Satish Kandlikar - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Satish Kandlikar

ASME 5th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels, 2007

ASME 5th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels, 2007

Heat Transfer Engineering, Jul 1, 2010

This work aims to experimentally examine the effects of different roughness structures on interna... more This work aims to experimentally examine the effects of different roughness structures on internal flows in high-aspect-ratio rectangular microchannels. Additionally, a model based on lubrication theory is compared to these results. In total, four experiments were designed to test samples with different relative roughness and pitch placed on the opposite sides forming the long faces of a rectangular channel. The experiments were conducted to study (i) sawtooth roughness effects in laminar flow, (ii) uniform roughness effects in laminar flow, (iii) sawtooth roughness effects in turbulent flow, and (iv) varying-pitch sawtooth roughness effects in laminar flow. The Reynolds number was varied from 30 to 15,000 with degassed, deionized water as the working fluid. An estimate of the experimental uncertainty in the experimental data is 7.6% for friction factor and 2.7% for Reynolds number. Roughness structures varied from a lapped smooth surface with 0.2 μ m roughness height to sawtooth ridges of height 117 μ m. Hydraulic diameters tested varied from 198 μ m to 2,349 μ m. The highest relative roughness tested was 25%. The lubrication theory predictions were good for low relative roughness values. Earlier transition to turbulent flow was observed with roughness structures. Friction factors were predictable by the constricted flow model for lower pitch/height ratios. Increasing this ratio systematically shifted the results from the constricted-flow models to smooth-tube predictions. In the turbulent region, different relative roughness values converged on a single line at higher Reynolds numbers on an f–Re plot, but the converged value was dependent on the pitch of the roughness elements.

The topic of single phase liquid flow in submicron or nanochannels is a nascent field. There have... more The topic of single phase liquid flow in submicron or nanochannels is a nascent field. There have only been a couple papers that have dealt with this area directly. The most probable reason for this is that currently most research in fluid mechanics or heat transfer is being focused on micron size channels. To help facilitate researchers to focus on

Recently, a set of new roughness parameters was proposed by Kandlikar et al. and Taylor et al. fo... more Recently, a set of new roughness parameters was proposed by Kandlikar et al. and Taylor et al. for reporting surface roughness as related to fluid flow. The average roughness Ra parameter is often used in microfluidic applications, but this parameter alone is insufficient for describing surface roughness; a specimen with deep grooves and sharp obstructions can share the same average roughness value as a relatively smooth surface with low uniform surface roughness. Because the average roughness parameter is broad, it is difficult to assess the surface topography features that result from different machining processes or etches. A profilometer and a digital microscope are used to examine the surface roughness profiles of various materials submitted to different machining techniques. The materials studied will be similar to those used for microchannels including aluminum, stainless steel, copper, and silicon. Depending on the material, these samples are submitted to several machining processes, including milling, grinding, fly cutting, and microfabrication techniques. These machining processes and microfabrication techniques are of practical interest in microfluidics applications. After studying the surface roughness patterns exhibited in these samples, the roughness parameters employed in some of the recent roughness models are evaluated. This study is expected to provide more understanding of assorted surface roughness.

ASME 3rd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, Parts A and B, 2005

Journal of Nanotechnology in Engineering and Medicine, 2012

Volume 9: Micro- and Nano-Systems Engineering and Packaging, Parts A and B, 2012

ABSTRACT The continued desire to utilize an alternative to lead-based solder materials for electr... more ABSTRACT The continued desire to utilize an alternative to lead-based solder materials for electrical interconnections has led to significant research interest in Anisotropic Conductive Adhesives (ACAs). The use of ACAs in electrical connections creates bonds using a combination of metal particles and epoxies to replace solder. The novel ACA discussed in this paper allows for bonds to be created through aligning columns of conductive particles along the Z-axis. These columns are formed by the application of a magnetic field, during the curing process. The benefit of this novel ACA is that it does not require precise printing of the adhesive on pads and also enables the mass curing without creating shorts in the circuitry.This paper will present the findings of the thermal conductivity performance tests using the novel ACA and its applicability as a thermal interface material and for assembling bottom termination components, power devices, etc. The columns that act as electrical conduction paths also contribute towards the thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity of the novel ACA was measured utilizing a system that is similar to that in ASTM (American Society of Testing Materials) D5470 standard. The goal was to examine the influence of Bond Line Thickness (BLT), particle loading densities, particle diameters and adhesive matrix curing conditions on the electrical and thermal performance of the novel ACA. This paper will also present a numerical model to describe the thermal behavior of the novel ACA.The novel ACA’s applicability for PCB-level assembly has also been successfully demonstrated by RIT, including base material characterization, effect of process parameters, failures, and long-term reliability. Reliability testing included the investigation of the assembly performance in temperature and humidity aging, thermal aging, air-to-air thermal cycling, and drop testing.

Volume 9: Heat Transfer, Fluid Flows, and Thermal Systems, Parts A, B and C, 2009

Page 1. 1 Copyright © 2009 by ASME Proceedings of the 2009 ASME International Mechanical Engineer... more Page 1. 1 Copyright © 2009 by ASME Proceedings of the 2009 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition IMECE2009 November 13-19, 2009, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, USA IMECE2009-11039 ...

A water liquid droplet in contact with a platinum surface was simulated by the molecular dynamics... more A water liquid droplet in contact with a platinum surface was simulated by the molecular dynamics method. Water molecules were modeled by SPC/E and one layer of harmonic molecules represented the platinum surface with the constant temperature heat bath model using the phantom molecules. Here, the water-platinum pair potential developed by Spohr (1989) based on extended Hückel calculations was employed. In the spreading process of the liquid droplet on the platinum surface, the area of contact region between water and platinum expanded just in proportional to the one-third power of time. This spreading rate was clearly in contrast to the case of Lennard-Jones droplet. The contact angles of water on a platinum surface under saturated conditions are measured. The measurements are made in a vacuum container using de-ionized and degassed water on a clean platinum surface. The equilibrium static, advancing and receding contact angles are measured by changing the orientation of the platinu...

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2015

ASME 2nd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, 2004

ASME 2nd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, 2004

1st International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, 2003

ABSTRACT Heat and mass transfer processes become highly efficient as the channel hydraulic diamet... more ABSTRACT Heat and mass transfer processes become highly efficient as the channel hydraulic diameter is reduced in size. Biological systems, such as human body, rely on the extremely efficient transport processes occurring at microscale in the functioning of its vital organs. In this paper, the transfer processes in lungs and kidneys will be reviewed. Although the flow in the microchannels present in these organs is laminar, it yields very high mass transfer coefficients due to the coupling of small channel diameters. Furthermore, the molecular transport mechanisms occurring across the membranes at nanoscales through diffusion controlled processes also become extremely important. Understanding these transport processes will enable us to develop more efficient artificial organs and processes that closely mimic the performance of the natural systems. These ideas can be extended to other microscale system designs in different technologies, such as IC cooling and MEMS micro fuel cells.

1st International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, 2003

ABSTRACT The use of microchannels for advanced heat transfer applications has quickly become comm... more ABSTRACT The use of microchannels for advanced heat transfer applications has quickly become commonplace. They are found in automotive applications, fuel cells, and even electronics cooling. However, there are fundamental issues still unresolved with heat transfer and fluid mechanics and the application of microchannels. Researchers have reported microchannel data using very different hydraulic diameters, sometimes as much as 2 orders of magnitude. An experimental investigation of the heat transfer, pressure drop, and flow boiling in microchannels is performed. A new channel size classification has been developed based upon the manufacturing techniques as well as the underlying fluid mechanics and heat transfer theory. Six parallel channels with a hydraulic diameter of 207 micrometers is manufactured and tested. Flow boiling patterns have been observed in the channels. Observations suggest that the conventional flow boiling patterns also occur in microchannels. This suggests that there is no difference in the theory used for conventional channels. Therefore, a microchannel can be model in the conventional manor. Heat fluxes of up to 930 kW/m2 have been maintained in the microchannel. The local heat transfer coefficient and quality has been measured. The largest heat transfer coefficient achieved is 192 kW/m2 K. In addition, the highest quality achieved is 1.0. Dry-out was also observed during experimentation.

ASME 3rd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, Part B cont’d, 2005

ASME 3rd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, Part B cont’d, 2005

Heat Transfer, Volume 1, 2002

ABSTRACT An experimental investigation is carried out to study the heat transfer and pressure dro... more ABSTRACT An experimental investigation is carried out to study the heat transfer and pressure drop in the single-phase flow of water in a microchannel. The effect of dissolved gases on heat transfer and pressure drop is studied as the wall temperature approaches the saturation ...

ASME 5th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels, 2007

ASME 5th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels, 2007

Heat Transfer Engineering, Jul 1, 2010

This work aims to experimentally examine the effects of different roughness structures on interna... more This work aims to experimentally examine the effects of different roughness structures on internal flows in high-aspect-ratio rectangular microchannels. Additionally, a model based on lubrication theory is compared to these results. In total, four experiments were designed to test samples with different relative roughness and pitch placed on the opposite sides forming the long faces of a rectangular channel. The experiments were conducted to study (i) sawtooth roughness effects in laminar flow, (ii) uniform roughness effects in laminar flow, (iii) sawtooth roughness effects in turbulent flow, and (iv) varying-pitch sawtooth roughness effects in laminar flow. The Reynolds number was varied from 30 to 15,000 with degassed, deionized water as the working fluid. An estimate of the experimental uncertainty in the experimental data is 7.6% for friction factor and 2.7% for Reynolds number. Roughness structures varied from a lapped smooth surface with 0.2 μ m roughness height to sawtooth ridges of height 117 μ m. Hydraulic diameters tested varied from 198 μ m to 2,349 μ m. The highest relative roughness tested was 25%. The lubrication theory predictions were good for low relative roughness values. Earlier transition to turbulent flow was observed with roughness structures. Friction factors were predictable by the constricted flow model for lower pitch/height ratios. Increasing this ratio systematically shifted the results from the constricted-flow models to smooth-tube predictions. In the turbulent region, different relative roughness values converged on a single line at higher Reynolds numbers on an f–Re plot, but the converged value was dependent on the pitch of the roughness elements.

The topic of single phase liquid flow in submicron or nanochannels is a nascent field. There have... more The topic of single phase liquid flow in submicron or nanochannels is a nascent field. There have only been a couple papers that have dealt with this area directly. The most probable reason for this is that currently most research in fluid mechanics or heat transfer is being focused on micron size channels. To help facilitate researchers to focus on

Recently, a set of new roughness parameters was proposed by Kandlikar et al. and Taylor et al. fo... more Recently, a set of new roughness parameters was proposed by Kandlikar et al. and Taylor et al. for reporting surface roughness as related to fluid flow. The average roughness Ra parameter is often used in microfluidic applications, but this parameter alone is insufficient for describing surface roughness; a specimen with deep grooves and sharp obstructions can share the same average roughness value as a relatively smooth surface with low uniform surface roughness. Because the average roughness parameter is broad, it is difficult to assess the surface topography features that result from different machining processes or etches. A profilometer and a digital microscope are used to examine the surface roughness profiles of various materials submitted to different machining techniques. The materials studied will be similar to those used for microchannels including aluminum, stainless steel, copper, and silicon. Depending on the material, these samples are submitted to several machining processes, including milling, grinding, fly cutting, and microfabrication techniques. These machining processes and microfabrication techniques are of practical interest in microfluidics applications. After studying the surface roughness patterns exhibited in these samples, the roughness parameters employed in some of the recent roughness models are evaluated. This study is expected to provide more understanding of assorted surface roughness.

ASME 3rd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, Parts A and B, 2005

Journal of Nanotechnology in Engineering and Medicine, 2012

Volume 9: Micro- and Nano-Systems Engineering and Packaging, Parts A and B, 2012

ABSTRACT The continued desire to utilize an alternative to lead-based solder materials for electr... more ABSTRACT The continued desire to utilize an alternative to lead-based solder materials for electrical interconnections has led to significant research interest in Anisotropic Conductive Adhesives (ACAs). The use of ACAs in electrical connections creates bonds using a combination of metal particles and epoxies to replace solder. The novel ACA discussed in this paper allows for bonds to be created through aligning columns of conductive particles along the Z-axis. These columns are formed by the application of a magnetic field, during the curing process. The benefit of this novel ACA is that it does not require precise printing of the adhesive on pads and also enables the mass curing without creating shorts in the circuitry.This paper will present the findings of the thermal conductivity performance tests using the novel ACA and its applicability as a thermal interface material and for assembling bottom termination components, power devices, etc. The columns that act as electrical conduction paths also contribute towards the thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity of the novel ACA was measured utilizing a system that is similar to that in ASTM (American Society of Testing Materials) D5470 standard. The goal was to examine the influence of Bond Line Thickness (BLT), particle loading densities, particle diameters and adhesive matrix curing conditions on the electrical and thermal performance of the novel ACA. This paper will also present a numerical model to describe the thermal behavior of the novel ACA.The novel ACA’s applicability for PCB-level assembly has also been successfully demonstrated by RIT, including base material characterization, effect of process parameters, failures, and long-term reliability. Reliability testing included the investigation of the assembly performance in temperature and humidity aging, thermal aging, air-to-air thermal cycling, and drop testing.

Volume 9: Heat Transfer, Fluid Flows, and Thermal Systems, Parts A, B and C, 2009

Page 1. 1 Copyright © 2009 by ASME Proceedings of the 2009 ASME International Mechanical Engineer... more Page 1. 1 Copyright © 2009 by ASME Proceedings of the 2009 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition IMECE2009 November 13-19, 2009, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, USA IMECE2009-11039 ...

A water liquid droplet in contact with a platinum surface was simulated by the molecular dynamics... more A water liquid droplet in contact with a platinum surface was simulated by the molecular dynamics method. Water molecules were modeled by SPC/E and one layer of harmonic molecules represented the platinum surface with the constant temperature heat bath model using the phantom molecules. Here, the water-platinum pair potential developed by Spohr (1989) based on extended Hückel calculations was employed. In the spreading process of the liquid droplet on the platinum surface, the area of contact region between water and platinum expanded just in proportional to the one-third power of time. This spreading rate was clearly in contrast to the case of Lennard-Jones droplet. The contact angles of water on a platinum surface under saturated conditions are measured. The measurements are made in a vacuum container using de-ionized and degassed water on a clean platinum surface. The equilibrium static, advancing and receding contact angles are measured by changing the orientation of the platinu...

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2015

ASME 2nd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, 2004

ASME 2nd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, 2004

1st International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, 2003

ABSTRACT Heat and mass transfer processes become highly efficient as the channel hydraulic diamet... more ABSTRACT Heat and mass transfer processes become highly efficient as the channel hydraulic diameter is reduced in size. Biological systems, such as human body, rely on the extremely efficient transport processes occurring at microscale in the functioning of its vital organs. In this paper, the transfer processes in lungs and kidneys will be reviewed. Although the flow in the microchannels present in these organs is laminar, it yields very high mass transfer coefficients due to the coupling of small channel diameters. Furthermore, the molecular transport mechanisms occurring across the membranes at nanoscales through diffusion controlled processes also become extremely important. Understanding these transport processes will enable us to develop more efficient artificial organs and processes that closely mimic the performance of the natural systems. These ideas can be extended to other microscale system designs in different technologies, such as IC cooling and MEMS micro fuel cells.

1st International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, 2003

ABSTRACT The use of microchannels for advanced heat transfer applications has quickly become comm... more ABSTRACT The use of microchannels for advanced heat transfer applications has quickly become commonplace. They are found in automotive applications, fuel cells, and even electronics cooling. However, there are fundamental issues still unresolved with heat transfer and fluid mechanics and the application of microchannels. Researchers have reported microchannel data using very different hydraulic diameters, sometimes as much as 2 orders of magnitude. An experimental investigation of the heat transfer, pressure drop, and flow boiling in microchannels is performed. A new channel size classification has been developed based upon the manufacturing techniques as well as the underlying fluid mechanics and heat transfer theory. Six parallel channels with a hydraulic diameter of 207 micrometers is manufactured and tested. Flow boiling patterns have been observed in the channels. Observations suggest that the conventional flow boiling patterns also occur in microchannels. This suggests that there is no difference in the theory used for conventional channels. Therefore, a microchannel can be model in the conventional manor. Heat fluxes of up to 930 kW/m2 have been maintained in the microchannel. The local heat transfer coefficient and quality has been measured. The largest heat transfer coefficient achieved is 192 kW/m2 K. In addition, the highest quality achieved is 1.0. Dry-out was also observed during experimentation.

ASME 3rd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, Part B cont’d, 2005

ASME 3rd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, Part B cont’d, 2005

Heat Transfer, Volume 1, 2002

ABSTRACT An experimental investigation is carried out to study the heat transfer and pressure dro... more ABSTRACT An experimental investigation is carried out to study the heat transfer and pressure drop in the single-phase flow of water in a microchannel. The effect of dissolved gases on heat transfer and pressure drop is studied as the wall temperature approaches the saturation ...