site, closely related to the presence of dioxin-like PCBs, whereas the PCDDs/Fs contribution to this impact appears to be non-significant, at least in the studied sites.

Research paper thumbnail of NON-THERMAL SOURCES AND SOURCE INVENTORIES GLOBAL ASSESMENT OF PCDD/F EMISSIONS FROM THE SPANISH CEMENT SECTOR. EFFECT OF CONVENTIONAL/ALTERNATIVE FUELS

This paper presents the results of the survey on polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran (... more This paper presents the results of the survey on polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) emissions to the air in cement manufacture sector carried out in Spain over the period 2000-2003. It includes 89 samples from 41 furnaces, which represents 69.5 % of coverage. It

Research paper thumbnail of Dorneles et al 2013 DRCs dolphins Brazil

Dioxin-like PCBs accounted for over 83% of the total TEQ for all cetaceans • Negative correlation... more Dioxin-like PCBs accounted for over 83% of the total TEQ for all cetaceans • Negative correlations were found between length and TEQ values in franciscanas. • PCB concentrations found are among the highest ever reported for cetaceans.

Research paper thumbnail of Sources and behaviour of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in Spanish sewage sludge

Waste Management, 2011

Presence, sources and behaviour of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated dib... more Presence, sources and behaviour of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were evaluated in Spanish sewage sludge. A total of 120 samples were seasonally collected from October 2005 to September 2006 at 31 urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Concentrations of PBDEs (ranging between 57.5 and 2606 ng/g dry weight) were two to three orders of magnitude higher than those obtained for PCDDs (0.17-5.03 ng/g d.w.) and PCDFs (0.05-3.07 ng/g d.w.). All the samples presented International Toxicity Equivalents (I-TEQ) levels (ranging between 2.06 and 44.4 ng/kg d.w.) below the limit values proposed by European Union for land application. Congener patterns evaluation revealed that the use of Deca-BDE commercial mixture seems to be the major source of PBDEs in the sludge. Nevertheless, origin of PCDD/Fs should be related to atmospheric deposition, faeces and presence of PCDD/Fs precursors such as pentachlorophenol in the sludge. No correlations (p > 0.05) were found between pollutant concentrations (PBDEs and PCDD/Fs) and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) characteristics (capacity nor sludge rate). Lower levels of PBDEs and PCDFs were found in WWTPs using biological nitrogen and phosphorous elimination, suggesting that these compounds are susceptible of microbial elimination. According to our knowledge, this is the first work comparing together both PBDEs and PCDD/Fs sludge patterns.

Research paper thumbnail of Characterization of persistent-bioaccumulative-toxic (PBTs) substances in hazardous waste: Integration of chemical analysis and in vitro fish cells response

Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of Hypoalbuminemia is Also a Marker of Fluid Excess Determined by Bioelectrical Impedance Parameters in Dialysis Patients

Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis, 2007

Hypoalbuminemia may be secondary to volume expansion conditions and an independent risk factor fo... more Hypoalbuminemia may be secondary to volume expansion conditions and an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is an accurate, non-invasive method to measure body composition, especially the water compartments in humans. The aim of this cross-sectional study is to evaluate the relationship between serum albumin concentration (SA) and hydration state measured by whole BIA. The study investigated 108 non-selected patients (73 on hemodialysis, 35 on peritoneal dialysis) with a mean age of 61.4 Ϯ 15.6 years, 42.7% of whom were female. The patients were allotted to groups according to their SA: Group 1, Յ3.5 g/dL; Group 2, 3.6-4.0 g/dL; and Group 3, >4.0 g/dL. The BIA parameters used included: total body water, intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), phase angle (PA), body cell mass (BCM), ICW/ ECW ratio and ICW/ECW ratio patients/controls (fluid index). Seventy-five healthy volunteers formed the control group. A strong positive correlation was found between the PA and fluid index (r 2 = 0.993, P < 0.001), as well as between the PA and SA (r = 0.386, P < 0.001), and the ICW/ECW ratio and SA (r = 0.227, P < 0.001). The ECW was negatively correlated with SA (r = -0.330, P < 0.001). Every 0.1 g/dL decrease in SA was associated with a 0.33 L increase in ECW. Group 1 patients had lower reactance (P = 0.006), PA (P < 0.001), BCM (P = 0.012), fluid index (P < 0.001) and ICW/ECW ratio (P = 0.015), and an increased ECW (NS) than groups 2 and 3.We conclude that hypoalbuminemia is also a marker of fluid excess. The SA is associated to the fluid index and the PA allows assessment of the dry weight and its variations in an individualized manner in dialysis patients.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of hemodialysis schedules and membranes on hepatocyte growth factor and hepatitis C virus RNA levels

Journal of Medical Virology, 2010

Hemodialysis induces production of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and decrease of serum hepat... more Hemodialysis induces production of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and decrease of serum hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in patients with HCV infection, but it is not known if the hemodialysis schedule or type of membrane affect both the HGF production and HCV viremia. The effects on both parameters of alternate-day intermittent hemodialysis and short-daily hemodialysis and high and low flux membranes were investigated in 41 patients treated by hemodialysis. Sixteen (39%) patients were anti-HCV positive and 11 (69%) had HCV RNA. Twenty-six patients were on alternate-day intermittent and 15 on short-daily hemodialysis. High flux membranes were used for 29 patients and low flux membranes for 12 patients. A decrease in HCV RNA was observed at the end of hemodialysis (8.6 x 10(5) +/- 1.1 x 10(6) IU/ml vs. 4.4 x 10(5) +/- 7.3 x 10(5) IU/ml, P = 0.003). The proportion of HCV RNA decrease was similar in patients dialyzed with both schedules and with both types of membranes. The HGF levels increased from 2,605.9 +/- 1,428.7 to &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;8,000 pg/ml at 15 min. At the end of the session, the HGF levels decreased to 5,106.7 +/- 2,533.9 pg/ml. The HGF levels at the start of the next session were similar to those at baseline (2,680.0 +/- 1,209.3 pg/ml). The increase and dynamics of the HGF levels were similar in patient&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s hemodialyzed with both schedules and with both types of membranes. These results suggest that changes in HCV RNA and HGF levels during hemodialysis are not influenced by the schedule or type of membrane used.

Research paper thumbnail of In vitro cellular responses in the RTG-2 cell line to complex mixtures of dioxins and dioxin-like PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs

Journal of Applied Toxicology, 2010

High-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HRGC/MS) is the standard method for analysi... more High-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HRGC/MS) is the standard method for analysing dioxin, furan and polybrominated retardants in hazardous waste. Determination of dioxin-like compounds using in vitro bioassays such as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) is an important tool to evaluate their Ah receptor-mediated toxic effects, because it detects all arylhydrocarbon receptor ligands in a variety of sample matrices. In the present work, we compared RTG-2 cell line EROD bioassay with HRGC/MS for assessing waste samples (liquid and solid) contaminated with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin-like PCBs) and other xenobiotics. For liquid samples, HRGC/MS-toxic equivalent (HRGC/MS-TEQ) values ranged from 273.26 to 5.84 ng TEQ l -1 and correlated well (correlation coefficient 0.99) with values obtained by EROD-TEQ, which ranged from 128 to 2.5 ng TEQ l -1 . For solid samples, HRGC/MS-TEQ values ranged from 3.44 to 0.49 ng TEQ g -1 and correlated less well than liquid samples (correlation coefficient 0.64) with values obtained by EROD-TEQ ranging from 2.27 to 0.93 ng TEQ g -1 . The overestimation of RTG-2 EROD-TEQ (1.2 Ϯ 0.92 of values established by HRGC/MS) and the absence of false-negative results may limit analytical costs by eliminating the need for follow-up GC/MS analysis on the negative samples. We suggest that RTG-2 EROD bioassay is an inexpensive means for preliminary dioxin and furan positive screenings of waste samples.

Research paper thumbnail of Two Novel Mutations in the BCKDK (Branched-Chain Keto-Acid Dehydrogenase Kinase) Gene Are Responsible for a Neurobehavioral Deficit in Two Pediatric Unrelated Patients

Research paper thumbnail of Dechlorane-Related Compounds in Franciscana Dolphin ( Pontoporia blainvillei ) from Southeastern and Southern Coast of Brazil

Environmental Science & Technology, 2012

Concentrations of Dechlorane (Dec) 603 (0.75 ng/g lipid weight (lw); mean) and Dec 602 (0.38 ng/g... more Concentrations of Dechlorane (Dec) 603 (0.75 ng/g lipid weight (lw); mean) and Dec 602 (0.38 ng/g lw; mean) were quantified in more than 95% of the franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) dolphin samples, whereas the frequency of detection decreased to 75% for Dechlorane Plus (DP) (1.53 ng/g lw, mean). The presence of Chlordene Plus (CP) was also observed (0.13 ng/g lw, mean) in half of the samples. On the contrary, Dec 604, decachloropentacyclooctadecadiene (aCl 10 DP), and undecachloropentacyclooctadecadiene (aCl 11 DP) concentrations were below the limit of quantifications in all cases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article reporting the presence of Dec 603, Dec 602, and CP in mammals. For comparative purposes, levels of Mirex, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) are also reported. Considering geographic distribution evaluation together with the strong positive correlations found between DP and PBDEs (r s = 0.63; p < 0.01), highly anthropogenic areas were identified as potential sources of these chemicals in this dolphin species. However, local sources for Dec 602, 603, Mirex, CP, and DBDPE were not found indicating that in this case historical use and/or atmospheric transport and deposition may play an important role in their fate.

Research paper thumbnail of The Spanish dioxin inventory Part I: incineration as municipal waste management system

Chemosphere, 2001

The main objectives of the Spanish dioxin inventory and the incidence of municipal waste incinera... more The main objectives of the Spanish dioxin inventory and the incidence of municipal waste incinerators in the PCDD/ Fs releases in the period from January 1997±November 1999 are presented. Preliminary data about the stack emission levels,¯y ashes and slags as solid residues and the PCDD/Fs input in the USW are also presented to elaborate an initial balance for the incineration sector. A great decrease, from 20 to 1.2 g I-TEQ/y, from incineration gas emissions has been observed since 1996. The preliminary balance in the MWI sector suggests an overall PCDD/Fs destruction. The calculated emission factor, 1.06 lg I-TEQ/Mg, indicates a high quality of the air pollution control systems. The assumption of PCDD/Fs in the USW permits an initial evaluation of other waste management systems. Ó

Research paper thumbnail of Analysis of dioxins and furans in environmental samples by GC-ion-trap MS/MS

Chemosphere, 2004

The work aims to characterise PCDDs/Fs in environmental matrices by high resolution gas chromatog... more The work aims to characterise PCDDs/Fs in environmental matrices by high resolution gas chromatography coupled to low resolution quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry (GC-QITMS/MS). In particular, the study was mainly focused in different environmental samples such as sewage sludge, soils, and sediments and in combustion residues as fly ashes. Previous experiences have already detected and quantified PCDDs/PCDFs in all matrices studied. Moreover, isomer-specific analysis of 2,3,7,8-PCDDs/Fs compounds corroborated good correlation between GC-QITMS/MS and a well-established technique such as high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Finally, QC measures included the participation in intercalibration exercises. Successful results were achieved using GC-QITMS/MS in the analysis of fly ashes, soils and sediment materials. In general, GC-QITMS/MS constitutes an interesting alternative for routine analysis of dioxins in such as matrices.

Research paper thumbnail of Distribution and biological impact of dioxin-like compounds in risk zones along the Ebro River basin (Spain)

Chemosphere, 2008

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the environmental impact associated to PCDDs/Fs and... more The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the environmental impact associated to PCDDs/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in the Ebro River basin. Sediments and fish from several species were sampled at three sites with different historical pollution records, including the Barbastro area with different industrial activities, and the Flix and Monzó n sites, associated to heavy organochlorine compound pollution. Seventeen toxic PCDDs/Fs and 12 dioxin-like PCBs were analyzed by GC-MS. The results obtained indicated significant accumulation of dioxin-like PCBs, but not PCDDs/Fs, in sediments and fish at the Flix site compared to the other sites. Concomitantly, cytochrome p450 1A (CYP1A) expression, a known indicator for pollution by dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, was significantly elevated in barbel (Barbus graellsii) from the Flix site, compared to the population from the Barbastro site. CYP1A expression correlated with the concentration of dioxin-like PCBs in the fish fat, whereas no significant correlation was found with PCDDs/Fs concentrations. Our data suggest a significant biological impact at the Flix site, closely related to the presence of dioxin-like PCBs, whereas the PCDDs/Fs contribution to this impact appears to be non-significant, at least in the studied sites.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of the Spanish hot dip galvanising sector as a source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans

Chemosphere, 2008

A survey to estimate the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofur... more A survey to estimate the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) emissions of Spanish hot dip galvanising sector was carried out during 2002. This investigation is the first presenting Spanish experimental data related to this industrial sector. Three different matrices: flue gas, ash and filter dust were tested to quantify the PCDD/Fs generated during the galvanising process. The organic source of PCDD/F formation could be from the insufficient degreasing o from inhibitors or additives used in the pickling steps such as quinoline, isoquinoline, 8-methylquinoline or polyether phosphoric acid. Low levels PCDD/Fs were achieved in air emissions when air control devices are used. On the contrary, filter dusts are highly contaminated; indicating that the absence of air control devices would increase the risk of fugitive emissions. Homologue profiles and Principal Component Analysis demonstrate there are differences in the formation mechanisms in the bath zone (ashes) compared to the stack location (filter dusts and air emissions), related to the de novo synthesis and reaction time. The annual PCDD/F emission to the atmosphere for this sector during 2002 has been estimated in 0.023 g I-TEQ. The emission factor of plants with air control devices has been calculated at 0.030 lg I-TEQ/ ton of galvanised steel.

Research paper thumbnail of Analysis of perfluorinated alkyl substances in Spanish sewage sludge by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2011

The present article describes the development of an analytical method for the determination of 13... more The present article describes the development of an analytical method for the determination of 13 perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), as well as its application to real sewage sludge samples to confirm the presence of these compounds. The isolation of the analytes was performed by agitation, sonication and centrifugation techniques, followed by EnviCarb cleanup and weak anion exchange solidphase extraction. Sensitive and selective determination was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Six mass-labelled internal standards were used to ensure the accuracy of the analytical results following isotopic dilution method. Several mobile phases (acetonitrile, methanol, mixtures of both and water with ammonium acetate or acetic acid) have been tested to reach the best resolution and reproducibility results. Other parameters related to MS/MS conditions were optimized. The reliability of the method was confirmed by the evaluation of linearity (R 2 =0.995-0.999), accuracy (84-99%) and injection repeatability and reproducibility (relative standard deviation below 19 and 23%, respectively). Limits of detection ranged from 0.007 to 2.217 pg. Recoveries show values higher than 80% for most of the target compounds. The application of this method to twenty real samples demonstrates its efficiency and accuracy, as well as provides for the first time to our knowledge, PFAS levels in sewage sludges from Spain.

Research paper thumbnail of High accumulation of PCDD, PCDF, and PCB congeners in marine mammals from Brazil: A serious PCB problem

Science of The Total Environment, 2013

Dioxin-like PCBs accounted for over 83% of the total TEQ for all cetaceans • Negative correlation... more Dioxin-like PCBs accounted for over 83% of the total TEQ for all cetaceans • Negative correlations were found between length and TEQ values in franciscanas. • PCB concentrations found are among the highest ever reported for cetaceans.